Large-scale Logging Research Articles

Marijuana, Guns, Crocodiles and Submarines: Economies of Desire in the Purari Delta

ABSTRACTTraded down the Purari River by male youth through a network of friends, kuku dipi, as marijuana is known in the Purari Delta, is consumed locally, and traded for guns it is rumoured that the American Mafia bring in submarines. The movement of kuku dipi is part of a constellation of informal trade that has emerged alongside the large‐scale logging and oil projects in the Gulf Province. These networks involve the exchange of alcohol, pornography and radios by logging ship crews for live birds, crocodile skins and other local flora and fauna. Numerous sets of speculations have arisen about the seen and unseen transactions that these exchanges are felt to entail. Focusing on aspects of kuku dipi's use and movement in the Delta, I examine some of the explanations and anxieties around this illicit commodity. Doing so provides insight into kuku dipi's social impact and illuminates how the Purari's engagement in this trade is an attempt to transcend and cope with the economic and political disparities caused by the current resource extraction projects.

Carbon offsets as an economic alternative to large-scale logging: a case study in Guyana

The objective of this study is to analyze the economic viability of carbon-offset projects that avoid logging in Guyana's forests. The results of this case study illustrate the cost effectiveness of alternative land-use options that reduce deforestation and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This analysis demonstrates that using Guyana's rainforests for climate change mitigation can generate equivalent revenue to that of conventional large-scale logging without detrimental environmental impacts. At a 12% discount rate, the break-even price for carbon is estimated to be about US$ 0.20/tC. This estimate falls toward the low range of carbon prices for existing carbon offset projects that avoid deforestation.

森への視線

The purpose of this paper is to suggest the destination of tourism in Yaku Island, or Yakushima, by considering the bundle of various eyes or gaze to the forests, Yaku-cedar or Yakusugi and other unique natural environment.After World War II, the forest of Yakushima has been treated under the discussion of ideology dispute whether it should be developed or conserved for the islanders. Especially, from 1950s, large-scale logging using machinery such as chain saws and wire ropes was begun to supply the demand from around the country. The islanders mainly engaged in the logging operations as a worker. The industry was an important source of income for Yakushima people because of the fragile industrial situation in the island. However, at the same time, such operations certainly brought about deterioration of environment, especially damage of Yakusugi whose age was over one thousand years. Therefore, part of islanders, in 1970, established a society to conserve the natural environment of Yakushima whose name was Yakushima wo mamorukai as having conflicted with logging workers.Historical eyes of the islanders to the forest moved from awe in their traditional belief to environmental conservation or preservation through economic imperative such as subsistence and capitalism. The islanders basically have turned their eyes upon the forest on spectrum of relationship between destructive lumbering and natural conservation. In that process, they had come to require ideal situation satisfying both economic and natural environmental demands in the context of mutual relationship between nature and human beings. Ecotourism has been recognized and expected by certain islanders as one of methods to realize that since 1990s. However, such tourism is only conducted by immigrants and external capitals and thus arouses complaint from indiginous islanders who are not involved with the industry. Simultaneously, the context of tourism makes clear of difference of eyes to the forest between indiginous people and outlanders such as immigrants and tourists.By analyzing the meanings of various internal and external eyes to the forests and other natural environment through the cultural concepts such as “Kankyobunka-mura, ” “kankobunka or tourism culture, ” and “kankoshizen or tourism nature, ” I provide a basic stand for the development in Yakushima by stressing a new type of tourism which averts tourists' eyes from the ecological environment including Natural Heritage to the Islanders' lifestyle.

