Large-scale Applications Research Articles

Effect of 3D-printed polycaprolactone/osteolectin scaffolds on the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells.

Cell-based tissue engineering often requires the use of scaffolds to provide a 3-dimensional (3D) framework for cell proliferation and tissue formation. Polycaprolactone (PCL), a type of polymer, has good printability, favorable surface modifiability, adaptability, and biodegradability. However, its large-scale applicability is hindered by its hydrophobic nature, which affects biological properties. Composite materials can be created by adding bioactive materials to the polymer to improve the properties of PCL scaffolds (PSs). Osteolectin is an odontogenic factor that promotes the maintenance of the adult skeleton by promoting the differentiation of LepR+ cells into osteoblasts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether 3D-printed PCL/osteolectin scaffolds supply a suitable microenvironment for the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). The hDPCs were cultured on 3D-printed PSs with or without pores. Cell attachment and cell proliferation were evaluated using EZ-Cytox. The odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs was evaluated by alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase assays. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of the proteins DSPP and DMP-Results: The attachment of hDPCs to PSs with pores was significantly higher than to PSs without pores. The odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs was induced more in PCL/osteolectin scaffolds than in PSs, but there was no statistically significant difference. 3D-printed PSs with pores are suitable for the growth of hDPCs, and the PCL/osteolectin scaffolds can provide a more favorable microenvironment for the odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs.&#xD.

Purely Ionically Bonded Cation Paving the Way to Ultralow Thermal Conductivity and Large Thermoelectric Figure of Merit in Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Cs2SnI2Br2.

Lower dimensional materials have gained quite a bit of popularity in the last few decades. Perovskite materials have been studied extensively for their photovoltaic properties. But for large scale application of photovoltaic materials, the thermal properties need to be studied. In this work, using first principles calculations, we have studied the thermal conductivity and thermoelectric performance of quasi two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper phase of perovskite, Cs2SnI2Br2. The Cs atoms are found to be ionically bonded to the halogens leading to low elastic constants and hence give rise to weak bonding. The large anharmonicity in this material causes the lattice thermal conductivity to be ultralow having a value of 0.30 W.m-1.K-1 at 300 K and therefore the thermoelectric figure of merit has been found to be high with a maximum value of 2.08 at 600 K. This lead-free 2D perovskite can be the precursor to a wide variety of similar materials with ultralow thermal conductivity.

Protective Interphases of Advanced Znic Anodes: Structure, Mechanisms, Fabrication Strategies and Characterization Techniques.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) with metallic Zn anode have the potential for large-scale energy storage application due to their cost-effectiveness, safety, environmental-friendliness, and ease of preparation. However, the concerns regarding dendrite growth and side reactions on Zn anode surface hamper AZIB's commercialization. This review aims to give a comprehensive evaluation of the protective interphase construction and provide guildance to further improve the electrochemical performance of AZIBs. The failure behaviors of Zn metal anode including dendrite growth, corrosion, and hydrogen evolution are analyzed. Then, the applications and mechanisms of the constructed interphases are introduced, classified by the material species. The fabrication methods of the artificial interfaces are summarized and evaluated, including the in-situ strategy and ex-situ strategy. Finally, the characterization means of the interphases are discussed to give a full view for the study of Zn anode protection. Based on the analysis of this review, a stable and high-performance Zn anode could be designed by carefully choosing applied material, corresponding protective mechanism, and appropriate construction technique. Additionally, this review for Zn anode modification and construction techniques for anode protection in AZIBs may be helpful in other aqueous metal batteries with similar problems.

