Large Number Of Vessels Research Articles

An experimental study on direct revascularization of bronchial circulation by microvascular anastomosis

The effects of direct revascularization of the bronchial artery after bronchoplasty were estimated by laser Doppler velocimetry and india ink injection in dogs. Bronchoplastic surgery at the right main bronchus was performed in all dogs, and the bronchial artery was reconstructed using the internal thoracic artery in the reconstruction group. The mucosal blood flow was measured at the distal side of the anastomosis. India ink was injected into the aorta in the nonreconstruction group and into the internal thoracic artery in the reconstruction group. The peripheral blood flow had diminished immediately after surgeries to 59% of the baseline value and took 14 days to recover to the baseline value in the nonreconstruction group. However, in the reconstruction group, the blood flow recovered at once to 78% of the baseline value and had returned to that value in 5 days. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups from just after operation to day 7. India ink data confirmed these findings. In the nonreconstruction group, no ink was observed in the peripheral bronchial vessels on day 3; it was noted in part of the vessels on day 7 and in most on day 14. On the other hand, a relatively large number of vessels were stained just after operation in the reconstruction group. Thus reconstruction of the bronchial artery by means of the anastomosis with the internal thoracic artery can be said to be a useful and effective method for preventing airway ischemia.

The imaging quality of angiodynography in the ilio-femoral tract

The imaging quality of angiodynography (Quantum; Philips) in the ilio-femoral tract was compared with uniplanar angiography. One hundred ilio-femoral tracts were investigated with both translumbar conventional angiography and angiodynography. The ilio-femoral tract was divided into five parts; proximal and distal common iliac, proximal and distal external iliac and common femoral. Stenosis was scored from 0-24, 25-49, 50-74, 75-99 and 100% and the lengths of those of 25% or more were measured in centimeters. Because the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer decreases the depth range (normally 11.5 cm) of the 5.0 MHz transducer it was also measured in centimetres. The results showed that a significantly larger number of vessels were not seen (especially the common iliac) with an increasing thickness of the subcutaneous fat. The results based on the real-time imaging quality alone of angiodynography showed a reasonable accuracy of 83.9% when detecting stenoses graded from 0-24, 25-49, 50-74, 75-99 up to 100%. The clinically more important discrimination between a haemodynamically important stenosis of more than 50% showed a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 98% on visual information alone. By integrating the peak velocity measurements to the results, this sensitivity rose to 95% and the specificity became 99%. The correlation in length was within a range of 1 cm in 94% and within 1-2 cm in 6% of the stenoses. In conclusion, angiodynography is a reliable technique for investigating the ilio-femoral tract.

The mechanism of aqueous outflow following trabeculectomy

The morphological effects of trabeculectomy, performed as therapy for a case of chronic simple glaucoma, are described in the two eyes of a patient ten and thirteen months after treatment. Ten months after surgery, a transscleral channel, extending from the position formerly occupied by Schlemm's canal to the conjunctiva, is found. This channel is formed from a network of extended fibroblasts and loosely-packed collagenous tissue, and a large number of vessels, including both dilated blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels, develop within it. The sclera and subconjunctiva react differently to the presence of the nylon sutures. The findings support the hypothesis that the formation of an intrascleral outflow route stimulated by surgical intervention plays an important role in lowering IOP after trabeculectomy.

10. The Si-Tu (“Qiao”)-Mu Inscriptions Excavated from the Fu Hao Tomb

ABSTRACT(N.B. A version of this paper has now been published in Kaogu 1983.8:716-725.)Of the bronze vessels discovered in 1976 when the Fu Hao tomb at Anyang was excavated, 190 were inscribed. The inscriptions were of 9 types. The most common, occurring on the most complete inventory of vessels, was the inscription Fu Hao (or Zi ), found on 109 vessels. The next most common was the inscription Si Tu Mu, occurring on 26 ritual bronzes, including one pair each of the square hu-jars, round jia-tripods, and round zun-beakers, one set of 11 gu-goblets, and one set of 9 jue-beakers. There was also a pair of large square zun-beakers inscribed with 4 characters, one line containing the characters Si Tu Mu, all written backwards, the other containing the character gui; including these there are 28 examples. The dating of these vessels is essentially the same as that of those vessels inscribed Fu Hao. It is very seldom that we find such a large number of vessels with the same inscription unearthed from the ritual bronze vessel horde of a single tomb. Bronzes with this inscription have been recorded since the Song dynasty and a bronze with this type of inscription was excavated from a Shang tomb at Xiaotun before liberation. There is also a bronze yue-axe with this inscription that currently exists. The study of this group of bronzes is very important.In analyzing the inscription Si (Hou) Tu Mu Gui, one possible interpretation is that Tu Mu was the cognomen (Zi )of Fu Hao; another, is that it referred to a person close to Fu Hao in position. The inscription can be explained as Tu Mu, whose day name was Gui, or Mu Gui, whose name was Tu. She may have been another queen of Wu Ding, perhaps the Mu Gui sacrificed to in the Zu Geng and Zu Jia inscriptions, i.e., the Bi Gui who was the legitimate consort of Wu Ding in the Di Yi and Di Xin cyclical sacrifice records. Assuming this hypothesis is correct, then objects belonging to consorts Bi Xin and Bi Gui of Wu Ding have already been discovered. Since the discovery of the Fu Hao tomb, some scholars have put forth the theory that Mu Wu mentioned on the large inscribed Si Mu Wu ding-tripod may be Wu Ding's consort, Bi Wu. If the conclusions reached above can be established, then ritual bronze vessels belonging to all three of Wu Ding's consorts have been discovered. This fact is significant both for the study of the Shang ritual system and of the ritual bronzes.

