Large Nuts Research Articles

Feasibility study of TSOB replacing standard high-strength bolt in T-stub connection

The feasibility study of T-head Square-neck One-side Bolt (TSOB) replacing Standard High-strength Bolt (SHB) in T-stub connections is conducted in this paper. Parametric analysis is carried out by means of finite element numerical simulation to reveal the effects of T-stub parameters and bolt parameters on the tensile performance of T-stub connections using SHBs and TSOBs. The plastic hinge theory is applied to explain the mechanism for the difference formation in tensile capacity between the two types of connections. The results show that the failure modes of TSOBs bolted T-stubs are the same as those of SHBs bolted T-stubs, including complete flange yielding, bolt failure with flange yielding, and bolt failure. For the failure of complete flange yielding, the tensile capacity of TSOBs bolted T-stubs is reduced by 7.2%∼16.4% compared with that of SHBs bolted T-stubs, whereas the modes of bolt failure with flange yielding and bolt failure do not cause a difference between the two types of connections in tensile response. Two modifications on design equation and design result by introducing hole type reduction factor and thickening flange for T-stub connections were proposed, respectively. The modified design methods can be used in the design of TSOBs bolted T-stubs and are identical to the design criteria of specifications Eurocode 3 and P398 for SHBs bolted T-stubs. Besides, the high-strength large hexagon nuts for steel structures and assembly classes of H12 and H13 recommended by GB/T 1229–2006 and GB/T 5277–1985 should be preferred for TSOBs bolted T-stubs. Moreover, horizontal slotted bolt holes are recommended for practical constructions, and the T-head aspect ratio of TSOB in the range of 1.6–2.0 does not affect T-stub tensile performance.

Description of Two Promising Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Selections with Lateral Bud Fruitfulness and Large Nuts

Walnut (Juglans regia) populations are considered a valuable genetic resource for genetic variability conservation and walnut cultivar improvement. In the current study, two walnut selections from Central Greece, “FM3” and “FM6”, were evaluated for their characteristics to determine their perspective as new cultivars. Their main phenological and pomological characteristics were assessed according to IPGR (1994) and UPOV-TG/125/6 (1999) criteria for 10 consecutive years and compared with “Chandler”. Results revealed that “FM3” presents high lateral flowering (70–80%), whereas “FM6” is 30–35%. Although the date of bud break and male blooming of both selections did not differ from “Chandler” (p > 0.05), the female blooming phase of “FM6” occurred earlier (p < 0.05) than “Chandler” and nut harvest was earlier than both “Chandler” and “FM3” (p < 0.05). Nut dimensions of both selections were higher than “Chandler” (p < 0.001). The mean in-shell nut weight and kernel weight of “FM3” were higher than “FM6” and “Chandler”, and those of “FM6” were higher than “Chandler” (p < 0.001). Other positive nut characteristics were their light kernel color, the well kernel fill, and the easy removal of the kernel halves. Thus, the current results indicate that “FM3” and “FM6” could be considered promising gene pools in crossbreeding activities.

Study of the Genetic Diversity of Tiger Nut (<i>Cyperus esculentus</i>) Ecotypes of Niger Using SSR Markers

Tiger Nuts (<i>Cyperus esculentus </i>L.), a member of the Cyperaceae family, is a plant cultivated in Niger for its tubers. The present study focuses on the molecular characterization of 10 Tiger Nuts (<i>Cyperus esculentus</i> L.) ecotypes from Niger. These Tiger Nuts ecotypes were collected in the Tiger Nuts producing regions of Niger (Dosso and Maradi). DNA extraction and genetic diversity analysis were carried out at the molecular biology laboratories of ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Codominant nuclear and polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers were used. The genetic diversity parameters calculated are: polymorphism rate (P) at the 95% threshold, allelic diversity (A), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity rate and the panmixy deviation in a subpopulation (Fis) under the Hardy-Weinberg hypotheses. The results showed that genetic diversity ranged from 0.03 (StvCyR_181a and StvCyR_327ska) to 0.60 (StvCyR_93ska) with a mean of 0.28 and. For the Tiger Nuts producing regions, the average deficit in heterozygotes is highly significant, with a mean Fis of 0.415 (Fis, 1000 permutation test, P<0.001). A significant amount of variability (27%) from differentiation between the ecotypes studied was observed in the analysis of molecular variance. These results clearly show a genetic differentiation between the populations of the large, small and wild Tiger Nuts, grouping them into three distinct groups. The study also showed that the genetic structure of the Tiger Nuts is not linked to a particular geographical origin and that the molecular tests give us evidence of conserved variability in the Niger Tiger Nuts ecotypes.

