Large Production Research Articles

Rainfed agriculture in Ethiopia: a systematic review of green water management pathways to improve water and food security

It is widely acknowledged that the world is currently experiencing an unprecedented water shortage, with agriculture being a crucial contributor. This paper presents a synthesis of available evidence, identify knowledge gaps, and make a state-of-the-art synthesis on green water management in Ethiopia. A systematic review methodology was implemented, encompassing the compilation and analysis of peer-reviewed and gray literature. The paper demonstrates that rainfed agriculture, which relies on “green water” (soil moisture from rainfall), accounts for 80% of cultivated land and 60-70% of global crop production. However, green water management has not received adequate attention in water policy and land rehabilitation programs in Ethiopia, where irrigation is limited. The analysis reveals a large yield gap and water productivity gap for major crops like maize, sorghum, and wheat in Ethiopia’s rainfed agriculture. Increasing crop yields through better soil, water, and crop management practices can significantly improve water productivity, offering “windows of opportunity” to enhance food and water security. Thus, a paradigm shift from the traditional narrow focus on soil erosion control towards an integrated green-blue water management approach in water and agricultural policies and programs is urgently required. Increased investments and expertise in green water management at the government level are crucial. Optimizing the use of green water resources in rainfed farming can also unlock Ethiopia’s export potential while improving domestic water and food security through strategic virtual water trade. In conclusion, the review highlights unlocking the potential of green water resources through targeted investments and policy support for rainfed agriculture can significantly contribute to Ethiopia’s water and food security objectives in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner.

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 11: a computational approach for natural anti-cancer compound discovery.

Cancer, a leading global cause of death, presents considerable treatment challenges due to resistance to conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11), which plays a pivotal role in cell cycle regulation and transcription, is overexpressed in various cancers and is linked to poor prognosis. This study focused on identifying potential inhibitors of CDK11 using computational drug discovery methods. Techniques such as pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, ADMET predictions, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy analysis were applied to screen a large natural product database. Three pharmacophore models were validated, leading to the identification of several promising compounds with stronger binding affinities than the reference inhibitor. ADMET profiling indicated favorable drug-like properties, while molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability and favorable interactions of top candidates with CDK11. Binding free energy calculations further revealed that UNPD29888 exhibited the strongest binding affinity. In conclusion, the identified compound shows potential as a CDK11 inhibitor based on computational predictions, suggesting their future application in cancer treatment by targeting CDK11. These computational findings encourage further experimental validation as anti-cancer agents.

Was the Virgin Lands Campaign a Venture? To the 70th Anniversary of the New Land Use

The issue of developing new lands continues to be relevant in our country and around the world. On a global scale, the world’s population is actively growing, people are increasingly bringing undeveloped lands into the agricultural cycle, thus increasing the space for living. On the world stage, Russia ranks first in terms of land resources that need to be further developed. Proper use of vacant land will give our country the opportunity to solve the problem of food security and become independent of food imports from abroad. In addition, it will be possible to increase the export of food products to other countries. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive review of the historical experience of the Soviet Union in the development of the virgin lands in the middle of the 20th century. In particular, the study pays attention to the problem of participation of the Upper Volga economic region in the development of the virgin lands. The study is based on scientific and research literature and on archival data. Using the method of regional research, it was possible to determine the volume of work done by the people of the Upper Volga region in the virgin lands of Kazakhstan in 1954–1956. The results of the study revealed that in the first years of the development of the new lands in the Kazakh SSR, the people of Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl managed to organize 13 new grain farms on their own, to staff collective farms and state farms with qualified personnel, thereby laying the foundation for the development of virgin lands infrastructure. We came to the conclusion that the personnel from Upper Volga played a notable role in the development of the regions of Northern Kazakhstan. Today, the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest producer and exporter of wheat, the gross harvest in 2022–2023 amounted to 16.4 million tons. In many ways, today’s success is based on the economic transformations of the mid-20th century, when agricultural and industrial infrastructure was built in the empty steppe.

