Large Panel Technology Research Articles

ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF LARGE HOUSING ESTATE RELATED TO FUNCTIONAL DIVERSIFICATION: CASE OF KELENFÖLD IN BUDAPEST

Large housing estates (LHEs) is a global product of modern planning and architecture based on the concept of the functional city. However, during the last decades, these inherited mass housing neighborhoods have been gradually transformed in their social and physical context. Much of this change is due to functional diversification of LHEs following rising consummation demands. The objective of the research is to create a general simple typology discovering this phenomenon and providing a method to make case study analysis and comparative studies. How to classify functional diversification and morphological transformations in LHEs in general? What are the functional and morphological values that were preserved from modern development period and what are the new characteristics of contemporary transformations? What are the special characteristics of the functional diversification in a post-socialist city? Kelenföld case study from Budapest is introduced to test the typology by using local documents and fieldwork methods in architecture: mapping, morphological analysis, and photo making. Kelenföld is one of the best located and the first LHE in Budapest realized with large panel technology in the 60’s, being today intensively developed and favored by its users.

The Impact of Thermo-Modernization and Forecast Regulation on the Reduction of Thermal Energy Consumption and Reduction of Pollutant Emissions into the Atmosphere on the Example of Prefabricated Buildings

The paper presents an assessment of thermal energy consumption for heating in 10 buildings made in the OWT-67N prefabricated large-panel technology from 1983 to 1986. The work covers the years 2002–2020 in three periods: before and after thermal modernization and after the use of an innovative weather prediction heating system control in buildings. The analysis made it possible to assess the impact of carrying out a deep thermal modernization, and then installing a modern forecast regulation system in terms of reducing heat energy consumption for central heating purposes, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2, SOx, NOx, CO and benzo(a)pyrene, into the atmosphere. The implementation of deep thermal modernization in buildings allowed for savings of 19.8–35% of thermal energy consumption for heating. The use of additional regulation based on prediction saved from 4.8 to 23.5%, except for one building BU10, where there was an increase in final energy consumption by 2.1%. Replacing the weather regulation in heating stations with the forecast regulation additionally reduced the emission of pollutants by 11.1%, compared to the reduction of pollutants achieved as a result of the thermal modernization of buildings alone, amounting to an average of 29.7%.

Application of the BORUTA Algorithm to Input Data Selection for a Model Based on Rough Set Theory (RST) to Prediction Energy Consumption for Building Heating

Energy prediction used for building heating has attracted particular attention because it is often required in the development of various strategies to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, especially those undergoing thermal improvements. The complexity, dynamics, uncertainty, and nonlinearity of existing building energy systems create a great need for modeling techniques. One of them is machine learning models, which are based on input data consisting of features that describe the objects under study. The data describing actual buildings used to build the model may be characterized by missing values, duplicate or inconsistent features, noise, and outliers. Therefore, an extremely important aspect of the prediction model development effort is the proper selection of features to simplify the prediction of energy consumption for heating. In this connection, the goal was to evaluate the usefulness of a model describing the final energy demand rate for building heating using groups of features describing actual residential buildings undergoing thermal retrofit. The model was created by combining two algorithms: the BORUTA feature selection algorithm, which prepares conditional variables corresponding to features for a prediction model based on rough set theory (RST). The research was conducted on a group of 109 multi-family buildings from the end of the last century (made in large-panel technology), thermomodernized at the beginning of the 21st century. Evaluation metrics such as MAPE, MBE, CV RMSE, and R2, which are adopted as statistical calibration standards by ASHRAE, were used to assess the quality of the developed prediction model. The analysis of the obtained results indicated that the model based on RST, based on the features selected by the BORUTA algorithm, gives a satisfactory prediction quality with a limited number of input variables, and thus allows to predict energy consumption (after thermal improvement) for this type of buildings with high accuracy.

Durability of interlayer connections in external walls in precast residential buildings

The work concerns the procedure of examination and assessment of the condition of external curtain walls used in typical prefabricated residential construction systems at the end of the 20th century in Poland. External partitions were formed from a concrete structural layer, thermal insulation made of expanded polystyrene or mineral wool with variable thickness and a layer of textured concrete. The insulating and texture layers were attached to the structural panel through connectors known as “hangers”. The durability of the exterior barrier, planned at the design stage for 50 years, is determined by the effectiveness of the execution of both concrete layers’ connections. The technical condition of more than one hundred buildings assembled in the large-panel technology was carried out after 35–50 years of operation, usually prior to the thermo-renovation of the buildings planned by the users or before the end of the designed period of use. Various research techniques were used, non-destructive testing has allowed to limit the required number of destructive tests. The test results, assessing actual physical and mechanical parameters of the materials used for the construction of connections, permitted to build calculation models and verify the effort state of structural elements. As a result of the research, calculations and analyses, a concept of effective reinforcement of threatened connections was developed. In addition, recommendations regarding effective testing of interlayer connections that are difficult to reach were formulated.