Unveiling the CoFe LDH generated by partial in situ conversion strategy: Synergistic effect of modified MXene and cationic vacancies for overall water splitting

It remains a challenge to utilize non-precious metal electrocatalysts to increase intrinsic activity and observe more active sites. Herein, we propose a simple partial in situ transformation strategy to form a novel MOF@CoFe LDH heterostructure by Co-MOF template-directed fabrication using modified MXene as substrate, and introduce metal cation vacancy defects on the as-prepared LDH surface to further enhance the performance of the catalysts. Density-functional theory calculations show that the electron transfer rate of a material can be tuned by modulating the electron diffusion phenomenon, thereby lowering the energy barrier of the catalytic reaction. Consistent with the expected results, the catalysts also showed excellent electrochemical performance with HER and OER reaching current densities of 10 mA cm−2 with overpotentials of only 201 mV and 197 mV, and Faraday efficiencies (FE) close to 100 %. Meanwhile, a cell overpotential of only 1.56 V is required to effectively drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in the two-electrode system, and the superior long-term stability of the material reveals its potential for cost reduction in large-scale industrial applications.

Advances in Two-Dimensional Ion-Selective Membranes: Bridging Nanoscale Insights to Industrial-Scale Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting.

Salinity gradient energy, often referred to as the Gibbs free energy difference between saltwater and freshwater, is recognized as "blue energy" due to its inherent cleanliness, renewability, and continuous availability. Reverse electrodialysis (RED), relying on ion-selective membranes, stands as one of the most prevalent and promising methods for harnessing salinity gradient energy to generate electricity. Nevertheless, conventional RED membranes face challenges such as insufficient ion selectivity and transport rates and the difficulty of achieving the minimum commercial energy density threshold of 5 W/m2. In contrast, two-dimensional nanostructured materials, featuring nanoscale channels and abundant functional groups, offer a breakthrough by facilitating rapid ion transport and heightened selectivity. This comprehensive review delves into the mechanisms of osmotic power generation within a single nanopore and nanochannel, exploring optimal nanopore dimensions and nanochannel lengths. We subsequently examine the current landscape of power generation using two-dimensional nanostructured materials in laboratory-scale settings across various test areas. Furthermore, we address the notable decline in power density observed as test areas expand and propose essential criteria for the industrialization of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, outlining future research directions, including scalable membrane fabrication, enhanced environmental adaptability, and integration into multiple industries. This review aims to bridge the gap between previous laboratory-scale investigations of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes in salinity gradient energy conversion and their potential large-scale industrial applications.

A Brief Discussion on the Overall Classification Algorithm of Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud

Abstract. Point cloud classification is the most important problem in airborne LiDAR point cloud data processing. In recent years, classification strategies with new theoretical background keep emerging, so it is urgent to make a more systematic and detailed summary of existing point cloud filtering algorithms, so that relevant researchers can have a more macroscopic and clear understanding of various algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the characteristics of airborne LiDAR point cloud data, this paper combs the general process of point cloud classification. This paper summarizes the current mainstream classification methods and analyses their application effects in different scenarios, aiming at exploring and customizing suitable point cloud classification methods according to specific purpose objectives or industry standards. The point cloud classification is classified into three-level classification strategy. The first-level classification is gross error elimination, the second-level classification is point cloud filtering, which is to distinguish ground points from non-ground points. The third-level classification is to extract thematic point clouds from non-ground points according to application requirements. At present, the primary and secondary classification methods are relatively diverse and mature, reaching a certain level of application, while the tertiary classification is still in the initial stage of exploration, and large-scale application is not widespread.

Superlative Porous Organic Polymers for Photochemical and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Applications: From Synthesis to Functionality.

To mimic the carbon cycle at a kinetically rapid pace, the sustainable conversion of omnipresent CO2 to value-added chemical feedstock and hydrocarbon fuels implies a remarkable prototype for utilizing released CO2. Porous organic polymers (POPs) have been recognized as remarkable catalytic systems for achieving large-scale applicability in energy-driven processes. POPs offer mesoporous characteristics, higher surface area, and superior optoelectronic properties that lead to their relatively advanced activity and selectivity for CO2 conversion. In comparison to the metal organic frameworks, POPs exhibit an enhanced tendency toward membrane formation, which governs their excellent stability with regard to remarkable ultrathinness and tailored pore channels. The structural ascendancy of POPs can be effectively utilized to develop cost-effective catalytic supports for energy conversion processes to leapfrog over conventional noble metal catalysts that have nonlinear techno-economic equilibrium. Herein, we precisely surveyed the functionality of POPs from scratch, classified it, and provided a critical commentary of its current methodological advancements and photo/electrochemical achievements in the CO2 reduction reaction.