A metal 3D-printed non-assembly mandrel for profile bending

Abstract In the overall regime of production technologies, bending processes allow production of complex parts and profiles in a precise, flexible, and economical way. It is important to manufacture tools which are universally applicable and easy to manufacture, since modern industries demand flexibility in terms of larger varieties or smaller batch sizes. In the past, it was difficult and time-consuming to manufacture bending tools, especially mandrels, due to their high geometric complexity and tight assembly of swivel joints. In this paper, we present a new design approach for the bending mandrel which is suitable for metal additive manufacturing that incorporates non-assembly mechanisms of joints. The hinges are systematically developed with particular focus on achieving a minimized gap and resultant clearance. As a test case, a mandrel is 3D printed by using the laser powder bed fusion technique and successfully tested in the rotary draw bending process parameterized for narrow bends in stainless steel tubes. In the light of these results, a solution is formulated for ease in manufacturing and faster rate of tool production, in this case bending mandrel. This methodology facilitates the production of small batch sizes and large product variants in bending processes. The research presented in this paper serves as a forward step towards economical production of complex parts in a highly flexible manner.

Optimizing double glazing through time and work measurements and simulation

ABSTRACT This study aimed to address the problem of low production rates in the double glazing process of Al Ittihad Company, which initially stood at 170 m 2 /shift (8 hours). The study employed a comprehensive methodology to identify the root causes of the issue and propose effective solutions. The methodology included interviews, data collection, time and motion study (Macro and Micro), root cause analysis, and two simulation modeling scenarios (As-Is) and (To-Be) using Arena software. Through these steps, the study revealed key issues in manual operations for small and large glass products and proposed solutions such as automation of manual pressing and insulator application activities, in addition to enhancing work standardization and employee training. The proposed solutions improvements resulted in a remarkable increase in productivity, reaching 212 m 2 /shift, reflecting a 24.7% improvement. The study also considered economic, ethical, social, and contemporary implications, emphasizing responsible and inclusive approaches. The findings and recommendations highlight the potential for continuous improvement, human-machine collaboration, and supply chain integration to further enhance the double-glazing process and drive sustainable growth in the glass manufacturing industry in Jordan.

An evolution model for the mobility of urban societal classes based on complex networks

Abstract Cities serve as the main platform for human socio-economic activities, where large crowds, products, and information converge, forming complex societal interactions and the space for human to interact with each other. Like traditional geographical space, in cities, cyberspace and societal space also offer diverse channels for human interactions. While urban mobility in geographical space has been extensively studied across disciplines such as geography, economics, transportation and human behavior, mobility within societal space in cities has rarely been examined in depth. This paper focuses on the self-organized consolidation of mobility within urban societal spaces. Based on the rational person hypothesis and Dunbar's number, we construct a simple model to explain why urban societal classes spontaneously emerge in the evolution of societal space. We also find that the mobility within urban societal space decreases spontaneously over time, and eventually outstanding individuals potentially can be trapped in lower classes, resulting in an inefficient matching of urban resources.

A Review on Minimum Quantity Lubrication

In contrast to flood lubrication, minimum quantity lubrication uses only a few drops nanoparticles of lubrication (approx. 5 ml to 50 ml per hour) in machining. Today, the enormous cost-saving potential resulting from doing almost entirely without metalworking fluids in machining production is recognized and implemented by many companies, primarily in the automotive industry. While in the early 1990s small applications (sawing, drilling) were done “dry”, today we are able to produce cylinder heads, crankcases, camshafts and numerous other components made of common materials – such as steel, cast iron and aluminium – using MQL in the framework of highly automated large volume production. The advantages of this new technology are clear. With respect to occupational safety, MQL offers numerous advantages over water-mixed metalworking fluids. This paper shows the overview of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) With respect to its need, types, application. Keyword: - MQL, Atomizer, Internal & External Feed, Lubrication

The injection molding of large industrial ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene products: A microbeam WAXD/SAXS investigation of the impaction of bimodal polyethylene on the structure and mechanical properties

The injection molding of large industrial ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene products: A microbeam WAXD/SAXS investigation of the impaction of bimodal polyethylene on the structure and mechanical properties

A critical review on the symbiotic effect of bacteria and microalgae on treatment of sewage with biofertilizer production.

