Large-scale Questionnaire Survey Research Articles

Feasibility study of adopting green materials in construction by stake holder‘s perception using ANOVA based quantitative analysis technique

Due to industrial practices and infrastructure-related activities, environmental issues are becoming more prevalent on a global scale. As a result, efforts to identify and develop environmentally friendly materials and technologies are picking up steam. The future of construction calls for environmentally friendly, readily available, robust, maintainable, and adaptable building materials. When it comes to building construction, it's common to use green materials because they have many or all of these characteristics: Fire Resistant; Lightweight; Economical; High Quality; Earthquake Resistant; Low Carbon Footprints; Fast Installation; and so on. As a solution to this problem, a research effort was launched with some materials, including Plastics Waste, Marble Dust, Fly Ash and LTC-Light Transmitting Concrete and their own associated parameters. In the first stage of the investigation, a questionnaire was distributed to diverse participants in order to learn about their perspectives on environmentally friendly materials. There was a large-scale questionnaire survey, as well as ANOVA-based quantitative analysis, that were performed on the data. Respondents are more likely to use materials such as GFRG panels, plastic waste, AAC blocks, and fly ash, among others, because of their familiarity with these options. To achieve sustainable development in building construction, it is possible to use green materials that are readily available in the market at a lower cost and with a high degree of workability, according to the findings of the study.

An Interwoven Psychological Syndrome of Job Burnout and Work Engagement in Construction Project Management Professionals Due to Work-Family Imbalance.

Most current studies on the mental health of construction project management professionals (CPMPs) are conducted from a negative psychological perspective, lacking a comprehensive understanding of the positive-negative interwoven mechanism. This study developed a positive-negative dual-process psychological model of CPMPs to explore the interwoven mechanisms among five variables: family-supportive supervisor behavior (FSSB), work-family conflict, work-family enrichment, job burnout, and work engagement. We conducted a large-scale questionnaire survey among Chinese CPMPs. A total of 656 questionnaires were returned; 446 were considered valid. The groups of CPMPs prone to occupational psychological problems were identified, which enhanced the targeted organizational management in the construction industry. The hypothetical model was verified with SEM. The results revealed that the effect of work-family enrichment was more significant than work-family conflict, which implies that the positive psychology process may play a more prominent role than the negative process. There was a significant correlation between FSSB and work-family conflict/ enrichment; but no direct correlation between FSSB and job burnout/work engagement. This implies that the improvement of the work-family relationship plays a full mediating role in improving CPMPs' occupational psychological health. This research provides a thorough understanding of CPMPs' interwoven occupational psychological problems and gives suggestions to enhance their occupational psychological health.

Demographic differences in public acceptance of waste-to-energy incinerators in China: High perceived stress group vs. low perceived stress group.

Demographic characteristics have been recognized as an important factor affecting public acceptance of waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration facilities. The present study explores whether the differences in public acceptance of WTE incineration facilities caused by demographic characteristics are consistent in residential groups under different perceived stress using data collected by a large-scale questionnaire survey (1,066 samples) conducted in three second-tier cities in China. The result of data analysis using a T-test (one-way ANOVA) shows firstly that people with low perceived stress have higher public acceptance of WTE incineration facilities. Second, the differences in public acceptance of WTE incineration facilities caused by demographic characteristics (gender, educational attainment, and age) vary in residential groups with different perceived stress levels. The findings enrich the knowledge system related to demographic characteristics research on NIMBY infrastructure projects and provide the theoretical basis for the government to formulate more targeted policies about NIMBY infrastructure sitting.

