Conditions For Large-scale Production Research Articles

Changes in microbial community during fermentation of high-temperature Daqu used in the production of Chinese ‘Baiyunbian’ liquor

Daqu is a fermentation starter used in the production of Chinese liquor. The present study investigated changes in the microbial community during the fermentation of Baiyunbian high-temperature Daqu during a cycle time of 140 days. Two methods were used, a culture-dependent method (viable cell counting) and a culture-independent method (high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer region). It was found that thermotolerant microorganisms such as Bacillus, Thermomyces and Actinobacteria were dominant in all stages of Daqu fermentation, especially during the high-temperature period of days 7–38. In the initial 110 days of fermentation, operational taxonomic units and number of bacteria were higher than those of fungi, but the opposite was observed towards the end of fermentation (day 140). In mature Daqu, the predominant bacterial species were Bacillus and unclassified Thermoactinomycetaceae, followed by Thermoactinomyces, Kroppenstedtia and Saccharopolyspora; the predominant fungi were Aspergillus, unclassified Trichocomaceae, Thermomyces, Rhizopus, Monascus and Candida, among others. It is possible that the addition of mother Daqu, temperature and storage time played critical roles in the microbial composition of Daqu. Collectively, the above findings provide important information that can be used to optimize conditions for large-scale production of Daqu. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Ultra-fast microwave aided synthesis of gold nanocages and structural maneuver studies

Gold nanocages (AuNcgs) are well-studied, hollow, metallic nanostructures that have fascinated researchers in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science, photoelectronics, biotechnology, and medical science for the last decade. However, the time-consuming synthesis of AuNcgs has limited their widespread use in materials science and nano-biotechnology. A novel, ultra-fast, simple, and highly convenient method for the production of AuNcgs using microwave heating is demonstrated herein. This quick method of AuNcg synthesis requires mild laboratory conditions for large-scale production of AuNcgs. The microwave heating technique offers the advantage of precise mechanical control over the temperature and heating power, even for the shortest reaction period (i.e., seconds). Microwave-synthesized AuNcgs were compared with conventionally synthesized AuNcgs. Structural maneuver studies employing the conventionally produced AuNcgs revealed the formation of screw dislocations and a shift in the lattice plane. Detailed characterization of the microwave-generated AuNcgs was performed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and spectroscopic techniques.

Engineering E. coli for large-scale production – Strategies considering ATP expenses and transcriptional responses

Microbial producers such as Escherichia coli are evolutionarily trained to adapt to changing substrate availabilities. Being exposed to large-scale production conditions, their complex, multilayered regulatory programs are frequently activated because they face changing substrate supply due to limited mixing. Here, we show that E. coli can adopt both short- and long-term strategies to withstand these stress conditions. Experiments in which glucose availability was changed over a short time scale were performed in a two-compartment bioreactor system. Quick metabolic responses were observed during the first 30s of glucose shortage, and after 70s, fundamental transcriptional programs were initiated. Since cells are fluctuating under simulated large-scale conditions, this scenario represents a continuous on/off switching of about 600 genes. Furthermore, the resulting ATP maintenance demands were increased by about 40–50%, allowing us to conclude that hyper-producing strains could become ATP-limited under large-scale production conditions. Based on the observed transcriptional patterns, we identified a number of candidate gene deletions that may reduce unwanted ATP losses. In summary, we present a theoretical framework that provides biological targets that could be used to engineer novel E. coli strains such that large-scale performance equals laboratory-scale expectations.

Влияние метода формообразования зубьев на форму припуска под зубоотделочные операции и их точность

The effect of a tooth profile formation method upon machining accuracy is considered. It is shown that under conditions of large-scale production the highest accuracy will be obtained with the aid of a technological chain “roughing – copying method – finishing – running-in method”.