GOVERNING THE AMAZON TIMBER INDUSTRY FOR MAXIMUM SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

ABSTRACT The timber industry in the Brazilian Amazon is currently supplied primarily with timber from private properties. Each year, hundreds of informal contracts are made between Amazon logging companies and small-holders. Loggers receive timber, while farmers receive cash and/or improvements in their road networks. The proposed Brazilian National Forest Programme emphasizes the development of concession-based forestry within an expanded system of National Forests, explicitly avoiding the forests that are occupied by people. It will therefore miss important opportunities for the timber industry to improve the livelihoods of millions of low-income farmers, extractivists, and indigenous people. Recent partnerships between industry and farmers in agricultural settlements demonstrate the pivotal role that progressive timber companies can play in assisting farm communities with their development. Such alliances are favoured by current environmental and agrarian reform policies, including the generous government funding for road construction and housing that accompanies new settlements. Communities in extractive reserves and in the floodplain forests of the Amazon estuary have similarly demonstrated the direct benefits that can accrue to forest residents through control, management, processing, and sale of their wood resources. The policy challenge is to foster a new generation of relationships among the rural poor, timber companies, and environmental and social agencies in order to enhance the How of benefits to the rural poor, while avoiding large-scale logging- and fire-induced impoverishment of Amazon forests.

The Potential of People: An Interview with Chayan Vaddhanaphuti

Chayan Vaddhanaphuti is an activist-intellectual who works on land rights and indigenous knowledge among ethnic minorities in Thailand. He has examined the relationships between rights, identity, and the state in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, and he is a well-known critic of elite development projects, including large-scale hydropower and logging. His life’s work illustrates how the Thai academy is necessarily interconnected with new social movements in Asia. He himself is responsible for many collaborations betweenThailand’s ethnicminority and academic communities and has promoted socially engaged social science research among Thai scholars. Vaddhanaphuti is the founding director of the Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development at Chiang Mai University. He is a graduate of Chulalongkorn University and received his PhD in 1984 in international development education and anthropology fromStanford.This

Present use and characteristics of Thick-billed Parrot nest sites in northwestern Mexico

Abstract Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) nest sites were studied during a six-year period (1995–2000) at six nesting areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. Nests were found in 187 snags or live trees of seven species, which averaged 75.2 cm dbh. Most nests were in snags (59%), and only two nests occurred in trees or snags under 40 cm dbh. Most nests occurred in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii; 32.6%), and Mexican white pine (Pinus ayacahuite; 21.9%). Nest-site characteristics observed in the study were compared with those reported in the literature 20 yrs ago by Lanning and Shiflett (1983), and important differences were found in the percentages of tree species used. Decline of the Thick-billed Parrot seems to be related to large-scale logging over a wider historical breeding range. Commercial timber harvesting appears to affect nest site availability by leaving few snags and pine trees large enough for parrots to nest in.

Correction for Schwarze et al. , Understanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projects

You have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Schwarze R., Niles J. O. and Olander J. 2002Correction for Schwarze et al., Understanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projectsPhil. Trans. R. Soc. A.3602987http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.2000SectionYou have accessCorrection for Schwarze et al., Understanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projects R. Schwarze R. Schwarze Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , J. O. Niles J. O. Niles Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and J. Olander J. Olander Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author R. Schwarze R. Schwarze Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , J. O. Niles J. O. Niles Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and J. Olander J. Olander Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:15 December 2002https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.2000This article corrects the followingResearch ArticleUnderstanding and managing leakage in forest–based greenhouse–gas–mitigation projectshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1040 Ian R. Swingland, Eric C. Bettelheim, John Grace, Ghillean T. Prance, Lindsay S. Saunders, Reimund Schwarze, John O. Niles and Jacob Olander volume 360issue 1797Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences27 June 2002AbstractCorrection for ‘nderstanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projects’ by R. Schwarze, J. O. Niles and J. Olander (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 360, 1685–1703. (doi: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1040)).The following acknowledgement was omitted from the above article. Previous Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Giovanni E and Hahn R Assessing the Potential of Climate Offset Programs, SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.1688373 Bertram C (2010) Ocean iron fertilization in the context of the Kyoto protocol and the post-Kyoto process, Energy Policy, 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.065, 38:2, (1130-1139), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2010. Osborne T and Kiker C (2005) Carbon offsets as an economic alternative to large-scale logging: a case study in Guyana, Ecological Economics, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.003, 52:4, (481-496), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2005. Related articlesUnderstanding and managing leakage in forest–based greenhouse–gas–mitigation projects27 June 2002Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences This Issue15 December 2002Volume 360Issue 1801Triennial Issue ‘Astronomy and Earth science’ compiled by J. M. T. Thompson Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.2000Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:1364-503XOnline ISSN:1471-2962History: Published online15/12/2002Published in print15/12/2002 License: Citations and impact