LOCAL POTTERY PROVENIENCE STUDIES: A ROLE FOR CLAY ANALYSIS

This article deals with a problem of pottery provenience in which Neutron Activation Analysis was employed to establish chemical ‘fingerprints’. Because of the special nature of the problem, it was necessary to collect clays systematically to reveal the compositions of pottery that would have been made in the vicinity. By so doing, it was possible to ascertain the local provenience of a range of common household wares. Large numbers of vessels were analysed, making possible a meaningful application of statistics in the evaluation of the data.

WOOD ANATOMY OF ILLICIUM (ILLICIACEAE): PHYLOGENETIC, ECOLOGICAL, AND FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS

Quantitative and qualitative features are reported for 23 collections of ten species of Illicium, sole genus of Illiciaceae. Vessel elements are long, thin‐walled, and angular; perforation plates are scalariform and range from long to moderately long; vessel‐ray pitting is scalariform to opposite. Tracheids bear fully bordered pits. Axial parenchyma is sparse, abaxial to vessels with some diffuse cells also present. Rays are both multiseriate and uniseriate; the former are lacking near the pith in some species. No erect sheathing cells are present on multiseriate rays, and procumbent cells become more abundant as stems increase in size. Four species from montane subequatorial highlands lack growth rings and helical sculpture in vessels; the remainder of Illicium species have these features. Notably narrow vessels and large numbers of vessels per sq. mm characterize the temperate species from northern limits for the genus, I. anisatum, I. floridanum, and I. parviflorum. Greater vessel density offers redundancy and greater safety and is correlated with greater frost and possibly greater fluctuation in moisture availability. These two ecological features are probably also related to the narrow vessel diameter, which may retard entry of air embolisms (lowered air entry values) in accord with the physiological considerations of Slatyer. Reduction of number of bars per perforation plate within Illicium is also correlated with the more northerly climates. An additional hypothesis for evolution of shorter vessel elements in dicotyledons is introduced: if, as claimed by Slatyer, air embolisms in vessels tend to stop at ends of vessel elements and thus do not disable entire vessels, shorter vessel elements would maximally localize air embolisms. Presence of helical sculpture and other forms of relief within vessels has been difficult to explain in conifers and dicotyledons; such features might help resist cavitations by increasing adhesion of water molecules to cell walls (hydration).

Wooden Ships and American Forests

lThe |ships that carried early European settlers C to North America were built by craftsmen who had no theoretical knowledge of hydrodynamics nor any interest in sophisticated models or plans. Yet in the age of exploration and settlement, shipbuilding was the most complex of all the woodworking crafts. A master shipwright possessed dexterity of hand, keenness of eye, adeptness at creating three-dimensional images, and a thorough knowledge of the behavioral characteristics of many species of wood that had to survive attacks by fungi and marine worms, tremendous impacts, and great torsional stresses. The need for waterline timbers with high resistance to dry rot; masts, yards, and spars with strength and resilience; knees, futtocks, and floor pieces shaped from naturally curved timbers; and pitch, tar, and other sealants derived from coniferous trees also meant that shipbuilding required commercial and organizational skills. For these materials the industry was dependent on an extensive waterborne trade in forest products. Until the mid-nineteenth century, forests were the basis of sea power in all its military and commercial aspects, and each nation strove to maintain its independence by protecting timber supply routes that often extended over great distances. The exploration and settlement of North America opened up vast new sources of timber for shipbuilding. The British, who were running short of high-quality oak timber and (save for Scotland) lacking coniferous trees, were particularly eager to encourage shipbuilding in the colonies. All of the navigation acts passed by Parliament in the seventeenth century encouraged this activity directly or indirectly. The British were not disappointed, for by 1700 their colonial merchant marine was approaching 400 vessels and 25,000 tons. Because the average life of a vessel was less than twenty-five years, this meant that well over a thousand vessels were launched in British North America during the seventeenth century. After 1700 the shipbuilding boom continued at a more rapid pace. By 1775, 2,343 colonial-built trading vessels were plying the open seas. These ships, representing only a fraction of the number built in North America during the century, comprised one-third of the total British registry. Access to relatively cheap timber supplies was the most important factor in the success of the colonial shipbuilding industry. During the early years, small vessels were launched in almost every forested bay and inlet in the settled regions. In the seventeenth century, however, the construction of seagoing vessels was concentrated almost entirely in Massachusetts. Boston, the major shipbuilding center, was the distributing point for most of the cedar, maple, white pine, spruce, and oak timber cut in New England. The port's growing coastal and overseas trade in bulky timber products accounted for a significant portion of the new shipping tonnage. By the early eighteenth century Philadelphia and New York also were becoming important shipbuilding centers, and by mid-century shipwrights were beginning to take advantage of the magnificent stands of oak, mulberry, cedar, and laurel in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia to turn out large numbers of vessels on the