Wastes like sewage, kitchen and industrial are the major sources of environmental pollution and health hazards. Sewage contains 99.9% water and 0.1% solid waste including urinal waste and faecal matter alongwith large amounts of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphate ions. Sewage may also contain a variety of harmful contaminants like analgesics, antihypertensive drugs, antibiotics, dioxin, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, chlorine derivatives and plasticizers etc. making it more harmfull to environment and public health. Hence, sewage must be adequately treated by an effective process before its final discharge into the environment. Biological treatment of sewage is an emerging idea in recent years, which has diverse economic and environmental advantages. Sewage treatment by bacteria and microalgae has numerous advantages as it removes various excessive nutrients from waste with large biomass production and also prevents the utilization of toxic chemicals in conventional treatment process. Microalgae-bacterial biomass have potential to be used as biofertilizers, bio-stimulants and bio-seed primers in agricultural field as these contain various biologically active substances like polysaccharides, carotenoids, free fatty acids, phenols, and terpenoids. This review paper mainly discussing the sewage characteristics and different kinds of organic and inorganic pollutants it contained alongwith its harmfull impacts on environment and public health. It also deals the different conventional as well as emerging treatment technologies and different factors affecting the treatment efficiency. In addition, the utilization of developed microalgal and bacterial biomass as biofertilizer and its effects on crop plant alongwith future prospects has been also discussed in detail.

Expression and purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme using Escherichia coli.

Since their discovery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), F420-dependent enzymes have been identified as both important drug targets and potential industrial biocatalysts, including for bioremediation of otherwise recalcitrant substrates. Mtb-FGD1, utilizes glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) as an electron donor for the reduction of F420. Current expression systems for Mtb-FGD1 use Mycobacterium smegmatis as host, because of the tendency for it to form inclusion bodies in E. coli. However, large scale recombinant protein production using M. smegmatis is slow and costly and the organism is not generally recognized as safe. Here, we report a faster, cheaper and safer approach for the expression of fully functional Mtb-FGD1 in E. coli using cold-adapted GroEL/ES as chaperones. Our approach yielded ∼ 70 mg of protein per litre (L) of culture. The purified enzyme catalysed the reduction of F420 to F420.H2 in the presence of G6P, and the re-oxidation of the F420.H2 to F420 when coupled to Tfu-FNO, which is a thermostable oxidoreductase that utilizes F420 for the reversible oxidation of NADPH. This latter finding provides opportunity for the utilization of Mtb-FGD1 as an industrial biocatalyst or in the detoxification of environmental contaminants such as malachite green, picrate and aflatoxin.

MCU-i4, a mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter modulator, induces breast cancer BT474 cell death by enhancing glycolysis, ATP production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst.

Mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) provides a Ca2+ influx pathway from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix and a moderate mitochondrial Ca2+ rise stimulates ATP production and cell growth. MCU is highly expressed in various cancer cells including breast cancer cells, thereby increasing the capacity of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, ATP production, and cancer cell proliferation. The objective of this study was to examine MCU inhibition as an anti-cancer mechanism. The effects of MCU-i4, a newly developed MCU inhibitor, on cell viability, apoptosis, cytosolic Ca2+, mitochondrial Ca2+ and potential, glycolytic rate, generation of ATP, and reactive oxygen species, were examined in breast cancer BT474 cells. MCU-i4 caused apoptotic cell death, and it decreased and increased, respectively, mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Inhibition of MCU by MCU-i4 revealed that cytosolic Ca2+ elevation resulted from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RYR). Unexpectedly, MCU-i4 enhanced glycolysis and ATP production; it also triggered a large production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Cytotoxic mechanisms of MCU-i4 in cancer cells involved enhanced glycolysis and heightened formation of ATP and ROS. It is conventionally believed that cancer cell death could be caused by inhibition of glycolysis. Our observations suggest cancer cell death could also be induced by increased glycolytic metabolism.