Primate population decline in response to habitat loss: Borajan Reserve Forest of Assam, India

Systematic studies of the Borajan Reserve Forest in Assam, India, were conducted in 1995, 1997, and 1998. Initially this small (5 km2) forest was inhabited by substantial numbers of five species of diurnal primates and the forest was typical of Reserve Forests in northwest upper Assam. About two thirds of the forest had canopy cover of 20 – 50% or more. Civil unrest, political problems and a lack of resources for Forest Department personnel, however, resulted in rapid degradation of the area. After three years less than one third of the forest had more than 20% canopy cover; all primate populations had declined dramatically and the small percentage of juveniles in each species indicated that all were in imminent danger of local extinction. There was no evidence of hunting or trapping nor any large scale logging. Forest degradation was due primarily to small scale harvesting of forest products, selective cutting, and collection of firewood. Although only hand tools were employed, the forest inexorably declined in response to these steady pressures. Borajan may be an object lesson as to what can happen but it need not be the harbinger of Assam’s future.

The Relationship between the Bakola and the Bantu Peoples of the Coastal Regions of Cameroon and Their Perception of Commercial Forest Exploitation

The relationships between the Bakola Pygmies and the Bantu cultivators of the coastal region of Cameroon differ from one group to another. The relationship appears superficial and limited to economic exchange between the Bakola and the Bassa, Boulou, Bakoko, Mvae, Fang, Evouzok and Yassa, whereas it is based on their culture between the Bakola and the Kwassio speaking groups. In spite of such a variation in their relationships, the Bakola and Bantu groups share the same forest environment which indubitably conditions their everyday life. This paper describe in depth hitherto poorly recorded relationships between the Bakola and the Bantu, and their implications for examining the commercial exploitation of the forest, which comprises their major source of life, but which is threatened by large scale logging industries.

Succession and Regeneration Patterns of East African Mountain Forests. A Review

Regeneration and succession processes in montane forests of Kenya and parts of Ethiopia were investigated. The slowly growing camphor tree, Ocotea usambarensis, regenerates mainly by suckers from old root systems. Undamaged seeds were very rarely seen, and, apparently are viable only for a few days. After natural breakdown of an old tree, the gap is filled by fast growing species, mainly Macaranga kilimandscharica and Neoboutonia macrocalyx, in the shade of which the young Ocotea suckers can establish. After the death of the secondary species, whose germination requires full sunlight and is inhibited in the shade, the Ocotea forest recovers. Large scale logging of Camphor trees predominantly destroys the regeneration of Ocotea and leads to secondary forest types, which regenerate in own cycles. The high number of big game was found to be without impact on the natural regeneration of Ocotea. The Cassipourea malosana dominated forest regenerates as a mosaic-climax without a single species becoming dominant. Cedar forests dominated by Juniperus procera regenerate most efficiently after fire. Without recurrent burning, the forests of the lower and middle part of the montane zone, regenerate to climax associations dominated by broad-leaved trees as Olea capensis ssp. hochstetteri, Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata and Podocarpus latifolius. On higher altitudes Juniperus procera always remains dominant even if fire does not occur for a longer time period. The high population density especially of buffaloes seems to inhibit successful regeneration in many parts of the Juniperion, due to intensive browsing and in particular trampling. The African Bamboo, Sinarun- dinaria alpina, shows a distinct growth cycle and can grow for extremely long periods in the vegetative state before flowering, especially so at the borders of its area. After flowering and dying of the bamboo, in most areas a dense Sambucus africana shrub is formed into which bamboo is invading from old rhizomes again. In Ethiopia, regeneration occurs directly, without an interspersed Sambucus stage. The uniform age of the Hagenia stands suggests that regeneration in these forests occurs suddenly after a disturbing event. Germination tests yielded, that Hagenia seeds are not germinating unless the competing undergrowth is removed. As fire is the only natural factor able to clear the grass layer of larger areas, it is assumed, that the reproduction of the subalpine forests depends on occasional burning.