The idiodynamic method in individual differences research: a review of applications and contributions

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, the focus of investigation in individual differences (IDs) research has shifted from the utilization of large-scale questionnaire surveys toward the adoption of methodological diversity and development of new approaches to second-language (L2) communication (Dörnyei and Ryan [2015]. The Psychology of the Language Learner Revisited. New York: Routledge.). One innovative approach to researching complex dynamic systems (e.g. individual difference characteristics such as motivation) is the ‘idiodynamic method’, which is developed to capture moment-by-moment fluctuations during L2 communication tasks. This review aims to examine the contributions that the idiodynamic methodology can make to individual differences in L2 learning. Focusing on three prominent areas in ID research (L2 willingness to communicate, language motivation, and language learning anxiety), the review examined 32 idiodynamically-informed studies published in the last decade. The findings indicate that the idiodynamic method – as a powerful research tool – could potentially contribute to investigating the dynamics associated with learner-related and teacher-related factors. The idiodynamic method is found to (1) encourage a reinterpretation of IDs, modeling them in terms of different timescales and changes in real time; (2) recognize the trajectories involved in learning-teaching behaviors; (3) highlight the interaction of communication traits and co-existence of stability and variability in the L2 learning system; and (4) quantify the variability in the ratings and the variation in IDs in real time communication. The review confirms the practical value of the idiodynamic methodology in L2 research and concludes with a brief discussion of implications of the methodology and suggestions for future studies.

Extending the Task-Technology Fit Model in an E-Collaborative English Learning Context

Superstar Learning System is a popular e-collaborative learning app especially in English reading learning. This study randomly selected 2061 out of around 2500 students in a public university. Through a large-scale questionnaire survey and some semi-structured in-depth interviews, the study collected plentiful data to extending the task-technology fit model in an e-collaborative English learning context. It is concluded that in an e-collaborative English learning context (a) system quality, information quality, service quality, compatibility, actual usage, and user satisfaction exert a significant influence on TTF at the significance level .05 in an e-collaborative English learning context; (b) TTF exerts a significant influence on performance impact at the significance level .05; and (c) significant correlations are revealed between system quality, information quality, service quality, compatibility, actual use, user satisfaction, and TTF at the significance level .05. This study initiates the model extension, which is beneficial to researchers and practitioners.

Towards Ubiquitous Personalized Music Recommendation with Smart Bracelets

Nowadays, recommender systems play an increasingly important role in the music scenario. Generally, music preferences are related to internal and external conditions. For example, mood state and ongoing activity will affect users' music preferences. However, conventional music recommenders cannot capture these conditions since they only utilize the online data but ignore the impact of physical-world information. In this paper, we leverage the contexts from low-cost smart bracelets for ubiquitous personalized recommendation to meet users' music preference. We first conduct a large-scale questionnaire survey, which illustrates moods, activities, and environments will affect music preferences. Then we perform a one-week field study among 30 participants, where they receive personalized music recommendation and record preferences and mood. Meanwhile, participants' context information is collected with bracelets. Analyses on the data demonstrate significant relationships between music preference, mood, and bracelet contexts. Furthermore, we propose a novel Multi-task Ubiquitous Music Recommendation model (MUMR) to predict personalized music preference with bracelet contexts as input and mood prediction as an auxiliary task. Experiments show significant improvement in music recommendation performances with MUMR. Our work demonstrates the possibility of ubiquitous personalized music recommendations with smart bracelets data, which is an encouraging step towards building recommender systems aware of physical-world contexts.

Interactive Self-Reporting as Behavioural Cue Elicitor for Online-Classroom Assessment.

How teachers should elicit and draw on behavioural cues for online-classroom assessment is of much interest to both researchers and practising teachers. Aiming to explore how to enhance interactive self-reporting as a behavioural cue elicitor for online-classroom assessment, this study adopted a large-scale questionnaire survey to investigate the effects of the intensity of interaction in interactive self-reporting and teachers’ professional experience on the quality of assessment data in online teaching. Results showed that only the intensity of teacher’s follow-up interaction regarding interactive self-reporting had a significant impact on the quality of the assessment data. Specifically, as a behavioural cue elicitor, interactive self-reporting may be best utilised when interaction of a moderate intensity is employed by the teacher following students’ self-report. The accuracy and efficiency of interactive self-reporting as a means to obtain assessment data in online teaching can only, thus, be best synergised. Otherwise, the accuracy and efficiency may be reduced to a wax-and-wane relationship, i.e., each one increases at the expense of the other.