A binary salt composite adsorbent material for solar-driven sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting

Solar-driven sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SSAWH) technology stands as a promising avenue for sourcing freshwater in arid and remote regions. For real-world large-scale applications, the effective water absorption capacity, broad humidity absorption range, and rapid desorption properties of adsorbent materials have been the main goals of the research area. In this context, we have developed a binary salt composite adsorbent material (PAMg-Li) for solar-driven water harvesting by integrating binary hygroscopic salts MgSO4 particles and LiCl particles, activated carbon fiber (ACF), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The inherent porous structure and interconnected channels at micro and nano scales of PAMg-Li facilitate water absorption, and obtained satisfactory water absorption rate even at 30% relative humidity (RH). It has been shown to be able to achieve a high water storage capacity and realize water desorption under natural light. A home-made device based on PAMg-Li obtained a water evaporation rate of 0.084 kg/(m2·h) under solar radiation intensities ranging from 200 to 850 W/m2. The PAMg-Li material developed in this work can be a candidate for a more practical and effective choice for SSAWH.

Diagnostics System for Plant Leaf Diseases Using Convergence of Computer Vision and Deep Learning

Early and accurate detection of plant diseases is crucial for maximizing agricultural yield and minimizing economic losses.Traditional approaches, however, frequently depend on specialized knowledge.They are ineffective for large-scale applications since they take a lot of time.The suggested method makes use of deep learning models' capabilities.With Densenet-121, it automatically extracts and gains knowledge of pertinent aspects from leaf photos.To identify a bundle of leaves, it employs a multi-object deep learning model.It can decipher and comprehend visual data from the leaves using computer vision.Accuracy is increased by utilizing deep learning and computer vision. The technique of transfer learning allows the system to recognize more veggies than just those in the training dataset. The results of our experimental evaluation show that our method is effective in precisely recognizing vegetables and diagnosing plant leaf diseases. Our system provides a scalable solution for agricultural management and plant health monitoring by expanding its coverage to include a variety of vegetables and automating disease diagnosis. KEYWORDS: CNN,Densenet-121,multi-object model

Fe-Incorporated Metal-Organic Cobalt Hydroxide Toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

AbstractMetal-organic cobalt hydroxide emerges as a cost-effective electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in energy conversion. However, the limited active sites and poor conductivity hinder their large-scale application. This study employed salicylate as a bridging ligand to synthesize iron-incorporated metal-organic cobalt hydroxide. The influence of Fe intercalation on Co(OH)(Hsal) (where Hsal denotes o-HOC6H4COO−) was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fe0.2Co0.8(OH)(Hsal) demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic activity, displaying an OER overpotential of 298 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 57.46 mV dec−1. This enhancement can be attributed to improved charge transfer kinetics and increased active sites. This work highlights the crucial role of Fe in improving the efficiency of Co-based oxygen-evolving catalysts (OECs) and its potential for boosting efficient hydrogen generation in alkaline environments. Graphical Abstract

Analysis of large-scale high-quality graphene production and applications

Graphene, a single-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is the thinnest and strongest material known to mankind. It has excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, making it a promising material for a wide range of applications in electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, and more. With the increasing demand for graphene in various applications, large-scale and high-quality graphene production has become a significant challenge. While early methods of graphene production involved mechanical exfoliation, this method is limited in terms of scalability and yield. To meet the increasing demand for large-scale production of graphene, various methods have been developed in recent years, including chemical vapor precipitation, epitaxial crystal growth, graphene oxide reduction and solvent exfoliation and so on. This study aims to introduce several existing methods for the mass production of graphene with high quality and analyzes the advantages and disadvantage involve thereof. The findings in this paper may provide a valuable reference for the industrial-scale production of graphene.