Study on morphological parameters of the sweet almond nut (Amygdalus communis l.)

This article delves into the morphological features of various sweet almond (Amygdalus communis L.) varieties and forms, with the aim of analyzing their characteristics and applying the findings to obtain new types of almonds. Thirteen different sweet almond varieties were studied, including their total weight, kernel mass, number of seeds, and seed ratio. The results showed that one genotype (Qamashi-3) had medium to large nuts, while the other twelve genotypes had small nuts. All genotypes had easily peeled shells. Of the selected varieties, 15.38% were very large, 46.15% were medium to large, and 38.46% were small-fruited. The length, width, and thickness of the nut varied from 22.0 mm to 39.2 mm, 14.0 mm to 23.0 mm, and 11.0 mm to 16.5 mm, respectively. The thickness of the seed coat ranged from 1.5 mm to 3.1 mm. The number of nuts per 1 kg differed across varieties, ranging from 139 to 1076 pieces. Two genotypes had very hard shells (Tosh almond, Qamashi-3), four had hard shells, three had medium-hard shells, and six had soft shells. Most of the genotypes had sweet grains (12 genotypes), while one had a bittersweet taste. Overall, the studied sweet almond genotypes are important for expanding the genetic base in Uzbekistan through hybridization with each other or with standard varieties.

‘Zuni’ Pecan: A Cultivar of Large Nuts for the Central and Western Growing Regions

‘Zuni’ Pecan: A Cultivar of Large Nuts for the Central and Western Growing Regions

RESULTS OF THE COMMERCIAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF HAZELNUTS, GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF BELARUS

The assessment study of commercial quality of hazelnuts when brought to a consumer was conducted in 2020–2021 in the Department of storage and processing of RUE “Institute of Fruit Growing”. The objects of research were the fruits of 5 varieties of hazelnuts (Barcelona, Catalan, Cosford, Lal and Yashma), grown&#x0D; in the experimental garden of the Department of fruit crop breeding of the RUE “Institute of Fruit Growing”. As results of the study have determined the varieties of hazelnuts surveyed are of high quality according to standardized indicators: sufficient kernel yield in the range of 35.7–48.5 %, large nuts (from 3.2 to 4.2 g) and kernel size and uniformity. In terms of the overall commercial quality indicators hazelnut fruits of Lal and Yashma varieties have been distinguished. The kernel yield for the Lal variety totalled 43.8 %, for the Yashma variety – 48.5 %. The fruits of these varieties are optimally developed and do not exceed the permitted values in terms of humidity content, which does not require additional processing (drying) when brought to the consumer.

POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL AND INTRODUCED WALNUT CULTIVARS IN SOUTH BULGARIA

A study of local and introduced walnut cultivars was carried out at the Fruit-Growing Institute – Plovdiv in the period 2018 – 2020. Four introduced walnut cultivars – two Romanian (‘Valmit’ and ‘Valeris’) and two Turkish (‘Şebin’ and ‘Yalova 1’) – and the standard Bulgarian cultivars ‘Izvor 10’ and ‘Silistrenski’ were the object of the study. Their vegetative habits were investigated and biometric measurements of the nuts were performed. Based on the results obtained the pomological characteristics of the studied cultivars were evaluated. When grown in the conditions of South Bulgaria, the cultivars introduced from Romania – ‘Valmit’ and ‘Valeris’ and from Turkey – ‘Yalova 1’, are characterized by very large nuts. ‘Izvor 10’ and ‘Şebin’ have a high kernel ratio.

