Large-scale Steel Research Articles

A study of disputes between POSCO and local communities on POSCO's steel mill development in India

The purpose of this study is to analyse the problems that exist between local communities and Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO) due to POSCO's large-scale steel mill establishment in India, and to draw strategies to solve the problems. Local communities have been opposing the project due to fears of denuding the forests, displacement of residents, less economic opportunities for local people, etc. Thus, the progress of the project is very slow, even with strong support from the Indian government. To gain favour with the local community and to promote the project successfully, POSCO must be equipped with effective local-friendly programmes and non-hostile cooperative negotiation strategies founded on mutual trust. Also, community outreach for explaining such large-scale issues as national economic multipliers and sustainable development must be performed by POSCO and the Indian government. It is recommended that POSCO establish a conflict resolution committee consisting of interested parties, as well as appoint a third-party mediator. It is important for POSCO to maintain a long-term, comprehensive view when initiating a project in India or other similar countries.

QUALITY MONITORING OF LARGE STEEL BUILDINGS USING TERRESTRIAL LIDAR TECHNIQUE

Abstract. Terrestrial LIDAR Technology is used for quality monitoring in construction of large-scale steel buildings to solve the problem of quick and precise inspecting for large steel structure. Point Cloud is acquired fast and of high accuracy with tie-control points that set in different blocks. Feature points are extracted from scan data and compared with its reference points designed to analyze its variation of position and size, which has active guidance meaning for engineering construction. Finally three applications are given to prove the effectiveness of the method proposed.

Transient and residual stresses in large castings, taking time effects into account

Casting of large scale steel and iron parts leads to long solidification and cooling times. Solid mechanical calculations for these castings have to take the time scale of the process into account, in order to predict the transient and residual stress levels with a reasonable accuracy. This paper presents a study on the modelling of the thermo-mechanical conditions in the cast material using a unified approach to describe the constitutive behaviour. This means a classical splitting of the mechanical strain into an elastic and an inelastic contribution, where the inelastic strain is only formulated in the deviatoric space in terms of the J2 invariant. At high temperatures, creep is pronounced. Since the cooling time is long, the model includes a type of Norton's power law to integrate the significant contribution of creep to the inelastic strains. At these temperature levels, annealing effects are also dominant and hence no hardening is modelled. However, at intermediate and lower temperature levels, hardening is more pronounced and isotropic hardening is considered. Different hardening models have been studied and selected based on their ability to describe the behaviour at the different temperature levels. At the lower temperature levels, time effects decrease and the formulation reduces to a time independent formulation, like classical J2-flow theory. Several tensile and creep experiments have been made at different temperature levels to provide input data for selecting the appropriate contributions to the material model. The measurements have furthermore been used as input for extracting material data for the model. The numerical model is applied on different industrial examples to verify the agreement between measured and calculated deformations.

Application of View Cast Software in Foundry Technique Designing

Taking large scale steel casting for example; View Cast software was introduced to the designing process of the large scale steel casting technique. Solidification results show that the annular pop gate is beneficial to the casting. The side risers are used but it cannot eliminate the shrinkages because of the limited feeding distance according to the simulation results. So a top riser replaced it and some chills are used in the necessary regions. The results show that the new feeding system can help to progressive solidification and the shrinkages are eliminated. The temperature distribution is very clearly and the solidified part of casting is transparent which improved the visible effect and made it easy to read. People can estimate the shrinkage position easily.

Seismic Performance of a Large-Scale Steel Self-Centering Moment-Resisting Frame: MCE Hybrid Simulations and Quasi-Static Pushover Tests

This paper presents an experimental study of a 0.6-scale 2-bay 4-story steel self-centering moment-resisting frame (SC-MRF) test structure under maximum considered earthquake (MCE) ground motions. A SC-MRF uses high-strength posttensioning (PT) strands to precompress the beams to the columns and to close the gaps between the beam flanges and column flanges that occur at the beam-column interface under earthquake loading, returning the frame to its initial position (i.e., the frame is self-centering). In this study, a beam web friction device is included in each beam-column connection to dissipate energy under seismic loading. The SC-MRF design objectives are to be without structural damage, creating the potential for immediate occupancy performance under the design basis earthquake, and to suffer only modest damage, leading to collapse prevention (CP) performance under the MCE. The CP performance is achieved by avoiding beam web buckling and PT strand yielding and fracture. A special fuse that prevents PT strands from yielding is described. Experimental results from MCE-level earthquake hybrid simulations and quasi-static pushover tests on the SC-MRF test structure are presented. The experimental results show that the SC-MRF did not collapse under the MCE, and that the fuse is a viable alternative to protect PT strands from yielding.

