Large Oil Globule Research Articles

Description and Identification of Mooneye, Hiodon tergisus, Protolarvae

Abstract Mooneyes hatch at about 7 mm total length as protolarvae with neither the stomodeum nor pectoral fin buds evident. They transform to the mesolarval phase between 12 and 13 mm while still retaining a considerable amount of yolk and most of their large anterior oil globule. The protolarvae possess about 54 myomeres, 30 anterior to the posterior margin of the vent. Snout to vent length is about 64% and snout to dorsal finfold origin length over 50% of the total length. Melanophore distribution remains essentially the same through most of the phase with melanophores scattered over the large yolk sac and in a continuous line along the dorsal surface of the intestine, midventrally posterior to the vent, around the end of the notochord, and middorsally towards the future insertion of the dorsal fin. In contrast to mooneye, goldeye, Hiodon alosoides, protolarvae have approximately four to eight additional postanal myomeres and lack melanophores on all surfaces posterior to the vent except occasionally al...

Mechanism of Oil Droplet Fragmentation in High Pressure Homogenizers

THE process of subdividing the relatively large polydisperse oil globules of a coarse oil-in-water emulsion into a large number of smaller globules of narrow size range is termed “homogenization”. In a well homogenized emulsion the globules are so small that they have little tendency to rise and separate out; this is a desirable property of many emulsions of technical importance.

Honey-coloured, sessile Endogone spores: II. Changes in fine structure during spore development

The fine structure of honey-coloured, sessile Endogone spores is described from initiation of the mother spore to dormancy of the resting spore. Three unusual organelles occur viz. pigment granules, large crystals and selfduplicating bacteria-like organisms. The first two are very numerous, and are specifically associated with spore formation. The pigment granules are involved in the deposition of the honey-coloured wall, and change into myelin-like figures when cytoplasm moves from the mother into the resting spore. The crystals, whose function is not known, are most conspicuous just before the resting spore reaches dormancy. The bacteria-like organisms, which may be actinomycete spores living symbiotically in the fungus, multiphy greatly as the spore enters dormancy. The dormant spore contains very little cytoplasm compressed into a fine network between very large polygonal oil globules and large round bodies thought to contain a storage polysaccharide.

A description of the pelagic embryos and larval stages of Lates niloticus (L.) (Pisces : Centropomidae) from Lake Chad, with a review of early development in lower percoid fishes

Eggs and larval development of Lates niloticus from Lake Chad are described. The pelagic eggs, averaging 0–83 mm in diameter, are characterized by a large single oil globule and a narrow perivitelline space. Hatching occurs at a remarkably premature ontogenetic stage, 1-2 mm in length. Detailed descriptions are provided of subsequent larval development up to the earliest juvenile stages. The occurrence of buoyant eggs in freshwater and brackish-water species, particularly lower percoids, is reviewed and comparisons are made with marine forms. A marked tendency for the relative size of the oil globule to increase with decreasing salinity is related to hydrostatic function. Demersal eggs in freshwater lower percoids are also discussed. Larval development in L. niloticus is shown to be similar to related forms but differences are noted in the stage at which hatching occurs and the position of the oil globule.

Intervertebral Disk Calcification in Childhood

Back or shoulder pain is an unusual complaint in childhood and, when present, is usually mild and transient. Laboratory investigation of these complaints is seldom carried out. In this communication, three new cases are reported in which calcification within the intervertebral disk spaces was found. In two of these, the presenting complaint was neck and shoulder pain. In Case II, calcification within multiple intervertebral disk spaces was observed, including two sacral segments. This has not previously been noted. Extensive laboratory investigation was carried out on this patient without demonstrating a specific causal agent. In Case III, myelography was performed. Case I: This 6 1/2-year-old white male had a chief complaint of right neck and shoulder pain of approximately three days duration when first seen by his family pediatrician. The initial physical examination revealed considerable spasm of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle with tenderness above the right scapula. There was no fever or history of trauma. The diagnosis of acquired torticollis was made, and the child was treated with moist heat and salicylates. He returned four days later with more severe pain, muscle spasm, and tenderness. Radiographs of the cervical spine revealed amorphous globular calcific deposits in the central portion of the intervertebral disk space at the C4–5 level (Fig. 1). The distribution of the calcifications appeared to be within the nucleus pulposus itself, and they encroached upon the right intervertebral foramen (Fig. 2, A). Follow-up radiographs taken approximately two and a half years later showed partial resolution of the calcific deposits. Oblique views revealed almost complete resolution of the calcifications in the area of the right intervertebral foramen (Fig. 2, B). Case II: This 7-year-old white female complained of pain in the right arm when she was first seen by her family physician. Pyuria was found and treated. Five days later the pyuria had cleared, but the patient continued to complain of arm pain, now accompanied by a stiff neck. There was a burning sensation in the left arm, with numbness below the elbow. The child's mother indicated that the child had experienced a similar episode approximately one year previously. There was no history of trauma. The child was afebrile. She was treated with moist heat and massage, but without improvement, and she was referred for pediatric evaluation. Physical examination was unremarkable, except for minimal limitation of lateral rotation of the head. No sensory changes could be demonstrated on repeated examinations. The child was hospitalized, and radiographs of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spine showed amorphous calcific deposits in the central portion of all the thoracic intervertebral disk spaces with the exception of the T1–2 and T7–8 levels (Fig. 3). The deposits in some of the disk spaces were quite heavy. The calcifications were discrete and resembled large oil globules.