How A/E/C professionals accept BIM technologies in China: a technology acceptance model perspective

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to research the acceptance mechanism of building information modeling (BIM) technology and to explore the differences among Architecture/Engineering/Construction (A/E/C) professionals with different individual characteristics. The proposed acceptance mechanism of BIM technology is intended to be used by industry stakeholders to propose decisions and measures, and improve the degree of BIM adoption.Design/methodology/approachTraditional hypothesis testing is adopted by the current study to empirically research the specific mechanism of A/E/C professionals accepting BIM technologies. In the one phase, a conceptual model based on technology acceptance model (TAM) and technology organization environment (TOE) theory was established and a large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted. In the other phase, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze acquired sample data, so as to empirically test the validity of the proposed linkage.FindingsThe results show first that perceived ease of use has no significant influence on perceived usefulness, and perceived usefulness has no significant effect on behavior intention as well. Second, BIM technical features and government BIM policies have positive effects on perceived usefulness, BIM technical features and organization supports have positive effects on perceived ease of use. Third, the BIM acceptance mechanism of A/E/C professionals is diverse from respondents with different characteristics, e.g. regions and working time.Originality/valueThe authors highlight the large sample size, as well as the nationwide context, of the questionnaire survey. Meanwhile, acceptance differences among A/E/C professionals with different demographic characteristics have been clarified using profound data and t-test. The findings of this study enrich the research on the acceptance mechanism of BIM technology, and contribute to relevant stakeholders taking targeted measures to promote the effective application of BIM technology nationwide.

Advancing health-related abilities and behaviors via health apps: a large-scale survey from self-regulation perspective

PurposeMotivated by the need for research on the relationship between health app usage and health-related outcomes in the form of health status and life satisfaction, this study builds on self-regulation theory to construct a research model for elucidating how health app quality affects health information literacy, health app usage and physical activity.Design/methodology/approachTo empirically validate the proposed research model, a large-scale questionnaire survey on health app usage was administered on a sample of 6,948 respondents recruited from a university in China. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis.FindingsEmpirical findings demonstrate that health app quality positively affects self-regulation with respect to health app usage, health information literacy and physical activity. Taken together, these self-regulated behaviors drive health-related outcomes for health status and life satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study advances extant literature on health app usage through the application of self-regulation theory to investigate the effects of technological interventions in healthcare. Findings offer practical implications for how health apps can be leveraged to realize positive health-related outcomes.

Older Adults' Access to and Satisfaction With Primary Hospitals Based on Spatial and Non-spatial Analyses.

In order to improve the health and quality of life of older adults, the Chinese government is dedicated to establishing an equilibrium level of primary healthcare services for all communities. However, little attention has been paid to measuring the accessibility of primary hospitals to older adults, nor to understanding the seniors' satisfaction with and needs for primary healthcare services. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the spatial accessibility of primary hospitals to older adults, and also to examine the impact of walking distances on the seniors' satisfaction with their healthcare services. A two-step floating catchment area method was applied to measure the spatial accessibility of primary hospitals to older adults at the level of subdistricts. In order to investigate the actual opinions of older adults and verify the results of spatial analysis, a large-scale questionnaire survey was also conducted. The analyses found that (1) primary hospitals were not equally distributed; (2) most older adults did not have access to primary hospitals within a threshold walking distance of 1,000 m, but they usually could reach a hospital in their subdistrict within a threshold distance of 2,000 m; (3) older adults' satisfaction levels with primary hospitals were significantly different among subdistricts; (4) long walking distances negatively influenced older adults' satisfaction with primary hospitals; (5) the satisfaction of older adults was highest with a threshold distance of 500 m; and (6) a piecewise regression model indicated that older adults' satisfaction with primary hospitals would decrease with an increase in walking distance to the hospital. When the walking distances exceeded 1,000 m, the slope of the linear regression model increased significantly compared with the slope for walking distances less than 1,000 m. By adopting multiple research methods and capturing older adults' behaviors and satisfaction, our results provide (1) data on the importance of accessibility of primary hospitals to older adults, and (2) insights for future planning to achieve equity in primary healthcare and enhance the spatial distribution of primary hospitals.