Morphological characterization and quality assessment of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts from 53 accessions of Burkina Faso

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is important in the world market, including Burkina Faso. This stimulated the implementation of a breeding program on species, targeting on high profitability cashew accessions of food-grade and economical interest. In the present study, nuts from a core of 53 cashew accessions from western Burkina Faso were physico-chemically characterized for the development of more profitable and competitive varieties on the international market. Morphological characteristics including length, width, thickness, weight, kernel yield and technological quality, mainly graining and kernel output ratio (KOR), respectively were evaluated by standard methods. Results showed that the nuts had a mean weight of 6.71 ± 1.13 g, with length, width and thickness of 3.15 ± 0.30 cm, 2.54 ± 0.22 cm, 1.75 ± 0.23 cm, respectively. Samples were mostly composed of large nuts with 86.79% of the nuts of the cashew accessions having a kernel weight below 180 nuts/kg. More than half of the nuts had a very good KOR above 50 lbs. Hierarchical ascending classification allowed to distinguish four groups of nuts which were differentiated by weight, graining, kernel yield and KOR. The graining results showed that 96.22% the nuts, were good quality. Among nuts, 23 out of 53 belonging to groups I, II and III are proposed to be used as seeds for obtaining potential variety for the cashew industry. They can also be candidates as mother trees for crossing to create efficient hybrid varieties that produce interesting medium weight nuts with high kernel yield, KOR and graining.

Chestnut Cultivar Identification through the Data Fusion of Sensory Quality and FT-NIR Spectral Data.

The world production of chestnuts has significantly grown in recent decades. Consumer attitudes, increasingly turned towards healthy foods, show a greater interest in chestnuts due to their health benefits. Consequently, it is important to develop reliable methods for the selection of high-quality products, both from a qualitative and sensory point of view. In this study, Castanea spp. fruits from Italy, namely Sweet chestnut cultivar and the Marrone cultivar, were evaluated by an official panel, and the responses for sensory attributes were used to verify the correlation to the near-infrared spectra. Data fusion strategies have been applied to take advantage of the synergistic effect of the information obtained from NIR and sensory analysis. Large nuts, easy pellicle removal, chestnut aroma, and aromatic intensity render Marrone cv fruits suitable for both the fresh market and candying, i.e., marron glacé. Whereas, sweet chestnut samples, due to their characteristics, have the potential to be used for secondary food products, such as jam, mash chestnut, and flour. The research lays the foundations for a superior data fusion approach for chestnut identification in terms of classification sensitivity and specificity, in which sensory and spectral approaches compensate each other’s drawbacks, synergistically contributing to an excellent result.

The geographical distribution of rodent granivory and cheek pouches across North America

AbstractAimOne of the specializations that many granivorous rodents exhibit to increase their efficiency in harvesting seeds is cheek pouches. We propose that the presence or absence of cheek pouches is related to seed size and the productivity of the habitat where those rodents reside.LocationNorth America – United States and Canada.TaxonGranivorous rodents.MethodsWe divided granivorous rodents into those species with and without cheek pouches. We then compiled a list of plant species (n = 389) that are known or suspected to be dispersed by these rodents by scatter hoarding the seeds in soil and compared the richness distributions of small (≤10 mm) and large seeds (&gt;10 mm) to the distributions of rodents with and without cheek pouches.ResultsMost rodents with cheek pouches live in the arid southwestern North America, whereas most rodents that lack cheek pouches live in the mesic southeastern North America. The richness distribution of rodents with cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of small seeds, and the richness distribution of rodents that lack cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of large seeds (nuts). Rodents with cheek pouches (mean = 59.5 g) are smaller than rodents that lack cheek pouches (592.6 g).Main conclusionsLarge rodents that lack cheek pouches live mostly in the more productive southeastern North America where there are many trees that produce large nuts. Small rodent with cheek pouches live mostly in the less productive southwestern North America where there are many shrubs, forbs, and grasses that produce small seeds.