Use of phytic acid and hyper-salting to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from napa cabbage for kimchi production in a commercial plant

The aim of this study was to develop a new salting method using natural phytic acid (PA) to ensure the microbiological safety and quality of salted napa cabbage used for kimchi production. The production of salted napa cabbage involves several stages: trimming, hyper-salting (20% NaCl) for up to 1h, salting (10% NaCl for 10–18h), three sequential washes in water (30s for each), and draining (2h). Two separate experiments were performed: one to determine the appropriate treatment conditions and a second to validate applicability under commercial conditions. In Experiment I, the effects of hyper-salting with PA on Escherichia coli O157:H7 numbers were tested in the laboratory. The following variables were monitored: 1) PA concentration (1, 2, 3%, w/w); 2) the ratio of the sample weight to the total volume of the solution (1:1.5, 1:3, or 1:6); 3) the hyper-salting time (30 or 60min); and 4) the salting time (2, 5, or 8h). A procedure that achieved a >5-log reduction in the E. coli O157:H7 population was then tested in an actual kimchi processing plant (Experiment II). The results from Experiment I showed that bactericidal efficacy increased as all the measured variables increased (p<0.05). Hyper-salting with 2% PA at a sample-to-water ratio (w/v) of 1:3 and 1:6 for 60min resulted in a >5-logCFU/g reduction in the E. coli O157:H7 population. Further salting for 5h completely eliminated (<1-logCFU/g) all bacteria. Thus, hyper-salting with PA 2% at a sample-to-water ratio of 1:3 for 60min, followed by salting for 5h, was tested under large-scale production conditions. The results revealed that the initial aerobic plate counts (APC), total coliform counts (TC), and fecal coliform counts (FC) were 6.6, 3.4, and 2.8-logCFU/g, respectively. The selected protocol reduced these values by 3.7-, >2.4-, and >1.8-logCFU/g, respectively. The 5h salting step maintained the TC and FC at <1-logCFU/g; however, the APC recovered somewhat. The pH and salinity of the treated salted napa cabbages were within the ranges required for kimchi production (pH5.1–5.3 and 1.5–2.0%, respectively). These results suggest that this novel method of salting food ensures microbiological safety and reduces the production time.

Media Optimization Studies for Enhanced Production of Serratiopeptidase from Bacillus Licheniformis (NCIM 2042)

Production of an anti inflammatory Serratiopeptidase by fermentation with Serratia marcescens NCIM 2919 was studied to ascertain optimal nutritional conditions for large scale production. To study biosynthesis and production of Serratiopeptidase by isolated Bacillus Licheniformis (NCIM 2042) different growth media were studied. The modified fermentation medium concentration of Serratiopeptidase was found to be 22.85 IU/ml at temperature 35 °C, pH 6.5 after 24 hours duration. Before optimization of fermentation medium concentration of Serratiopeptidase was found 16.52 IU/ml at temperature 30 °C and pH 7.0 after 48 hours duration.

The impact of precursor water content on solution-processed organometal halide perovskite films and solar cells

In this paper, the impact of the water content (up to 10 vol%) in DMF-based precursors on organometal halide perovskites is investigated. The photovoltaic performance is found not to be affected, thus relaxing the conditions for large-scale production of this upcoming photovoltaic technology.

Culture Conditions for Production of Biomass, Adenosine, and Cordycepin from Cordyceps sinensis CS1197: Optimization by Desirability Function Method.

Background:Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a traditional Chinese medicine contains potent active metabolites such as nucleosides and polysaccharides. The submerged cultivation technique is studied for the large scale production of CS for biomass and metabolites production.Objective:To optimize culture conditions for large-scale production of CS1197 biomass and metabolites production.Materials and Methods:The CS1197 strain of CS was isolated from dead larvae of natural CS and the authenticity was assured by the presence of two major markers adenosine and cordycepin by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize process parameters culturing temperature, pH, and inoculum volume for the biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin. The experimental results were regressed to a second-order polynomial equation by a multiple regression analysis for the prediction of biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin production. Multiple responses were optimized based on desirability function method.Results:The desirability function suggested the process conditions temperature 28°C, pH 7 and inoculum volume 10% for optimal production of nutraceuticals in the biomass. The water extracts from dried CS1197 mycelia showed good inhibition for 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-free radicals.Conclusion:The result suggests that response surface methodology-desirability function coupled approach can successfully optimize the culture conditions for CS1197.SUMMARY Authentication of CS1197 strain by the presence of adenosine and cordycepin and culturing period was determined to be for 14 daysContent of nucleosides in natural CS was found higher than in cultured CS1197 myceliumBox-Behnken design to optimize critical cultural conditions: temperature, pH and inoculum volumeWater extract showed better antioxidant activity proving credible source of natural antioxidants.