COMPUTER SECURITY ANALYSIS OF LARGE-PANEL BUILDINGS RESULTING FROM THE COOPERATION OF THE BUILDING WITH THE ELASTIC HALF-SPACE OF THE SOIL CENTER WITH THE POSSIBLE SCRATCHING OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPOSITE

The work touches on the national security issues of large-panel buildings from the point of view of settlement of the building on the ground. Displacements of the structure in the level of foundation of the building structure cause the secondary distribution of stresses, thus the possibility of structural scratches of internal prefabricated plate elements. The original model FEM of the construction of the large-panel building system Wk-70, which was built for research purposes, allowed the approximation of the phenomenon contained in the title of this work. Awareness of the safety of the construction of buildings implemented in large-panel technology is very important and constitutes a significant overtone, not only structural, but also general social.

The impact of construction quality on the safety of prefabricated multi-family dwellings

This study presents analysis of the safety of prefabricated buildings utilizing concrete large-panel technology in the context of building failures as a result of exceptional loads and in the context of their technical condition. Examples of incorrect construction and maintenance from on-site inspections of 110 buildings in Poland are described. Lack of assembly alignment, elements of the structure not protected against corrosion, elements damaged during construction work, no repairs after exceptional loads, and lack of structural strengthening are discussed. The set of case studies of large-panel buildings undergoing partial progressive collapses investigated in this study describe how this type of building, despite the impact of all the imperfections of construction and maintenance, carry exceptional loads. A systematic defining of the degree of advancement of a progressive collapse in residential buildings in relation to typical damage ranges was proposed.

Using Container Structures in Architecture and Urban Design

The paper presents the use of shipping containers in architecture and urban design. Even today, houses and apartments are still too expensive. Since 1923 architects have been improving the living conditions of citizens by building very simple, repeatable forms. With prefabrication technology it became possible to build quicker, causing house prices to decrease. Apartments in block of flats became affordable to more and more people. Modernism had great impact on the quality of living spaces, despite the detrimental effect of large panel technology on social life. It gave people their own bathrooms, and gifted them with simple solutions we now consider indispensable. The ambition to build cheaply but effectively is still here. The future of housing lies in prefabricated apartment modules. A well optimized creation process is the key, but taking into consideration the mistakes made by past generations should be the second most important factor. Studies show that large panel buildings were too monumental and solid for a housing structure, and offered no public spaces between them. Lack of urban design transformed a great idea into blocks that are considered to be ugly and unfriendly. Diversity is something that large panel structures were missing. While most block of flats were being constructed out of the same module (Model 770), differentiated architecture was difficult to achieve. Nowadays, increasing numbers of shipping containers are being used for housing purposes. These constructions show that it is possible to create astonishing housing with modules. Shipping containers were not designed to be a building material, but in contrast to large panel modules, there are many more possibilities of their transformation. In this paper the authors propose a set of rules that, if followed, would result in cheaper apartments, while keeping in consideration both tremendous architecture and friendly urban design. What is more, the proposed solution is designed to adapt to personalized requirements. In this paper the authors include information about design guidelines for structures made from shipping containers.

Impact of corrosion processes in the basement level on the durability of the construction of large-panel buildings

The paper presents results of research on the assessment of the corrosion progress level in structural elements of buildings made of large-panel technology. The symptoms of corrosion processes and the results of other authors research are presented.

Risks of the Durability of Large-Panel Buildings Elevations in Reference to the Conclusions from Technical Conditions Audits

In article the problem of durability of elevations of large-panel technology buildings is analyzed. In Poland this is a serious technical issue because it has an impact on the whole country. Heat loss through infiltration, the possibility of mold growth and general breakdowns are also reasons for increasing user discomfort. In article the results of the diagnostics presented in the literature and the authors’ analysis and diagnostic results are presented. Article also presents conclusions regarding to the durability of applied insulation systems ETICS and the need to strengthening the layers connections of the facade panels.