High-valued seeds are remembered better: evidence for item-based spatial memory of scatter-hoarding rodents

Episodic memory of scatter-hoarding animals involves encoding and storage of memories of cached food items, in conjunction with subsequent retrieval or recovery. Although the reward values mediate the interaction of item memory and source memory, whether nonhuman animals divide their spatial memory resources between cached items of different values has never been tested. Here, we used a unique scatter-hoarder/seed system to test our ‘cache value hypothesis’, which proposes that scatter-hoarding animals will preferentially allocate spatial memory resources towards higher-valued caches. By making Edwards's long-tailed rats, Leopoldamys edwardsi , anosmic, using Triton X-100, we showed that L. edwardsi recovered more caches containing large nuts than those containing small ones, although the two kinds of nuts were equivalently cached. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that scatter-hoarding animals allocate more spatial memory resources to caches containing high-valued items. This is one of the few studies to investigate how item memory regulates source memory (order information) in the context of food storing and recovery by animals, especially by scatter-hoarding rodents. That high-valued items were remembered better than low-valued ones in our study suggests that item memory appears to be contextually associated with order information of items in animal memory processes, which is not in agreement with a previous suggestion that order information is independent of content or item information. • We used a scatter-hoarding rodent to test episodic memory. • Edward's long-tailed rats allocated more memory on high-valued caches. • High-valued items were remembered better than low-valued ones. • The rats know ‘what food’ was cached ‘where’ or ‘when’.

NUT charges and black hole shadows

We study the nontrivial effects of the NUT charges on the shadows of the Kerr-Taub-NUT black holes seen by zero-angular-momentum-observers. Inclination angles with which the observers gain maximal, locally extreme or minimal shadow sizes and distortions are investigated for the black holes with different NUT charges and distributions of string singularities. Typically, we discover that when the observer approaches the string singularity, the shadow size can be relatively very small while the shadow distortion being relatively quite large. And exceptionally, we find that when the string singularity locates only at the south pole axis of the black hole with large enough NUT charge, the shadow size is maximal for a north pole observer.

Biochemical Properties of Superior Persian Walnut Genotypes Originated from Southwest of Iran

Evaluation of genetic diversity and identification of superior genotypes is a fundamental stepin walnut breeding programs. In addition, information on biochemical properties of superiorgenotypes can help walnut breeders to release commercial varieties with high kernel quality.To gain more information on superior genotypes, a walnut population located in southwest ofIran was morphologically evaluated from 2010 to 2016. Based on important walnut breedingtraits, nine superior walnut genotypes were selected from a total of 612 tested genotypes.These genotypes were characterized by high yield, moderate to late-leafing, lateral bearing,thin shell and large nuts with light and extra-light kernel color. Biochemical traits of theselected superior genotypes were evaluated for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) and ahigh variation was observed among genotypes in respect of oil, protein and total phenolcontents. Oil, protein and phenol contents of walnut kernels ranged between 57.9 to 69.6%,13.0 to18.1% and 46.6 to 61.5 mg GAE g-1, respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) constituted on average63.8%, 26.7% and 9.7% of fatty acid content, respectively. There was a negative correlationbetween some phenological traits and oil and protein contents. Lateral bearing genotypes haddarker kernels with higher amounts of saturated fatty acids. In general, the selected walnutgenotypes not only are superior in various aspects of phenotypic characteristics, but also havehigh kernel quality and nutritional value which can be used as a source of desirable genes forfuture walnut breeding programs.

Morphological and Phenological Characterizations of Some Male and Female Promising Pistachio Genotypes from an Open-pollinated Population

ABSTRACT Pistachio is one of the most important and high economic nut crops in the world. In the present research, the phenological and pomological traits of twenty superior male genotypes (MG) and twenty superior female genotypes (FG) of a pistachio open-pollinated population were evaluated along with five Iranian commercial pistachio cultivars in Damghan, Iran. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) was also used for sensitivity analysis of kernel and nut traits based on leaf and shoot properties. The nut dry weight in selected female genotypes was between 0.7 and 1.28 g, in kernel dry weight between 0.34 and 0.63 g, and in the percentage of split nuts were between 58% and 93%. FG17 with the largest nut and kernel length and FG18 genotype with big green kernel have the heaviest kernel and nut dry weight. Flowering time and nut harvesting times had wide variation among genotypes. The MG20 was identified as male genotypes with a long flowering period (12 days). According to MLP analysis, leaf length, inflorescence rachis length, and width had the highest sensitivity coefficient. The results indicated that most of the genotypes were suitable in terms of nut and kernel weight and size, and kernel color which can be examined for field trials. Furthermore, they could be useful as a parent to be crossed to generate appropriate populations or improve cultivars.