Production of Good Manufacturing Practice Grade Equine Adiposederived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Use

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are currently being evaluated in equine clinical studies for their potential to treat various disorders and injuries. Studies have shown that both autologous and allogeneic stem cells appear to be safe. However, an efficient cell expansion method that is reliable and cost-effective is warranted to provide off-the-shelf clinical grade stem cells. Our study aimed to determine optimum culture conditions for efficient large-scale stem cell expansion. We produced cGMP standard equine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells on a large scale. Five different medium combinations—Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium-knockout (DMEM-KO), alpha modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM), 50:50 DMEM-KO/α-MEM, 75:25 DMEM-KO/α-MEM and 25:75 DMEM-KO/α- MEM—at seeding densities of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 cells/cm2, were used to determine the optimum culture conditions for large-scale production. Growth kinetics, immunophenotypes, karyotypes, morphology, trilineage differentiation, T-cell proliferation, virus positivity, pre-clinical toxicity and expression of pluripotency markers were analysed. Among the medium combinations and seeding densities tested, 25:75 DMEM-KO/α-MEM at a seeding density of 5000 cells/cm2 was found to be optimum for large-scale expansion. This medium combination gave a significantly higher cell yield than the other medium combinations, while preserving their stem cell characteristics and differentiation potential. The results indicated that the adoption of an appropriate culture system significantly improved cell yield, thus enabling the production of sufficient cells for therapeutic application in a cost-effective manner. The results also showed that the method of large-scale expansion requires minimal manipulation of cells, and it could be expanded ex vivo within two passages while retaining the characteristics of true stem cells.

Unternehmensformen oder Formen von Unternehmungen zwischen Spätmittelalter und beginnender Früher Neuzeit

Abstract The article “Business forms or types of companies between the late Middle Ages and the onset of the early modern” focuses on “entrepreneurial” activity on the one hand and on the business-like structures and networks of capital and labor-intensive large undertakings between 1300 and 1550 on the other. The first case study shows how intensively the domain was involved in the economy and markets already at this time through good planning and accounting, by taking the example of a noble estate in the 15th Century. The article then compares the operational and corporate organizational structures in the central European mining sector in the early 16th Century by means of a second case study. It shows that mining and metallurgy emerged early on in various corporate and operational forms, because of the capital requirements of large-scale production conditions, distance and the differentiated division of labor organization, but differed greatly from each other because of their strong adjustment in respective political and environmental conditions. Based on the “Corporate Governance” of the Italian banking houses of the 14th Century the third example explains how early the company’s size and distance relationships were able to mould the organizational structure of these financial institutions. With increasing international trade and credit transactions only the semantics of family and kinship survived. Overall, the article is able to show by means of its examples, that increasing company size, greater market orientation, an increasing need for capital, the internationalization of market relations and the question of the risk limit lead to the emergence of new institutional forms of business organization from the late Middle Ages onwards.

Isolation and partial characterization of ΦSP‐1, a Salmonella specific lytic phage from intestinal content of broiler chicken

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis with contaminated eggs and chicken meat being the major source of infection. Phages are seriously being considered as a safe and cheaper alternative to antibiotics. The intestinal content of chicken was used as source for isolating phages. Phage designated as ΦSP-1 was selected for the study. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phage ΦSP-1 revealed that it belonged to family Podoviridae. The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 5 phages/cell. Latent and rise period were calculated to be 30 and 55 minutes respectively, while burst size was 44 phages/bacterial cell. The genome size of ΦSP-1 was estimated to be 86 kb from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis (PFGE). The effect of different physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, salinity and CaCl₂ were analyzed to optimize the conditions for large scale production of phages and to check the viability of ΦSP-1 under different physiochemical conditions. A temperature of 40 °C, pH 8 and 0.25 M NaCl were found to be optimum for phage adsorption and it was able to survive up to a temperature of 50 °C for 3 min. Capability to survive under hostile environmental conditions, absence of virulence genes in genome and genus specificity suggest suitability of ΦSP-1 to be used as a biocontrol agent.