Numerical Simulation of Heavy Metal (Pb) Distribution in Luoyuan Bay Based on Tidal Current

Compared with the data measured by other ones, the concentration of heavy metal (Pb), which is investigated by us in July 2011, has increased significantly in Luoyuan Bay, especially near Baishui Zone. The main reason is the discharged waste water from some recently founded large-scale steel plants around Luoyuan Bay. A numerical tidal current model in Luoyuan Bay is established based on FVCOM, with which a heavy metal transport model is developed to simulate the distribution of Pb discharged from steel plants.Reasonable agreement between the model results and field data has been obtained, indicating that the numerical model can be used as computational tool for environment management and the prediction of heavy metals in Luoyuan Bay.

Simulation of Natural Ventilation of Workshop in Large-Scale Iron and Steel Enterprises Based on CFD

Method of CFD was adopted to carry out two-dimensional numerical simulations for internal natural ventilation process of a standard triple-span workshop in iron and steel enterprises with3 different layouts of heat resources. Flow states and relevant parameters of air-fluid in the workshop were obtained to come up with theoretical basis for design, optimization and process layout of natural ventilation in workshops.

Study on Installation Technique for Steel Structure Dome

The large-scale steel dome construction method is studied in the paper. Combined with Shandong province museum of steel construction dome, the piecewise processing methods are determined. According to the type of weight component chose lifting equipment types and model, aiming at the actual situation of construction formulated the steel structure installation overall process, the stress of the bed-jig to install a performance is calculated, and the steel frame column installation method is studied. The engineering experience and research content in the paper can provide a reference for the similar engineering.

Improved Applied Element Simulation of RC and Composite Structures Under Extreme Loading Conditions

During the past decade, increasing attention has been focused on the design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. To obtain full knowledge of the total behavior of structures under extreme loading conditions, it is essential to simulate the collapsing process and the trace of yielding, damage and deformation at each structural member. Reliable numerical models are highly required as a cost effective method of obtaining a comprehensive knowledge of the main parameters that affect the response of structures. Simulation of the collapse mechanism requires an advanced technology to accurately predict member instability, failure evaluation, rupture of member joints and impact force of the falling debris. Recently, the improved applied element method (IAEM) has been introduced to simulate the total behavior of large-scale steel towers with high accuracy and low computational effort. However, its application was limited to structures with homogeneous material. In this paper, a new improvement to the IAEM is introduced to develop a novel numerical simulation analysis of failure and collapse of RC and composite structures under hazardous loads. With the new method, structures with homogenous and nonhomogenous materials such as steel, RC and composite can be simulated with high accuracy. The proposed technique takes into account geometric and material nonlinearities. The reliability of the code is investigated by comparing its results with existing experimental and numerical results. Results show that a good agreement between the analytical and the experimental results can be obtained in a less computational time.

Research on Earthquake Load Analysis of Large Structures in Non-Slide Construction

Ocean large steel structures are usually constructed on the slide site, being prone to forming large deformation because of its features such as heavy weight, large bulk and great span. However, the 18 large-scale steel structures of a nickel ore project are need to building on the non-slide foundation, resulting in different settlements of foundation. Moreover, the earthquake load is one of main load of the high-level structure. And the earthquake often happens suddenly and is out of control, with devastating destructive power. To ensure the safety of construction, it’s necessary to analyze the influence of large steel structure responding to the seismic load. This paper expounds the analyzing method on the response of the large steel structure based on non-slide site to the earthquake load. This article has analyzed responses of three-dimensional finite element model to the earthquake load with ANSYS analysis of finite element, such as the stress, deformation analysis, modal analysis and transient dynamic analysis, and assessed the risk of earthquake. This paper provides a feasible and effective analyzed method for researching the response of structure built on non-slide site to the earthquake load, which has important significance for the seismic design of the structure.