Application of Chinese Traditional Elements in Furniture Design Based on Wireless Communication and Internet of Things Technology

The Chinese nation has a history of 5,000 years and has accumulated countless precious cultures in this long history. The Chinese element is the main body that integrates the long-standing similar culture of the Chinese nation into the traditional Chinese culture in a better way. It is the crystallization of the Chinese nation’s pursuit and wisdom for a better life. Furniture is a necessity for people’s lives and an important carrier and channel for the spread of Chinese art and culture. Chinese culture has experienced thousands of years of accumulation, and the accumulated traditional art and culture are inexhaustible treasures of modern furniture design. The purpose of this article is to study the application of traditional Chinese elements in furniture design based on wireless communication and Internet of Things technology. This article analyzes the wireless communication technology and the Internet technology in detail and then combines them with the furniture to become the smart furniture we are familiar with. Then, from the perspective of traditional Chinese elements, it combines traditional Chinese elements with furniture design and explains the origin of the influence range of traditional Chinese elements in furniture design and the content contained in traditional Chinese elements. Then through a large number of survey market data and a large-scale questionnaire survey, the influence of Chinese traditional elements in the market and the authenticity of this article are proved. According to the questionnaire in this article, it proves the prosperity of our country’s market and the development trend of furniture. In this article, the application of Chinese traditional elements in furniture design is analyzed in detail, and the tenon and tenon structure and the culture of the mean are integrated into the furniture design. Then the connection between the intelligent furniture system that controls the furniture and the furniture was tested. According to the test results in this article, ZigBee technology is used for the connection signal of furniture in the indoor environment, which has the advantages of short distance, low complexity, low power consumption, low speed, and low cost. And after 500 sending and receiving experiments, detailed data was obtained. When the distance from the furniture is 70 M, the packet loss rate is about 31.6%, but when the distance from the furniture is 30 M, the packet loss rate is almost 0, which meets the daily routine use. This research not only provides realistic cases for the application of traditional cultural elements, but also opens up new ideas for its integration with people’s daily life.

Capturing Changes in Residential Occupant Behavior Due to Work from Home in Japan as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Since there is a possibility that work from home will become one of the major working styles in the era of a new normal after the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to examine an effect of work from home on life of residents at home and on energy consumption. Therefore, a web-based questionnaire survey was conducted at the end of October 2020 for households in which any of the family members was a work from home worker. In regard to the changes in life schedule, work from home helped 21.5% of respondents to sleep 30 min more or even longer. This shows that the loss of commuting time to work due to work from home improved the health of respondents in terms of sleep. In terms of the changes in energy consumption, more than a quarter of households experienced an increase in electricity consumption. Around 40~50% of households whose monthly electricity consumption increased from last year were not aware of the reasons for the increase or realized it for the first time when they answered the questionnaire survey. This indicates that feedback using home energy management systems, etc., play an important role in promoting energy-saving behavioral changes. An analysis of the causes of the increase in energy consumption by households reveals that the increase in hours of use of air-conditioners is significantly correlated with the increase in household electricity consumption in August (p = less than 0.01). The large-scale questionnaire survey on Japanese housing during the COVID-19 pandemic in this study elucidated that work from home as a countermeasure against COVID-19 infection affected the residents’ lives and the energy consumption of each household. This paper also showed the causes of the increase in household energy consumption and the importance of feedback, such as HEMS, in promoting energy-saving behavior. These results are expected to help to improve health of residents and energy saving in the era of a new normal.

Patient Preferences for Diabetes Treatment Among People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

IntroductionPreferences for diabetes treatment-related attributes may be significant in diabetes management. However, there is a lack of evidence on patient preferences for diabetes in China.MethodsA large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted in the hospitals of mainland China. Participants' preferences for six attributes were evaluated via a discrete choice experiment (DCE) using the conditional logit model. Patients' willingness to pay (WTP) for each attribute was calculated based on the cost attribute.ResultsThe sample consisted of 709 patients (male 51.9%; female 48.1%). The results of the model indicated that patients' preference weight (PW) of days on which the blood glucose level is under control per week was the highest (1.41), and the PW of blood glucose monitoring frequency was the lowest (0.642). Patients were generally willing to pay for improvements in their type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, and they had relatively higher WTP to avoid the blood glucose level within a normal value of 1 day/week (¥176.01) and also to avoid the frequency of hypoglycemic events within the range of 1–2/month (¥144.53).ConclusionThe number of days on which the blood glucose level is under control per week is the most important attribute in the treatment choice for patients with T2DM in China, followed by the frequency of hypoglycemic events, medication regimen, weight change, and blood glucose monitoring.