Intrinsic autotrophic biomass yield and productivity in algae: Experimental methods for strain selection

Using an analogy with fed-batch heterotrophic growth, the algal photoautotrophic yield Φ(DW) (in grams of dry weight biomass synthesized per micromole of absorbed photons) was derived from the algae batch growth behavior in nutrient-replete medium. At known levels of incident light, the yield Φ(DW) enables the estimate of a maximum productivity, and is therefore critical to compare and select algal cultures and growth conditions for large-scale production. The algal culture maximum growth rate was shown to be an unreliable indicator of autotrophic biomass yield. The developed carbonate addition method (carbonate addition, neutralization, and sealing) alleviated carbon limitations otherwise seen in aerated batch cultures, leading to two to five fold higher yield estimates. The fully defined FLX growth medium with variable ionic strengths (FLX1-100) supported excellent growth in most cultures tested. The chosen experimental methods and versatile FLX medium proved well-suited for small sample volumes and a high number of samples.

Morphological and phase dependence of nanotitania materials generated under extreme pH conditions for large scale production of TiO2 nanowires (basic) and nanosquares or nanrods (acidic)

The effect that the phase of the starting nanoseed titania (TiO2), the pH of the solvent solution, and the processing methodology employed have on the properties of the resultant TiO2 nanomaterials were explored. This led to the development of a new process to produce large-scale, phase pure, thin nanowires of TiO2 at high pH and nanosquares at low pH. Anatase, rutile, and Degussa P25TM TiO2 nanoparticle starting materials (or nanoseeds) were processed in strongly basic (10 M KOH) and strongly acidic (conc. HX, where X = Cl, Br, I) solutions using solvothermal (SOLVO) and solution precipitation (SPPT) methodologies. Under basic SOLVO conditions, the nanoseeds were converted to H2Ti2O5·H2O nanowires. The SPPT basic conditions also produced the same phased nanowires for the rutile and anatase nanoseeds, while the Degussa nanomaterial yielded mixed phased [anatase:rutile (9:1)] nanowires. The SPPT method was found to produce substantially thinner nanowires in comparison to the SOLVO route, with comparable surface areas but the strong basic media led to etching of the glassware yielding HK3Ti4O4(SiO4)3·4H2O nanorods. Hybridization of these two processing routes led to the use of NalgeneTM bottle as the reaction flask termed the hybrid (HYBR) route, yielding even thinner H2Ti2O5·H2O nanowires on a large-scale. Switching to a concentrated halide acid (HX, where X = Cl, Br, I) system, SOLVO, SPPT, and HYBR routes were investigated. The resultant TEM images revealed that the rutile starting material yielded short rods, whereas the anatase seeds formed square or faceted materials.

Co-vectoring of Beauveria bassiana and Clonostachys rosea by bumble bees ( Bombus impatiens) for control of insect pests and suppression of grey mould in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper

Greenhouse cage trials were conducted to assess the effectiveness of bumble bee pollinators for the co-vectoring of two fungi ( Beauveria bassiana [Balsamo] Vuillemin [BotaniGard 22WP ® formulation] and Clonostachys rosea Lnk: Fr. [Endofine ®]), in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper for control of insect pests (greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood; and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris [Palisot de Beauvois]), and grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr.). Three treatments were evaluated: 6.24 × 10 10 conidia of B. bassiana + 1.38 × 10 7 conidia of C. rosea/g of inoculum vectored by bees (active inoculum); heat-inactivated inoculum vectored by bees; and a control with no inoculum and no bees. In each crop, the treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. When applied in the tomato crop, the active inoculum killed 49% of the T. vaporariorum and suppressed grey mould by 57% and 46%, respectively, on the flowers and leaves. In sweet pepper, mortality of L. lineolaris was 73% and grey mould was suppressed by 59% and 47%, respectively, on the flowers and leaves in the active inoculum treatment. The incidence of grey mould in sweet pepper and tomatoes treated with the heat-inactivated inoculum or no inoculum (control) was approximately 80% on the flowers and leaves. Thus, the combined inoculum of B. bassiana and C. rosea can potentially control T. vaporariorum and L. lineolaris, and suppress grey mould in greenhouse tomatoes and sweet peppers, when vectored simultaneously by bumble bees. Commercial greenhouse trials need to be conducted next to determine control efficacy under large scale production conditions.

BIOTRANSFORMATION OF FLAVONOLS TO FLAVONOLS-3-OGLUCOSIDE IN CELL CULTURES OF ASTRAGALUS SIEBERI DC.