Sustainable Application of Pyrolytic Oxygen Furnace Slag in Cement-Stabilized Macadam: Volume Stability, Mechanical Properties, and Environmental Impact

As an industrial waste, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag is an ideal substitute for natural rubble and sand. However, its potential instability of volume restricts the application of the BOF slag in engineering. This study aims at investigating the volume stability and mechanical properties of BOF slag and its application as an aggregate in cement-stabilized macadam. As part of this research, the physicochemical properties, especially the volume stability, of two types of BOF slags and andesite were first studied. Then, mechanical properties, volume stability, and an environment analysis are used to evaluate the application of pyrolytic BOF slag in cement-stabilized macadam. The experimental results show that different types of BOF slags have similar thermal expansion coefficients, which are higher than andesite. The free CaO content of pyrolytic BOF slag is much lower than that of ordinary BOF slag and the volume expansion of pyrolytic BOF slag is less than 0.5%. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of cement-stabilized macadam using pyrolytic BOF slag is about 30% higher than that of andesite. Although the water loss rate is higher than a natural aggregate, dry shrinkage of pyrolytic BOF slag cement-stabilized macadam is about 30–50% less than that of a natural aggregate. Meanwhile, its shrinking speed is also slower than that of a natural aggregate. The micro-expansion properties of pyrolytic BOF slag could effectively partially offset the shrinkage characteristics of cement-stabilized macadam. Finally, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test results indicated that the metal leaching concentration meets the Chinese environmental standards. This study provides a direction for the large-scale and effective sustainable application of pyrolytic BOF slag.

Zn-Doped MnO2 microflake pseudocapacitive cathode on Ni(OH)2/Ni-Foam substrate as a promising charge storage material

Zn-doped MnO2 microflakes cathode material on Ni(OH)2/Ni foam has been synthesized and characterized as well as tested its electrochemical performances in 3 M KOH solution. The present work varies the amounts of Zn dopant in MnO2 system to improve its capability in energy storage. Material identification has been simply confirmed with XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS analysis. It is expected the Zn dopant will induce surface defects such as ZnMn2- or ZnMn0 and oxygen vacancy, leading to enhanced charge storage efficiency. In addition, XPS analysis reveals the existence of positively charged oxygen vacancy and the surface charge of ZnMn2- or ZnMn0 induce different surface oxidation states of Mn2+ and Mn4+. The oxidation states of Mn could accommodate the redox reactions involving ion adsorption and intercalation during pseudocapacitive charge and discharge processes. Substituting Zn into Mn sites is optimized with MnZn-1.5 which reaches a specific capacitance of 1601F/g at a 0.4 VAg/AgCl in KOH solution. This work demonstrates a promising material system for supercapacitor applications using Zn doping with a simple preparation process to support a large-scale application.

Ultrasmall Inorganic Mesoporous Nanoparticles: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application.

Ultrasmall mesoporous nanoparticles (<50nm), a unique porous nanomaterial, have been widely studied in many fields in the last decade owing to the abundant advantages, involving rich mesopores, low density, high surface area, numerous reaction sites, large cavity space, ultrasmall size, etc. This paper presents a review of recent advances in the preparation, functionalization, and applications of ultrasmall inorganic mesoporous nanoparticles for the first time. The soft monomicelles-directed method, in contrast to the hard-template and template-free methods, is more flexible in the synthesis of mesoporous nanoparticles. This is because the amphiphilic micelle has tunable functional blocks, controlled molecule masses, configurations and mesostructures. Focus on the soft micelle directing method, monomicelles could be classified into four types, i.e., the Pluronic-type block copolymer monomicelles, laboratory-synthesized amphiphilic block copolymers monomicelles, the single-molecule star-shaped block copolymer monomicelles, and the small-molecule anionic/cationic surfactant monomicelles. This paper also reviews the functionalization of the inner mesopores and the outer surfaces, which includes constructing the yolkshell structures (encapsulated nanoparticles), anchoring the active components packed on the shell and building an asymmetric Janus architecture. Then, several representative applications, involving catalysis, energy storage, and biomedicines are presented. Finally, the prospects and challenges of controlled synthesis and large-scale applications of ultrasmall mesoporous nanoparticles in the future are foreseen.