The effect of crop rotation on populations of major entomophages (review)

The analysis of the literature data on the assessment of the impact of crop rotations on the protection of cereals and other crops from a complex of dominant pests using elements of landscape design is carried out. The conservation of biodiversity and the activation of natural entomophages with an increase in their efficiency contributes to the stabilization of agroecosystems. There has been established a positive effect on the life expectancy and number of natural enemies of phytophages when using nectar crops and other methods, which make it possible to reduce chemical pesticide treatments up to their complete abolition without loss of productivity and product quality. There has been clarified the importance of crop rotations in creating a refuge for natural entomophages. Proper planning of crop rotations refers to methods of manipulating the habitat and can significantly increase the efficiency of entomophages in pest control, which is especially important for organic farming. Scientifically substantiated crop rotation with the inclusion of various methods (sowing of variety mixtures, nectar-bearing crops, marginal trapping crops, etc.) contributes to the stabilization of the ecological state of agroecosystems, increases the level of profitability of agricultural production and safety of the natural environment. The current paper may be of greatest interest to farmers and large commodity producers.

Assessing the Effects of Microplastics on Freshwater Fish

Microplastics are formed through the breakdown of engineering products in consumer goods and large plastic products. These anthropogenic pollutants accumulate globally in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Nowadays, people use personal care products a lot, and microplastics formed through the decomposition of the packaging of these products spread to the land and water ecosystems, and many living things come into contact with them. Studies have made the presence of microplastics in body parts such as the gastrointestinal tract and stomach, especially in marine and freshwater fish. It can cause physical harm in fish such as internal organ and tissue damage, immune system damage, accumulation, obstruction and damage in the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing evidence shows that a wide range of fish species are susceptible to microplastic ingestion. Already to many criteria such as overfishing, habitat loss, and the increasing number of invasive fish, the negative effects of microplastics will cause fish populations to decrease and some species to become extinct. It is known that plastic pollution, especially about increasing plastic production, poses a great threat to humans, aquatic creatures, and the global environment. Therefore, to draw attention to the danger of microplastics, in this study, the conducted research was examined, the effects of microplastics were reviewed, and the study results were evaluated. In this study, all articles searching microplastics and the amount of microplastics in freshwater fish were systematically examined. 25 studies were found that included the criteria we were looking for, and in these studies, the presence of microplastics was detected in a total of 100 fish species.

Nutrient status, water consumption and productivity of grain sorghum in the southern part of the Rostov region depending on sowing dates and seeding rates

Sorghum is a drought-resistant, heat-loving crop, the grain of which is highly nutritious and widely used in animal husbandry. In the Russian Federation, the Rostov Region ranks first in terms of sowing areas for this crop. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of seeding rates and sowing dates of grain sorghum on productivity, water consumption and nutrient status in the southern part of the Rostov Region. The study was conducted at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2022–2023. As a result of the study, there has been found a decrease of grain nitrogen available to sorghum plants to 4.1–4.7; 4.1-4.9 and 4.2–4.7 mg/kg of soil for the varieties ‘Zernogradskoye 88’, ‘Ataman’ and ‘Esaul’, respectively. By the complete maturity stage, the mobile phosphorus content in soil decreased to 15.3–17.0; 16.0–17.0; 14.1–15.7 mg/kg of soil, respectively, for the varieties ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Ataman’, and ‘Esaul’. At the end of grain sorghum vegetation period, the exchangeable potassium content was at the level of 271–306; 275–295; 261–290 mg/kg of soil, respectively, for the varieties ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Ataman’, and ‘Esaul’. Water consumption was at the level of 227.4–277.9 mm/ha for the variety ‘Zernogradskoye 88’, 219.6–272.1 mm/ha for the variety ‘Ataman’ and 222.8–271.5 mm/ha for the variety ‘Esaul’. At the same time, moisture consumption for the formation of grain productivity was 48.42–70.41; 42.92–69.85; 47.15–83.70 mm/t, respectively, for the varieties ‘Zernogradskoye 88’, ‘Ataman’, and ‘Esaul’. Over the years of study, the mean grain productivity was 4.51 t/ha for the variety ‘Zernogradskoye 88’, 4.66 t/ha for the variety ‘Ataman’, 4.11 t/ha for the variety ‘Esaul’. The largest productivity was identified in the third sowing date (4.66 t/ha on average according to a sowing date) and at a seeding rate of 0.4 million germ. pcs. per ha (4.94 t/ha on average according to a seeding rate).