One distinct glucosyltransferase (GT) has been partially purified and characterized from cell cultures of Astragalus sieberi DC.; Family Leguminosae. Callus cultures were established from shoots of sterile germinated seeds maintained on solid MS medium supplemented with 4.5 M 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) and 2.3 M kinetin (KIN). The cell suspension cultures were obtained by transport of callus cultures to liquid MS medium with the same hormone supplementation. The GT was found to exhibit maximum activity at pH 7.5 and an incubation temperature of 35°. The preferred substrate of GT was found to be kaempferol, the second best substrate was quercetin. The isolated enzymatic products were detected by TLC and HPLC and identified by spectral analysis and comparison with authentic compounds. This experiment from economic point of view provides the best conditions for large scale production of glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorahmnetin.

Microstructural changes of processed vitrified solid waste products

Abstract Toxic lead-rich solid industrial wastes were stabilized by the vitrification method. Vitrification was attained by the addition of SiO 2 and Na 2 O as vitrifying and melting agent, respectively. The non-toxic, homogeneous, vitreous products studied in the present work, contain 60 wt.% of solid waste. Products with such a high content of solid waste comprise an economically realistic suggestion, but are easily devitrified in conditions of large-scale production due to the difficulty to achieve rapid cooling conditions in the whole volume of a large piece of stabilized product. Thus, it must be ascertained that the loss of homogeneity is not accompanied with the loss of chemical stability. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was applied in order to inspect the prospect to crystal phase separation. The separated crystal phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Possible devitrification processes are investigated in order to interconnect the microstructure with the chemical stability of the devitrified products.

Low-Temperature Chemicothermal Treatment for Improving the Tribotechnical Properties of Parts of Sporting Guns under the Conditions of Large-Scale Production

Low-Temperature Chemicothermal Treatment for Improving the Tribotechnical Properties of Parts of Sporting Guns under the Conditions of Large-Scale Production

Agronomic Performance and Stability of Soybean Varieties Grown in Three Maturity Zones of Minnesota

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in the northern latitudes generally have lower protein concentrations than in the southern latitudes, reducing the value of northern grown soybeans. The objectives of this research were to: (i) study maturity zones within Minnesota for soybean seed yield, protein concentration, and oil concentration; (ii) compare performance of soybean varieties grown in producers' yield-contest fields with University of Minnesota research plots; and (iii) analyze seed yield, protein concentration, and oil concentration means and stability statistics for 30 soybean varieties. Yield, protein, and oil data were collected from University of Minnesota research trials across 15 environments from 1991 to 1995. Producer data were collected from the Minnesota Soybean Grower's Association Yield Contest from 1991 to 1995. The general trend was a decrease in yield and protein concentration from southern to northern Minnesota, with higher yield and protein concentration among the same varieties grown in central Minnesota compared with northern Minnesota. Yields were highest in producers' yield-contest fields, but no protein and oil concentration differences were noted between yield-contest fields and research plots. Seed yield, protein concentration, and oil concentration means, as well as three stability statistics, differed among 30 varieties grown in 15 environments. The three stability statistics consisted of two nonparametric statistics based on variety ranks and Kang's yield-stability statistic. These results suggest that stability statistics, in addition to variety means, could be used by consultants, variety testing personnel, and breeders to recommend the most appropriate varieties for maximum yield and protein concentration.

Ossification or ossa sesamoidea distalia in Cattle

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Propagation and assay of hepatitis A virus in vitro

Ten strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV) originating from far distant geographical locations were adapted to growth in PLC/PRF/5 (human hepatoma derived) and/or MRC-5 (human embryonic lung) cells. In the course of primary adaptation some of these strains exhibited a predilection for distinct cultural conditions such as type of host cell and temperature of incubation. With progressive passage, variant viruses with quite different requirements could be selected; yet, it proved impossible to isolate a virus which replicated equally well in both types of cells and at both 32 and 37°C without at least one preceding passage under the new conditions. Analysis of the virus/cell relationship of well adapted HAV strains revealed that the replication cycle of HAV extends over about 24 h. Moreover, replication evidently passes from a state of active production of infectious virus to a phase during which hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) is synthesized and terminates in the state of persistent infection with markedly reduced synthetic activity. In all three phases replication of HAV is non-cytolytic and the vast majority of both infectious virus and of HAAg remains cell associated. The observations concerning the growth characteristics of HAV were used to develop two rapid in vitro assay systems for HAV infectivity (fluorescent focus assay and in situ RIA). Finally, the conditions for large scale production of infectious HAV and of HAAg in a cell factory system were analysed.