Women, Disempowerment and Resistance: An Analysis of Logging and Mining Activities in the Pacific

There are many arguments supporting the need for a reduction of large scale logging and mining activities in Pacific Island countries. In addition to ecological and economic concerns, logging and mining have had significant social impacts, including gendered impacts. Women tend to be excluded from decision‐making processes, and they have limited access to royalty payments and business and employment opportunities which emerge. Women also bear a disproportionate share of the responsibility for dealing with the social and environmental mess which accumulates. However, women are not simply passive victims of logging and mining activities, as this discussion of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea will argue. They are often the first to feel dissatisfaction with logging and mining and it is such dissatisfaction which has fuelled civil unrest, from family break‐ups to sabotage of machinery to civil war, in some communities. It may thus be useful for companies to more carefully monitor the effects of their activities on women and involve women more actively in decision‐making bodies if they wish to avoid such unrest in the future.

A Cooperative Industry - Government Woodland Caribou Research Program in Northeastern Alberta

Rapid development of large scale logging and increasingly intensive petroleum exploration and development in northeastern Alberta prompted the establishment of a cooperative research program to investigate various aspects of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) biology. The ultimate goal of the program is to develop an effective plan that will ensure the long term survival of caribou while allowing for renewable and non-renewable resource development. There are three parts to the program. Part I began early in 1991 and makes use of conventional radio telemetry as a means of recording various parameters of general caribou biology. The study area encompasses approximately 4000 km2 of low relief, boreal mixedwood forest. Preliminary results from 2500 radio locations (involving 50 individuals) indicate that woodland caribou inhabiting the study area are non-migratory and are strongly associated with some of the more scarce peatland forest types present in the area. Investigations to document the basic biology and ecology will continue for another two years. Part II began in early 1993 as a part of a two-year investigation into the disturbance effects of petroleum exploration and development on caribou movements and behaviour. One objective of this study is to develop a predictive model useful in determining the cumulative effects of varying intensities of disturbance on caribou. Part III began in early 1994 with a proposed three-year investigation to determine the mechanism of spatial and temporal separation of caribou and moose in the study area. These relationships may indicate the means by which caribou minimize the impact of wolf predation on their populations in northeastern Alberta. Results will be applied to industrial land use and specifically to large scale forest harvesting planned for the area. The research program is supported through cooperative funding contributed by 24 petroleum companies, 1 forest company, 2 peat companies and the Alberta Departments of Environmental Protection and Energy. The research aspect of the program has been developed and implemented by staff of the University of Alberta, Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries, the Alberta Fish and Wildlife and Forest Services and the Alberta Environmental Centre. The program also incorporates a public information and liaison function. Newsletters, information videos, brochures and public consultation are the means used to accomplish this task.

The Human Causes of Deforestation in Southeast Asia

Journal Article The Human Causes of Deforestation in Southeast Asia: The recurrent pattern is that of large-scale logging for exports, followed by agricultural expansion Get access David M. Kummer, David M. Kummer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. L. Turner, II B. L. Turner, II Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 44, Issue 5, May 1994, Pages 323–328, https://doi.org/10.2307/1312382 Published: 01 May 1994

The vegetation of the Balsam Mountains of southwest Virginia: A phytosociological study