The Influence of the Technical Condition of a Building on the Property’s Market Value

Abstract The housed property’s market value is influenced by a set of characteristic qualities, among which is the technical condition of a building. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the technical condition of a building on the market price of the dwelling units, depending, among others, on the chosen method and the approach to the assessment of the housing wear degree. The analysis has been performed based on the estimation of the market value of an illustrative dwelling unit located in a building erected with the use of prefabricated large panel technology in selected variants. The study is based on data from the period between January and December 2012, which are related to the sale of rights to dwelling units from the secondary market. The information was obtained from a transactional database based on the Partner Data Exchange system with the Walor software.

Novel Si Etching and Dielectric Liner Film Processing Technologies for Low-Cost TSV Packaging

In recent years, "2.5D silicon interposers" and "Full 3D stacked" technology for high-performance LSI circuits has attracted much attention since this technology can solve interconnection problems by using TSVs (Through Silicon Vias) to electrically connect stacked LSI circuits. 2.5D and 3D Si integration has great advantages over conventional 2D devices such as a high packaging density, small wire length, high-speed operation, low power consumption, and a high feasibility for parallel processing. Yet, the problem of cost-effective TSV production is still to be solved. In particular, the demand for a new plating bath technology to shorten the Cu plating time is pressing. In addition, TSV isolation liner materials will be necessary with lower cost for the production of future high-frequency devices. A new etch process has been developed for scallop-free and taper-shaped TSV fabrication [1]. By using a direct etch process instead of cycled etching, TSVs were obtained with smooth-sidewalls and tapered profiles. The absence of scallops has a positive effect on signal transmission speed. Also, the direct etch process allows for shorter TSV fill process times and thus provides lower cost of deposition processes like PE-CVD, PVD and Cu-ECP (electrochemical plating) [2,3]. A cost correlation of taper-shape etching and Cu-ECP (electro-chemical plating) will be included. For the TSV isolation, polyurea dielectric liners were successfully deposited using a vapor deposition polymerization technology (which is Ulvac’s FPF/PV large panel technology). This process allows for isolation liners in next-generation high-frequency devices and for the film formation into a TSV pattern. In summary, a novel low-cost TSV fabrication flow can be provided for 2.5 / 3D Si integration in high-frequency applications. The process flow yields scallop-free and taper TSVs, which can be filled effectively with electroplated copper and polyurea dielectric liners.

Operating problems of buildings erected by using OWT large panel technology on the example of a ten-storey residential building in Rzeszów

The article in general describes the problems- associated with maintenance of buildings erected in large panel technology and their importance. In particular, the issues of sustainability, safety and comfort of use of buildings erected in the OWT technology in the 80's and 90's were illustrated on the example of the last residential X-storey building built in this technology in Rzeszow, located in one of the housing estates. The building have been monitored by the authors of the paper since 2002. During that time many defects have been successively found and investigated.
 Proposed remedial solutions aimed at bringing the building to normal state as well as providing a sense of security and comfort to ensure a good technical state of the building and enhance the residents’ feeling of safety. Some of the solutions have already been implemented, but some are waiting for implementation in conjunction with a thermomodernisation.

2.5 / 3D PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY SOLUTION FOR HIGH FREQUENCY DEVICE.

“2.5D silicon interposers” and “Hetero 3D stacked” technology for high-performance LSI are gathering the most attention from now on. These technologies can solve interconnection problems using TSV (Through Silicon Via) to electrically connect stacked each function devises. 2.5D and hetero-3D Si integration has great advantages over conventional 2D devices such as high packaging density, small wire length, high-speed operation, low power consumption, and high feasibility for parallel processing. But, the radical problem about the TSV production cost is not still solved. In particular, the demand to a new plating bath technology to shorten Cu plating time is expected. On the other hand, TSV isolation liner materials with lower cost for high frequency devices will be necessary in the future. “Scallop-free” etching process has developed for TSV fabrication [1]. As a result, the smooth-sidewall had proved shorten PVD process time [2]. At first, it investigated a cost correlation of taper-shape etching and Cu-ECP (electro-chemical plating) in this paper. And then, a polyurea film using a vapor deposition polymerization technology (which is Ulvac's FPF/PV large panel technology) tried introduction as isolation liner for next-generation high frequency device. And, it performed the film formation to a TSV pattern.