Study on Survival and Sustainable Development of Small- and Medium-Sized Tourism and Hospitality Enterprises in Macao Based on Regional Soft Environment and Competitive Advantage.

The small- and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises are the main forms of enterprises in Macao. This study put forward a new framework of survival and sustainable development from the perspective of competitive advantage and regional soft environment, which significantly holds theoretical and practical research value. The study obtained cross-sectional data of 317 small- and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises in Macao through a large-scale questionnaire survey. This article used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to test the reliability and validity of each factor system and its measurement scale. The variance analysis is used to judge the differences between the elements. The regression analysis is used to verify the hypothesis of a causal relationship between factors. The structural equation analysis is used to fit the model and make necessary amendments. The results reveal that the government service environment has a significant positive impact on the ability of an entrepreneur. In addition, the regional soft environment significantly impacts the competitive advantage of small- and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises in Macao. Contrary, the impact of laws of Macao on the acquisition of financial resources and the promotion of entrepreneur ability and innovation ability is found insignificant. In conclusion, the results showed that market of Macao lacks venture investors where enterprises cannot obtain funds through angel financing or risk financing.

Межнациональные отношения в Хабаровском крае в социологическом измерении: состояние, проблемы, перспективы

Sociological measurement of social indicators determining the degree of satisfaction of citizens with the state of interethnic relations, the level of general civil identity, as well as the socio-cultural adaptation of foreign citizens, is an important tool for assessing and preventing social conflicts (including potential ones) on the interethnic and interfaith grounds. Based on a large-scale questionnaire survey and a series of focus-group studies of residents of the region, as well as a series of expert interviews with the specialists, we presented analysis of the state of interethnic relations in the Khabarovsk territory. It was established that in general, with a conflict-free state of interethnic relations in the Khabarovsk territory, a certain potential for conflict and tension was revealed. It actualizes the need to implement the more effective policy of ethno-cultural development of the peoples of Russia in the region as a tool for harmonizing interethnic relations. It is advisable to place special emphasis on improving information work both with the population of the region as a whole and with young people, in particular. Separately, analysis of the social and cultural adaptation of foreign citizens in the assessments of local residents was carried out. Certain potential for conflict is associated with the rejection of a part of population of the behavioral characteristics of labor migrants. In general, the results of comprehensive sociological study can be used by the regional and local authorities to take into account the preparation and implementation of programs and projects aimed at strengthening civil peace and harmony, harmonizing interethnic relations and ethno-cultural development of the local residents.

Establishing an Operational Model of Rating Scale Construction for English Writing Assessment

Rating scales for writing assessment are critical in that they determine directly the quality and fairness of such performance tests. However, in many EFL contexts, rating scales are made, to certain extent, based on the intuition of teachers who strongly need a feasible and scientific route to guide their construction of rating scales. This study aims to design an operational model of rating scale construction with English summary writing as an example. Altogether 325 university English teachers, 4 experts in language assessment and 60 English majors in China participated in the study. 20 textual attributes were extracted, through text analysis, from China’s Standards of English Language Ability (CSE), theoretical construct of summary writing, comments on sample summary writing essays from 8 English teachers and their personal judgement. The textual attributes were then investigated through a large-scale questionnaire survey. Exploratory factor analysis and expert judgement were employed to determine rating scale dimensions. Regression analysis and expert judgement were conducted to determine the weighting distribution across all dimensions. Based on such endeavors, a tentative operational model of rating scale construction was established, which can also be applied and adapted to develop rating scales in other writing assessment. 

What Environmental and Personal Factors Determine the Implementation Intensity of Nature-Based Education in Elementary and Lower-Secondary Schools?