Pomological and phenological characteristics of the main pistachio cultivars in Greece

The present study aimed to evaluate the pomological and phenological traits, as well as kernel antioxidant potential of the dominant Greek pistachio cultivars, ‘Aegina’ and ‘Pontikis’ (Pistacia vera L.). Blooming of ‘Aegina’ cultivar occurred from early to mid of April, and nut maturation at middle to late of August. Production started at 6 to 7 years from grafting and full production observed at year 13. Blooming and nut maturation of ‘Pontikis’ occurred about 1 to 2 days later than ‘Aegina’ and production started 6 to 7 years from grafting, with full production observed in the 14th year. Mean tree yields reached 18.0 ± 1.0 kg and 17.4 ± 1.1 kg of dry nuts, in ‘Aegina’ and ‘Pontikis’ cultivar, respectively. ‘Aegina’ cultivar presented intermediate tree vigour and spreading growth habit, whereas ‘Pontikis’ high tree vigour and semi-erect growth habit. ‘Aegina’ nut had a narrowly cordate shape and the percentage of split nut was found at 78.5 ± 6.5. ‘Pontikis’ nut had ovoid shape and the percentage of split nut was 84.1 ± 6.2. In ‘Aegina’ cultivar 100 nuts weighted 101.0 g and in ‘Pontikis’ 114.4 g. Color of kernel was green externally and green to green-white internally, greener in ‘Pontikis’. The antioxidant potential of pistachio kernel measured by FRAP assay, total polyphenolic substances, flavonoids, flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids content, did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between cultivars. Evaluation of ‘Aegina’ and ‘Pontikis’ pistachio cultivars revealed that both are high yielding, with large nut sizes of acceptable appearance and high quality.

Optional tool use: The case of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) cracking cashew nuts by biting or by using percussors

Tool use in humans can be optional, that is, the same person can use different tools or no tool to achieve a given goal. Strategies to reach the same goal may differ across individuals and cultures and at the intra-individual level. This is the first experimental study at the intra-individual level on the optional use of a tool in wild nonhuman primates. We investigated optional tool use by wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) of Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV; Piauí, Brazil). These monkeys habitually succeed in cracking open the mesocarp of dry cashew nuts (Anacardium spp.) by pounding them with stones and/or by biting. We assessed whether availability of a stone and resistance of the nut affected capuchins' choice to pound or to bite the nuts and their rates of success. Sixteen capuchins (1-16 years) received small and large dry cashew nuts by an anvil together with a stone (Stone condition) or without a stone (No-Stone condition). In the Stone conditions, subjects used it to crack the nut in 89.1% (large nuts) and 90.1% (small nut) of the trials. Nut size significantly affected the number of strikes used to open it. Availability of the stone significantly increased the average percent of success. In the No-Stone conditions, monkeys searched for and used other percussors to crack the nuts in 54% of trials. In all conditions, age affects percentage of success and number of strikes to reach success. We argue that exclusive use of stones in other sites may be due to the higher abundance of stones at these sites compared with FBV. Since capuchins opened cashews with a tool 1-2 years earlier than they succeed at cracking more resistant palm nuts, we suggest that success at opening cashew nuts with percussors may support the monkeys' persistent efforts to crack palm nuts.

A novel polygonal ring rolling method

Polygonal rings are widely applied to fabricate critical ring components, such as cabin of aerospace equipment and large nuts. The traditional ring rolling method is difficult to fabricate polygonal rings owing to their non-rotary geometry characteristics. This paper proposes a novel polygonal ring rolling method using a simple rotary plain ring as the ring workpiece. Firstly, the motivations and principles of polygonal ring rolling method are proposed. Then, four typical feeding tool paths are designed and the plastic deformation modes and geometry evolutions of polygonal ring under these four feeding tool paths are revealed. Meanwhile, four typical feeding tool paths are optimized based on the stability of the polygonal ring rolling process. Finally, the polygonal ring rolling experiments are carried out and it is demonstrated that the proposed polygonal ring rolling method is feasible.