The Effectiveness of Mixed Food Attractant for Managing Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in Peanut Fields

Peanut is one of the widely cultivated oil-bearing and nut crops worldwide, so its stable production is crucial for oil supply and nuts, as well as socioeconomic development. Noctuid pests, such as Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), are the major pests in peanut. With growing resistance to chemical pesticides, there is an urgent need for advanced biocontrol solutions for peanut productions. We evaluated the control effect of Bioattract®, combined with the insecticide Coragen, a ‘mixed food attractant’, on noctuid pests through large-scale applications in four main peanut-producing provinces, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning, of China from 2019 to 2023 in succession. The main types of insects attracted and killed by the mixed food attractant were noctuid pests, of which H. armigera, A. ipsilon and other pests were 84.2%, 10.4% and 5.4%, respectively. The female/male ratio of H. armigera was 1.04. In the mixed food attractant treatment fields, the average adjusted decrease rates of H. armigera were 68.74% ± 1.43% for the eggs and 66.84% ± 1.59% for the larvae; meanwhile, those of A. ipsilon were 59.24% ± 1.56% for the eggs and 51.06% ± 1.89% for the larvae. In addition, the damage rate of the new leaves of the peanut plants in the mixed food attractant treatment fields was significantly lower than that in the control fields, with an adjusted declined rate of 78.26% ± 0.80%. Compared with using conventional chemicals, applying biological food attractants could reduce costs by USD 43.85 ± 1.14 per hectare. These findings provide a basis for the large-scale promotion and application of Bioattract® for peanut pest management.

Characteristics and properties of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion secondary batteries (LIBs) are battery systems with high energy densities. They are essential components of todays information-rich, mobile societys portable, entertainment, computing, and telecommunications technology. After 1981, most of the research on anode materials mainly focused on the anode containing Li, such as LiAl alloy, LiC alloy, etc. These materials have high prices, unstable cycling performance, and are difficult to be commercialized. The successful commercialization of LIBs began in 1991 with SONYs manufacturing of petroleum coke-based anode materials. Among them, anode plays a crucial role in LIBs. Anode materials that have been commercialized include carbon, alloys, and lithium titanate. Lithium-ion batteries using carbon anode materials and lithium titanate anode materials can meet the needs of electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage applications to a certain extent, and alloy anode materials can promote the energy density of LIBs. The properties of the commercialized anode materials are covered in this paper. Next generation anode materials such as silicon anode materials are also introduced.

Boosting thermal energy transport across the interface between phase change materials and metals via self-assembled monolayers.

Thermal energy storage using phase change materials has great potential to reduce the weather dependency of sustainable energy sources. However, the low thermal conductivity of most phase change materials is a long-standing bottleneck for large-scale practical applications. In modifications to increase the thermal conductivity of phase change materials, the interfacial thermal resistance between phase change materials and discrete additives or porous networks reduces the effective thermal energy transport. In this work, we investigated the interfacial thermal resistance between a metal (gold) and a polyol solid-liquid phase change material (erythritol) at various temperatures including temperatures below the melting point (300 and 350 K), near the melting point (390, 400, 410 K, etc.) and above the melting point (450 and 500 K) adopting non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. Since the gold-erythritol interfacial thermal conductance is low regardless of whether erythritol is melted or not (<40 MW m-2 K-1), self-assembled monolayers were used to boost the interfacial thermal energy transport. The self-assembled monolayer with carboxyl groups was found to increase the interfacial thermal conductance most (by a factor of 7-9). As the temperature increases, the interfacial thermal conductance significantly increases (by ~50 MW m-2 K-1) below the melting point but decreases little above the melting point. Further analysis revealed that the most obvious influencing factor is the interfacial binding energy. This work could build on existing composite phase change material solutions to further improve heat transfer efficiency of energy storage applications in both liquid and solid states.