Breeding estimation of initial alfalfa material according to green mass productivity and quality

Breeding of perennial grasses is the foundation for developing a forage base to produce high-quality livestock products. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the variability of phenotypic traits of alfalfa collection populations, as well as to identify the most promising ones in terms of possession of important agronomic traits for developing varieties that meet modern requirements of agricultural production. There have been estimated economically valuable traits of 80 alfalfa populations of various ecological and geographical origins from the collection of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” for the period 2019–2023. The variety ‘Rostovskaya 90’ was used as a standard. There was determined a biochemical analysis of the green mass of alfalfa collection samples, including content of protein, fat, ash, fiber, and NFE, and there was carried out a statistical analysis of the experimental data. As a result of the research, there were identified the samples ‘Smuglyanka’ (Ukraine) – 7.9 kg/m2 , ‘Rambler’ (Canada) – 7.7 kg/m2 and ‘Stavropolskaya 430’ (Russia) – 7.6 kg/m2 with large productivity of green mass. The samples with high indicators of green mass quality ‘Tibetskaya’ (Kazakhstan), ‘Sinegibridnaya 1316’ (Russia), ‘Stavropolskaya 430’ (Russia), ‘Rhizoma’ (Canada), ‘Rambler’ (Canada), ‘VNIIOZ-16’ (Russia), ‘Smuglyanka’ (Ukraine), ‘Karlygash’ (Kazakhstan), ‘Prowler’ (USA), ‘Sarga’ (Russia), ‘G-4’ (Russia), ‘Donskaya 5’ (Russia), ‘Sin 4’ (Russia), ‘Sin 5’ (Russia) and ‘Sin 6’ (Russia) have been recommended for breeding programs to develop alfalfa varieties with large productivity of green mass and nutritional properties of dry matter.

Technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide during conversion, use of fuel and gaseous waste from energy production

Relevance. The continued dependence on the combustion of carbon-based fuels for energy and industry leads to the need to develop various categories of technologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Aim. Development of carbon capture and storage technologies for all stages of fuel conversion and processing, ensuring a low-carbon cycle for the production of electrical and thermal energy, as well as industrial and social facilities. Methods. Chemical, physical adsorption and absorption. Results and conclusions. For large industrial and energy producers, for small energy consumers, it is necessary to be guided by the principles of environmental friendliness and efficiency when implementing the production process, and to increase the percentage of carbon dioxide removal, implement decarbonization technologies at all stages of producing electricity and thermal energy. For the category of CO2 removal at the stage of preliminary fuel conversion, adsorbent compositions using predominantly environmentally friendly and inexpensive natural materials based on bentonite have been developed and tested. The collection capacity of the developed adsorbents is 85–98%. For the category of CO2 removal at the stage of fuel use, a hybrid energy system is presented, including a microgas turbine with heat recovery, a high-temperature fuel cell and other devices and material flows connecting them. A pilot industrial prototype of a 30 kW hybrid energy system will produce heat, electricity, steam, and hot water. In this embodiment, the hybrid system can work as an autonomous energy source for small social and commercial facilities, representing a pilot stage of the engineering and design implementation of the results of an industrial-level hybrid system. For the category of carbon dioxide removal at the stage of CO2 separation from the flue gas mixture after fuel conversion, a block for removing CO2 from flue gases using the absorption method was proposed. Solutions of 15% monoethanolamine, 15% ammonia solution, and 6% sodium hydroxide solution showed the best absorption capacity. It is proposed to equip the hybrid energy system with a CO2 capture unit for complete decarbonization of gas emissions based on closed-cycle technology. The proposed technology for capturing and storing carbon dioxide at the post-fuel conversion stage is characterized by ease of implementation and economic accessibility.