As society becomes increasingly urbanized, children are becoming much less likely to experience nature. This progressive disengagement from the natural world, often termed the ‘extinction of experience’, has been viewed both as a key public health issue and one of the most fundamental obstacles to halting global environmental degradation. School education has an important role in mitigating and reversing the ongoing extinction of experience. Here, we examine the role of several factors that determine the implementation intensities of nature-based education by science teachers in the classrooms of both primary and secondary schools. We performed a large-scale questionnaire survey comprising 363 elementary and 259 lower-secondary schoolteachers. Several factors predicted the implementation intensity of nature-based education in schools. The most important predictor was teachers’ levels of nature-relatedness, with nature-orientated teachers being more likely to provide nature-based education in their classes. Levels of teachers’ ecological knowledge, frequency of childhood nature experiences, and greenness within the school were also positively associated with the implementation intensity of education. Our results suggest that, to promote nature-based education in schools, it is important to increase schoolteachers’ nature-relatedness and ecological knowledge, as well as to provide more green spaces within schools.

Understanding managers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using artificial intelligence for organizational decision-making

While using artificial intelligence (AI) could improve organizational decision-making, it also creates challenges associated with the “dark side” of AI. However, there is a lack of research on managers' attitudes and intentions to use AI for decision making. To address this gap, we develop an integrated AI acceptance-avoidance model (IAAAM) to consider both the positive and negative factors that collectively influence managers' attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using AI. The research model is tested through a large-scale questionnaire survey of 269 UK business managers. Our findings suggest that IAAAM provides a more comprehensive model for explaining and predicting managers' attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using AI. Our research contributes conceptually and empirically to the emerging literature on using AI for organizational decision-making. Further, regarding the practical implications of using AI for organizational decision-making, we highlight the importance of developing favorable facilitating conditions, having an effective mechanism to alleviate managers’ personal concerns, and having a balanced consideration of both the benefits and the dark side associated with using AI.

Collaborative neighborhood governance and its effectiveness in community mitigation to COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of community workers in six Chinese cities

The COVID-19 pandemic is a governance challenge for nations and cities across the world. While early observations have primarily focused on government actions, neighborhoods are at the frontline for coordinating grassroots level joint actions to fight against the pandemic. We draw from the collaborative governance theory and develop a theoretical framework for understanding the horizontal and hierarchical dynamics of collaborative neighborhood governance during crisis responses in urban China. Using a large-scale questionnaire survey of frontline community workers operated in six Chinese cities in February 2020, we conduct statistical analyses and find that the effectiveness of neighborhood collaboration in the pandemic control is predicted by both neighborhood social capital (i.e. civic engagement and citizen participation) and hierarchical steering by the government through setting policy priorities and providing support. Our research contributes to the international literature on neighborhood governance dynamics and provides policy lessons for improving neighborhood governance capacity in crisis response situations.

Factors influencing risk perception and nosocomial infection prevention practices of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, exploring factors influencing nosocomial infection among frontline nurses may provide evidence to optimize prevention strategies in hospitals.MethodA large-scale online questionnaire survey of nurses’ state-trait anxiety, job burnout, risk perception, workplace safety perception, knowledge about nosocomial infection, and preventive practices was conducted with 2795 frontline nurses working in the COVID-19 wards of six hospitals in Hubei Province, China, from February 1 to April 1, 2020. The questionnaire data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method to reveal the mechanisms influencing nurses’ risk perception and preventive practices related to nosocomial COVID-19 infection.ResultsA model of the factors that influence nurses’ risk perception and preventive practices regarding nosocomial COVID-19 infection was established. The model verified hypotheses regarding the impact of nurses’ risk perception and preventive practices. Notably, the hypothesis that risk perception has an impact on nurses’ preventive practices regarding nosocomial infection is not valid. Moreover, different marital and educational conditions are associated with significant differences in the impact of state anxiety on the execution of preventive practices, the impact of workplace safety perceptions on risk perception, and the impact of workplace safety perceptions on the execution of preventive practices. The effect of state anxiety on preventive practices differed significantly with different durations of work experience.ConclusionsAccording to the results of the influencing factor model, promoting the quality of training on nosocomial infection, meliorating workplace safety, and conducting timely and effective psychological interventions would aid in improving nurses’ preventive practices. Meliorating workplace safety and easing state anxiety would be beneficial to reduce nurses’ risk perception. These strategies are conducive to the optimization of policies for preventing nosocomial COVID-19 infections and similar infectious diseases.