Fully Integrated Multiplexed Wristwatch for Real-Time Monitoring of Electrolyte Ions in Sweat.

Considerable progress has already been made in sweat sensors based on electrochemical methods to realize real-time monitoring of biomarkers. However, realizing long-term monitoring of multiple targets at the atomic level remains extremely challenging, in terms of designing stable solid contact (SC) interfaces and fully integrating multiple modules for large-scale applications of sweat sensors. Herein, a fully integrated wristwatch was designed using mass-manufactured sensor arrays based on hierarchical multilayer-pore cross-linked N-doped porous carbon coated by reduced graphene oxide (NPCs@rGO-950) microspheres with high hydrophobicity as core SC, and highly selective monitoring simultaneously for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions in human sweat was achieved, exhibiting near-Nernst responses almost without forming an interfacial water layer. Combined with computed tomography, solid-solid interface potential diffusion simulation results reveal extremely low interface diffusion potential and high interface capacitance (598 μF), ensuring the excellent potential stability, reversibility, repeatability, and selectivity of sensor arrays. The developed highly integrated-multiplexed wristwatch with multiple modules, including SC, sensor array, microfluidic chip, signal transduction, signal processing, and data visualization, achieved reliable real-time monitoring for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ion concentrations in sweat. Ingenious material design, scalable sensor fabrication, and electrical integration of multimodule wearables lay the foundation for developing reliable sweat-sensing systems for health monitoring.

Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of nanoparticle-based vs. conventional pharmaceuticals containing statins in attenuating dyslipidaemia.

Dyslipidaemia describes the condition of abnormal lipid levels in a person's bloodstream. Since the 1980s, statin medications have been used to treat dyslipidaemia and other comorbidities, such as stroke risk and atherosclerosis. Statin medications were initially synthesised from fungal metabolites, but many synthetic statin drugs have been manufactured since then. Statin medication is quite effective in reducing total cholesterol levels in the bloodstream, but it has limitations. Due to their poor water solubility, statin drugs possess poor oral bioavailability, which hinders their therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticle drug delivery technology has been shown to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of many drug classes, and statins have great potential to benefit from this. This paper reviewed the currently available literature on nanoparticle statin medication and evaluated the possible improvements that can be made to the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of conventional statin medication. It was found that the oral bioavailability of nanoparticle medication consistently outperformed conventional medication by up to 400% in some cases. Substantial improvements in time to peak plasma concentration and plasma concentration peaks were also found, and increased periods in circulation before excretion were shown. It was concluded that nanoparticle technology has the potential to completely replace conventional statin medication as it offers more significant benefits with minimal drawbacks. Upon further study and development, the manufacture of nanoparticle statin medication should become feasible enough for large-scale application, which will significantly benefit patients and unburden healthcare systems.

Efficient preparation of metallic titanium from lower valence titanium chloride slurry by electrochemical reduction in molten salts

Short extraction of metallic titanium by the electrochemical reduction process in molten salt has attracted increasing interest due to its many advantages. The electrolysis of high-purity titanium to produce lower valence titanium chlorides has so far been industrialized as balancing agents but large-scale production is still challenging due to the high cost of raw materials and easy deterioration. Herein, metallic titanium was extracted from lower valence titanium chlorides (LTCs) slurries by electrochemical reduction in molten salts. The results of LTC slurries at 260 ºC for 48 h revealed the formation of red-violet α- and γ- TiCl3 with an Al content below 0.09 wt%, which gradually reduced to form metallic titanium in molten salt electrolytes. Porous metallic Ti powders were obtained from TiCl3 by electrochemical reduction in KCl-LiCl-MgCl2 molten salt at 400 °C. The reaction at the anode area was accompanied by TiCl4 gas overflow, and continuous electrolysis of metallic titanium was achieved by supplementing the consumed TiCl3. Overall, the proposed electrolysis process looks promising for large-scale applications due to its simple electrolysis equipment, relatively stable electrolyte components, and good product quality, thereby worth further future investigation.