W -boson exotic decay into three charged leptons at the LHC

We investigate the W boson’s exotic decay channel, W→ℓℓℓν, at the LHC. Although the four-body final states suppress the decay branching ratio, the large production of W bosons makes detecting and precisely measuring this decay probability entirely feasible. Our simulation study indicates that this tiny branching ratio can be measured with subpercent precision at the HL-LHC. This decay channel can also constrain Standard Model extensions. Using the Lμ−Lτ model as a benchmark, we find that the current bound on the gauge coupling for Z′ mass in the range of [4, 75] GeV can significantly improve. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Exploring genetic diversity in Indian ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) through microsatellite markers

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) holds significant value as a rhizomatous spice known for its distinct taste and aroma. India is the worlds' largest producer, exporter, and consumer of ginger. Local names commonly know many ginger cultivars, and since the crop is propagated vegetatively, the chances of mixing are very high. This complicates the maintenance of purity and distinct characteristics of each variety. In the present study, thirty-two ginger genotypes were procured from various regions nationwide and assessed using 49 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers to evaluate their genetic diversity patterns. Among the 49 markers, 19 primers were amplified and produced 23 polymorphic bands, resulting in a polymorphism percentage of 52.63%. Additionally, the unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct clusters, with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.31 to 1.00. This suggests that each genotype exhibits substantial variability. Genotypes Maran and Acc. 581 showed a similarity value 1.00, indicating perfect similarity (100%) in their genetic characteristics. These findings emphasize the critical role of SSR markers in germplasm conservation and highlight the potential for utilizing genetic diversity in breeding programs to develop improved ginger varieties with desirable traits.

Current Insights into Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) and Its Impact on the Economy and Public Health.

Effective control of animal infectious diseases is crucial for maintaining robust livestock production systems worldwide. Porcine meat constitutes approximately 35-40% of global meat production with the largest producers being China and the European Union (EU). Emerging viral pathogens in swine, like porcine bocavirus (PBoV), have not garnered significant attention, leaving their pathogenic characteristics largely unexplored. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on PBoV. We explore the virus's genome structure, discovery, classification, detection methods, pathogenesis, and its potential public health implications. Additionally, we discuss the distribution and economic impact of PBoV, which includes potential losses due to decreased productivity, increased veterinary costs, and trade restrictions. By highlighting the current state of knowledge, this review seeks to enhance the understanding of PBoV, thereby aiding in its prevention and control, and mitigating its economic impact on the swine industry.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bajra milk using response surface methodology

Millets, especially bajra, are known for their ability to thrive in harsh climates and resist pests. Bajra contains high nutritional values, including a high level of protein, fiber and essential minerals like iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium. Plant-based beverages such as bajra milk are becoming more popular as lactose-free, nutritious alternatives to dairy milk. Bajra milk is rich in antioxidants, phenolic acids and flavonoids, offering health benefits such as improved heart health, diabetes control and immune system support. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has proven to be an energy-efficient and a sustainable technique for producing plant-based milks like bajra milk. Compared to conventional methods, MAE reduces nutrient loss, speeds up the process and improves the protein content, viscosity and sensory acceptability. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction processes, identifying ideal conditions of soaking time of 16 h, microwave time of 1.5 min and a temperature of 85 ?C. Under these parameters, the extraction yield was 70.23 %, with a protein content of 5.57 g/100 ml and an overall acceptability rating of 7.2. The aim of this present study is to use the RSM tool to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of bajra milk and compare the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the conventional method and MAE, MAE bajra milk as a cost effective, ecofriendly solution for large scale plant-based milk production positioning bajra as a valuable alternative.