Steel plant production line automation strategy using advanced distributed control and convergent technology

This paper presents work on modernisation of a small-scale steel plant production line utilising distributed control strategy and Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), known as convergent technology. The developed strategy uses the latest manufacturing techniques and principles, as well as advanced automation and control technology. In particular, we used lean principles and field bus type systems to achieve the above, respectively. Moreover, the entire development considers essential design attributes such as flexibility, scalability, configurability and intelligence. We have demonstrated the above implementation in a real-world application. This work can be extended to the large scale steel plant like Rourkela steel plant of Odisha.

Energy saving study on a large steel plant by total site based pinch technology

The total site approach using a "Total Site Profile (TSP) analysis” (based on pinch technology) was applied to a large scale steel plant. And it was confirmed, despite the very high efficiency of the individual process systems of the plant, that there would be a huge energy saving potential by adopting this approach. It became apparent that the available pinch technology tools and techniques lend themselves very well to the analysis of a steel plant. The heat (thermal energy) under 300 °C has previously not been well utilized in steel plants. But TSP analysis was able to identify the distribution and the quantity of such heat, from which energy saving plans could be developed.

A Study on the 3D Fine Model of a Large-Scale and Complicated Steel Truss Bridge

The design and construction of the stiffening steel truss bridges is a complex and large-scale professional program. The abstract of the plans and the weaknesses of the view angles to the design sketch will also become limitations to the owners and the decision makers. Based on the project of River Baling Bridge of large stiffening steel truss girders, this study creates a three-dimensional fine model for it via CAD, pre-assembles each parts of the bridge, and checks sections and dockings one to one correspondingly. Data conversion of this model directly generates virtual visualized model. This visualized fine model of River Baling Bridge provides decision makers with a visual analysis platform, which also offers technical guarantee and support for sensible decision makings.

Research on Schedule in Large-Scale Steel Structures' Construction Processing

Research on Schedule in Large-Scale Steel Structures' Construction Processing

Failure analysis of threaded connections in large-scale steel tie rods

Steel tie rods are very important load-carrying components in applications where high levels of pre-stresses are required. The bearing capacity of a steel tie rod is determined not only by the strength of the rod body, but also by the strength of the threaded connection that resists force. Analysis of the strength of the threaded connection and determining the optimal number of turns of thread engagement is critical to ensure structural safety. This paper reports the results of full-scale tensile rupture experiments on two categories of large-scale steel tie rods provided by China JULI Corporation: (i) LG75-00 steel tie rods with triangle threaded connection, and (ii) LG100-00 steel tie rods with trapezoidal threaded connection. The full-scale tensile rupture experiments were carried out to test the maximum allowable axial working load under different numbers of turns of engaged threads. The results of these experiments suggest strong guidelines on the minimum number of turns of thread engagement for preventing the failure of thread teeth of steel tie rods in practical shear and bending applications.

Experimental and Strength Analysis of the Trapezoidal Threaded Connection of Large-Scale Steel Tie Rod

Steel tie rods are very important load-carrying components in places where high pre-stresses are required, such as in long-span buildings, docks, bridges and stadiums. Steel tie rods are connected by threaded connections. The bearing capacity of a steel tie rod is determined not only by the strength of rod’s body alone, but also by the strength of threaded connection. This paper reports the results of the full-scale tensile rupture experiments on a LG100-00 steel tie rod with trapezoidal threaded connection. The full-scale tensile rupture experiments were carried out to test the maximum axial working load under different numbers of turns of trapezoidal thread engagement. The minimum number of turns of trapezoidal threaded engagement such that the thread teeth do not fail in shear and bending is determined by the experiments and finite element analyses. The equivalent stress distribution and contact pressure on the engaged thread teeth under different axial loads are analyzed and compared. The concordant comparison provides strong guidelines and support for the design and fabrication of steel tie rods in practical operations.