Soft computing-based approach on prediction promising pistachio seedling base on leaf characteristics

Fruit trees breeding is a time-consuming process. It can save time and cost in a fruit breeding program if promising genotypes can be predicted at the early stages of vegetative growth. In the current study, Artificial neural networks analysis (ANNs) has been used to predict promising pistachio with large nuts and green kernels based on leaves characteristics at the juvenile stage. Eight morphological traits related to leaf properties of 95 pistachio genotypes in a segregating population were used to predict the number of dry nuts per ounce (Npo) and kernel color classification using radial basis function (RBF). The results of Npo modeling using RBF showed that the root mean square errors (RMSE) for the training and testing phases are 0.28 and 0.37, respectively. R2 of 99% prediction also indicated that Npo could be estimated from leaf characteristics. Besides, the results of kernel color classification based on leaf characteristics also showed that the RBF is able to distinguish the pistachio kernel color with 98.95 per cent accuracy. The results also showed that the terminal leaflet apex (TLA) is the most critical leaf characteristic in the detection of Npo and kernel color. Based on Npo and green kernel the PIS-41, PIS-46, PIS-57, PIS-62, and PIS-67 genotypes were promising and can be used future breeding program.

Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in American and Interspecific Hybrid Hazelnuts

Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala, is a primary limitation to european hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivation in eastern North America. American hazelnut (Corylus americana) is the endemic host of A. anomala and, despite its tiny, thick-shelled nuts, is a potentially valuable source of EFB resistance and climatic adaptation. Interspecific hybrids (Corylus americana × C. avellana) have been explored for nearly a century as a means to combine EFB resistance with wider adaptability and larger nuts. Although significant progress was made in the past, the genetic diversity of the starting material was limited and additional improvements are needed for expansion of hazelnut (Corylus sp.) production outside of Oregon, where 99% of the U.S. crop is currently produced. Our objective was to determine if C. americana can be a donor of EFB resistance. We crossed 29 diverse EFB-resistant C. americana accessions to EFB-susceptible C. avellana selections (31 total progenies) to produce 2031 F1 plants. In addition, new C. americana germplasm was procured from across the native range of the species. The new collection of 1335 plants from 122 seed lots represents 72 counties and 22 states. The interspecific hybrid progenies and a subset of the American collection (616 trees from 62 seed lots) were field planted and evaluated for EFB response following field inoculations and natural disease spread over seven growing seasons. EFB was rated on a scale of 0 (no EFB) to 5 (all stems containing cankers). Results showed that progeny means of the interspecific hybrids ranged from 0.96 to 4.72. Fourteen of the 31 progenies were composed of at least one-third EFB-free or highly tolerant offspring (i.e., ratings 0–2), transmitting a significant level of resistance/tolerance. Several corresponding C. americana accessions that imparted a greater degree of resistance to their hybrid offspring were also identified. In addition, results showed that 587 (95.3%) of the 616 C. americana plants evaluated remained completely free of EFB. These findings confirm reports that the species rarely expresses signs or symptoms of the disease and should be robustly studied and exploited in breeding.

Relationships between Nut Size, Kernel Quality, Nutritional Composition and Levels of Outcrossing in Three Macadamia Cultivars.

Tree nuts play an important role in healthy diets, but their economic value and nutritional quality may be affected by their size and paternity. We assessed relationships between nut size and kernel recovery, the incidence of whole kernels, fatty acid composition and mineral nutrient concentrations in three macadamia cultivars, “Daddow”, “816” and “A4”. We determined to what extent differences in nut size and quality were the result of different levels of cross- or self-paternity. Small nuts of all cultivars had lower kernel recovery than large nuts, and small nuts provided lower incidence of whole kernels in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had a lower relative abundance of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, in all cultivars and higher relative abundance of the unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had higher concentrations of many essential nutrients such as nitrogen and calcium, although potassium concentrations were lower in small kernels. Most nuts arose from cross-pollination. Therefore, nut size and kernel quality were not related to different levels of cross- and self-paternity. Identified cross-paternity was 88%, 78% and 90%, and identified self-paternity was 3%, 2% and 0%, for “Daddow”, “816” and “A4”, respectively. Small macadamia kernels are at least as nutritious as large macadamia kernels. High levels of cross-paternity confirmed that many macadamia cultivars are predominantly outcrossing. Macadamia growers may need to closely inter-plant cultivars and manage beehives to maximise cross-pollination.