RHEINHARDT, R. D. AND S. A. WARE (Dept. Biol., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185). The Vegetation of the Balsam Mountains of southwest Virginia: a phytosociological study. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 287-300-1984. A quantitative phytosociological survey was made of the woody and herbaceous vegetation of theBalsam Mountains of southwest Virginia. Sixty-five forest stands were sampled between 1125 and 1547m in elevation. Density measurements for understory vegetation and per cent cover for herbaceous species were measured in 20 of the 65 stands. Stands were ordinated using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and divided into nine community-types: spruce, spruce-fir, northern hardwoods (beech-maple and dwarf beech subtypes), yellow birch (ravine and boulder field subtypes), mesophytic, mesophytic-oak, and northern red oak. A correlation analysis was performed to test for significant correlations between community composition and environmental parameters. Canopy species importance values tended to correlate predictably with most environmental parameters (particularly with elevation and moisture, and associated parameters such as pH). Herbaceous vegetation commonly associated with mesic conditions tended to show a strong correlation with magnesium and calcium. The first ordination axis of both the canopy and herbaceous vegetation correlate with an elevation-moisture gradient. Axis 2 of the canopy ordination, which correlates with calcium levels and herbaceous species diversity, separates mesophytic from mesophytic-oak communities. Axis 2 of the herbaceous ordination, which correlates with magnesium levels and organic matter percentage, separates mesophytic, mesophytic-oak, and northern red oak communities. One fairly extensive community-type, located on open north slopes, resembles the high elevation cove forests of the Great Smokies. In fact, the vegetation of all topographic types was found to be much more mesic than forests of similar topography elsewhere in the southern Appalachians. Slopes below 1500 m in elevation may have been dominated by spruce prior to the large scale logging operations of the early 1900's. Perhaps the disturbance of former boreal forests has enabled mesic hardwood forests to exist at these higher elevations where moisture is abundant.

The Vegetation of the Balsam Mountains of Southwest Virginia: A Phytosociological Study

RHEINHARDT, R. D. AND S. A. WARE (Dept. Biol., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185). The Vegetation of the Balsam Mountains of southwest Virginia: a phytosociological study. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 287-300-1984. A quantitative phytosociological survey was made of the woody and herbaceous vegetation of theBalsam Mountains of southwest Virginia. Sixty-five forest stands were sampled between 1125 and 1547m in elevation. Density measurements for understory vegetation and per cent cover for herbaceous species were measured in 20 of the 65 stands. Stands were ordinated using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and divided into nine community-types: spruce, spruce-fir, northern hardwoods (beech-maple and dwarf beech subtypes), yellow birch (ravine and boulder field subtypes), mesophytic, mesophytic-oak, and northern red oak. A correlation analysis was performed to test for significant correlations between community composition and environmental parameters. Canopy species importance values tended to correlate predictably with most environmental parameters (particularly with elevation and moisture, and associated parameters such as pH). Herbaceous vegetation commonly associated with mesic conditions tended to show a strong correlation with magnesium and calcium. The first ordination axis of both the canopy and herbaceous vegetation correlate with an elevation-moisture gradient. Axis 2 of the canopy ordination, which correlates with calcium levels and herbaceous species diversity, separates mesophytic from mesophytic-oak communities. Axis 2 of the herbaceous ordination, which correlates with magnesium levels and organic matter percentage, separates mesophytic, mesophytic-oak, and northern red oak communities. One fairly extensive community-type, located on open north slopes, resembles the high elevation cove forests of the Great Smokies. In fact, the vegetation of all topographic types was found to be much more mesic than forests of similar topography elsewhere in the southern Appalachians. Slopes below 1500 m in elevation may have been dominated by spruce prior to the large scale logging operations of the early 1900's. Perhaps the disturbance of former boreal forests has enabled mesic hardwood forests to exist at these higher elevations where moisture is abundant.

Orang-utan conservation and rehabilitation in Sumatra

The Orang-utan in Sumatra has long been under heavy hunting pressure, in order to supply foreign zoos, and notwithstanding protection by law. Since the author started his Orang-utan survey in the Gunung Leuser Reserve and established a rehabilitation station for animals confiscated by nature conservation authorities, the situation has somewhat improved, at least in the areas visited by him from time to time. There is, however, another threat to the species— the destruction of its habitat, the rain-forest, either by the local people's shifting cultivation (ladang) or on account of large-scale logging by Indonesian or foreign timber companies. It is hoped that the Leuser, Langkat, and Kluët, reserve complex can be kept inviolate. The rehabilitation project has proved a success, despite predation by a Clouded Leopard. Some of the sub-adult Orang-utan have gone wild in the jungle surrounding the station in which wild specimens are seen regularly. The mode of life and behaviour of both the wild and the rehabilitation station animals are being studied, the contrasts between the animals at the station and their wild counterparts being one of the most interesting aspects of the author's overall research.