Design on Magnetic Gap Adhesion Typed Crawler

The core technology of heavy-duty attaching robot,applied in large scale steel surface preparation(ships surface rust removal,large storage tank surface paint removal),is the attaching effect which means attach reliably and move neatly.The traditional attaching robot has two kinds of attaching modes: vacuum sucker mode(invalid for heavy-duty) and magnet crawler mode(inflexible move).The magnetic gap adhesion typed crawler combines two kinds of attaching modes to enhance the attaching ability of robot.The magnet gap mode will separate the magnet from the crawler,and the magnet is installed separately which dose not contact the surface,and the attaching ability can be adjusted though changing the gap.The magnetic gap adhesion typed crawler's own weight is about 75 kg,and carries dozens meters of ultra-high pressure hoses and vacuum pipes which will be filled with water during work.It is applied in ships surface rust automatic removal and achieves water jet rust removal of steel surface and no re-rust.The design principle,stress analysis,magnet gap effect and industry test are introduced.The application shows that the magnet gap mode attaching robot can achieve heavy-duty work,move neatly,reliable attaching and other requests.

Generic Model for Energy Carbon Emission of Building Materials

To establish an analytic model for carbon emission of building lifecycle, based on life cycle theory, a generic model for energy carbon emission of building materials was proposed. With the model, building materials were classified into several categories, such as cement, steel etc. Furthermore, some product from each category, such as PS325 in cement, was selected as a benchmark of this category. And then product coefficient and region coefficient were induced to express the differences in products and regions or manufacturers. With the proposed model, generic models for cement and steel were established. And it is found that energy carbon emission intensity of steel is around 30~40 times than that of cement. Energy carbon emission of PI525 and PO425 are 51% and 34% more than that of PS325, respectively. Carbon emission of large-scale steel and cold rolling strip is the most emitter in steel products.

Simulation and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Large Rotating Steel Structure Based on CAE Technology

A reasonable finite element model of large rotating steel structure - rotary hearth furnace lower ring is established based on ANSYS. Simulation and analysis of the structure is processed on the lower ring. Stress distribution is achieved while bearing the weight of upper ring as the working condition. Spot stress testing is processed on the rotary hearth furnace lower ring. The overall stress distribution is obtained, and the finite element calculation results are verified, providing a reference for design and researches of similar large-scale steel frame structure in the metallurgical industry.

Tracking sources and behaviors of water-soluble organic carbon in fine particulate matter measured at an urban site in Korea

PM 2.5 water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was measured over 24-h periods with organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC) at an urban site in Gwangju, Korea, during summer (1 June–22 August 2008) and winter (26 November 2008–27 February 2009). The average mass concentrations of OC and WSOC were 5.0 ± 2.9 μg C m −3 and 2.8 ± 1.6 μg C m −3 during summer, respectively, and 8.4 ± 4.6 μg C m −3 and 3.7 ± 2.5 μg C m −3 during winter, respectively. The WSOC/EC and WSOC/OC ratios were 1.74 ± 0.60 and 0.55 ± 0.10 in summer, and 1.30 ± 0.70 and 0.43 ± 0.11 in winter, respectively. According to the results of air mass backward trajectory analysis, high fractions of WSOC to OC in the study region, compared to those reported in many other urban sites, could be explained by the atmospheric transport of water-soluble organic species from upwind regions, i.e., large-scale Steel Works and national industrial complexes located in the southeastern and eastern directions of the sampling site and northeastern regions (Beijing, Shenyang, and Shanghai) of China in the summer, and the northeastern regions of China in the winter. The secondary OC concentrations, estimated using the EC-tracer method, accounted for 26.9 ± 19.1% (0.0–65.0%) and 24.3 ± 19.5% (0.0–73.5%) of the measured OC in summer and winter, respectively. Higher correlation between secondary OC and WSOC was found in the summer ( R 2 = 0.78) than in the winter ( R 2 = 0.34), reflecting a high fraction of secondary WSOC in the summer. The entire winter sampling period was separated into two periods, i.e., winter periods “A” (Nov 26 2008–Jan 8 2009) and “B” (Jan 19–Feb 27 2009), due to the existence of open burning activities around the sampling site. Highly enriched behaviors of potassium ion (K + ) and WSOC concentrations during the winter “A” period are in accordance with the fact that open burning of wood and vegetation debris at a construction working place near the sampling site was occasionally observed. The moderate correlations between water- soluble K + and WSOC concentrations suggest that some of the WSOC observed during summer and winter could be attributed to the impact of biomass burning.