FINE STRUCTURE OF THE AGARICUS CARPOPHORE

The fine structure in the carpophore of the mushroom, Agaricus campestris, was studied with the electron microscope. The stipe consists of two types of cells (i) fundamental and (ii) long and thread-like. The pileus contains only the first type. The tramal cells of the gills are more elongated than broad, regularly arranged, and rich in cytoplasmic contents. The cross wall of the hyphal cells shows a conspicuous pore apparatus with dark septal swellings encased in the plasma membrane. The nuclear membranes are differentiated early during nuclear division and are highly alveolated around the interphase nucleus. In the maturing basidium, the mitochondria increase in number by division of pre-existing ones, and thus become small with few cristae. Numerous vacuoles appear in the upper portion of the basidium. Oil globules are also produced in the mature basidium but were not observed during the early stages of development of the basidium or in any other part of the carpophore. The young basidium has food reserve which is granular in nature. The basidiospore contains numerous large oil globules, few mitochondria, scanty endoplasmic reticulum, and a wall of three well-defined layers.

Spawning of the Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, in the Chesapeake Bay Area, with Observations of Juvenile Specimens

Pelagic eggs collected in Atlantic coastal waters adjacent to Chesapeake Bay have been identified as those of the cobia,Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus). The egg diameters ranged from 1.16 mm to 1.42 mm with a mean of 1.27 mm. The single large oil globule had a mean diameter of 0.38 mm.

STUDIES OF SOIL FUNGI: II. A NEW SPECIES OF SPHAEROSPORA WITH A BOTRYTIS-LIKE STAGE

A new species, Sphaerospora minuta Cain, is described from soil collected under Pinus banksiana, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Growth in pure culture is rapid on various media. Conidia are produced in Botrytis-like clusters on long, dichotomously branched conidiophores. The conidial stage resembles that of Patella abundans (Karsten) Seaver except for the fewer conidia which have a broader attachment to the ampullae. The method of conidial production in both of these species is described in detail and illustrated. Monoconidial cultures of S. minuta produce mature apothecia which are globose, light-brown, and enclosed in an excipulum covered with numerous slender brown septate hairs. The excipulum remains intact until the apothecium is nearly mature and then splits irregularly to expose the nearly white hymenium. The ascospores are hyaline, globose, smooth, and each contains a single large refractive oil globule. Consideration is given to the validity of the genus Sphaerospora as separate from Humaria (Patella).

EMBRYONIC GROWTH IN THE VIVIPAROUS POECILIID, HETERANDRIA FORMOSA

The fertilized egg of the viviparous poeciliid Heterandria formosa is minute and is made up almost entirely of a single large oil globule. At least 70 per cent of the original volume of the oil globule is still present when maternal contribution of nourishment begins. Secretory cells develop in the ovisac wall late in the embryonic period. These together with adaptations previously described permit the mother to contribute nearly all of the raw materials for growth and development of the embryo after the egg has been fertilized.The increase in wet and dry weight of the embryos at the expense of the mother has been determined by obtaining both wet and dry weights at various stages of development. The dry weight of the embryo increases from 0.017 milligrams at the time of fertilization to 6.8 milligrams at the time of parturition. The parcentage dry weight remains constant at 13.2 per cent after the pseudo-placental association is established.Observations of living females suggested that under constant opti...

New Japanese Fungi

Perithecia thickly scattered, subepidermal, penetrating the epidermis with elongated ostiola, spherical or ellipsoidal, 300-400 t in diam., 280-372 U in height, the inside of ostiolum and adjacent area covered by short periphysatic hairs, containing few asci; asci cylindrical or ovoid, short stipitate, I40-200 X 37-46 a, paraphysate; ascospores biseriate or irregular, hyaline and unicellular at juvenile stage but quickly developing into 4-celled dark-colored mature spores, the contents of which are first characteristically represented by comparatively large shiny oil globules, soon disappearing and replaced by granular protoplasm scarcely permitting the light to pass through, 52-65 X I3-I7 t, cylindrical, not constricted at the septum; gelatinous envelope none.

New Japanese Fungi: Notes and Translations: III

Perithecia thickly scattered, subepidermal, penetrating the epidermis with elongated ostiola, spherical or ellipsoidal, 300-400 t in diam., 280-372 U in height, the inside of ostiolum and adjacent area covered by short periphysatic hairs, containing few asci; asci cylindrical or ovoid, short stipitate, I40-200 X 37-46 a, paraphysate; ascospores biseriate or irregular, hyaline and unicellular at juvenile stage but quickly developing into 4-celled dark-colored mature spores, the contents of which are first characteristically represented by comparatively large shiny oil globules, soon disappearing and replaced by granular protoplasm scarcely permitting the light to pass through, 52-65 X I3-I7 t, cylindrical, not constricted at the septum; gelatinous envelope none.

Societies and Academies

Societies and Academies