A histologic study of sublingual varices

The sublingual regions of seventy-three human postmortem tongues were examined histologically. The age range was 6 to 85 years. The study indicated that increasing age was associated with an increase in size and number of large vessels and also an increase in the amount of fat and elastic tissue in the submucosa. Statistical analysis failed to show any significant correlation between the connective tissue changes and the appearances of the varices. A hemodynamic theory for their pathogenesis is proposed.

La développement des pêches régionales en Afrique occidentale

The fishing grounds off the coast of West Africa are among the most productive in the world. Catches in the area in 1970 were in excess of 2 million tons, an increase of about 100% over 1960s catch. Of this only a third was caught by canoes and fleets bordering the region, the rest by an increasing number of large vessels from countries outside Africa.Fishing is still a subsistence activity in all coastal districts and locally based modern vessels are few. Although fish processing industries have been developed in several countries of the region they often remain at a low level of production because of insufficient supply of raw material.Fish consumption in the area — marine and fresh water fish — is estimated at about 1 million tons for a population of 150 million, including the landlocked countries of the Gulf of Guinea. Although imports supply 20% of the fish consumed in the area, there is a deficit of half a million tons. This deficit could well reach 1 million tons in the course of the next decade under the combined pressure of population growth and rising incomes.The uneven distribution of the producing areas and the general demand for fish suggests a potential for a large expansion of interregional trade. The need for the coastal states to develop their fisheries and fishery industries is obvious.The rapid increase of the catch by foreign fleets is causing a number of West African countries to extend their territorial waters beyond the 12-mile limit. This, in turn, is inducing foreign concerns to seek cooperation with the coastal countries. A greater participation of these countries in the exploitation of the resources of their continental shelf should result from the new strategy.In view of the low stage of development in the area an integrated policy for development is needed. This would cover small craft and large vessels, fish processing and marketing, resources assessment and monitoring, aquaculture and training, at all levels in fisheries. Such a strategy is outlined in the paper.

3. The Method of Procedure

The design for the present experiment calls for 2 different presentations of the fairly large number of vessels which have been collected from the Yucatecan Maya over the past 75 years. First, the vessels are separated from their ethnographic context in order to create a hypothetical archaeological situation. The collection is described in terms of its new context, that is, according to a standard archaeological procedure. The description then constitutes the material percepta of an archaeological pottery techniculture. These percepta are examined for suggestions as to what the related social or behavioral percepta might be, and the indicated inferences are made whenever they seem both plausible and probable. Then the vessels are returned to their original context and presented as a unit according to an accepted ethnographic method. (Compare Kroeber and Harner 1955; H. S. Colton 1956.)

To djurslandske mosefund

Two Peat-finds from Djursland.Between 1940 and 1947 large quantities of pottery, mainly from the New Stone Age and from the Early Iron Age, were found in Danish peat bogs. Djursland, in Jutland, is one of the areas from which particularly rich hauls reached the National Museum, and two of these discoveries, from the Celtic Iron Age, are here described.Torsager Dairy: 600 metres east of Torsager Church. Here numerous pre­historic objects were found at a depth of about one metre, over a stretch of 400 metres about 20-40 metres from the shore of the peat bog). The skull of a woman, aged about 40-50, lay in the peat, without jawbone or any other part of the skeleton. Of ten bones of horses found, seven were pelvic bones, lying together in a heap. Three pieces of broken wooden tools were found, and in addition well over 100 whole or fragmentary pottery vessels, of which 19 have been preserved. They were without doubt all unbroken when they were deposited in the bog. The rim sections are rounded, thickened or straight cut, the handles ribbon-shaped and the bases broad and flat or else ring-bases, while ornamentation consisted of an offset shoulder or of one or two lines running round the shoulder (figs. 1-2). Comparison with Becker's material from Trelleborg) and with the pottery discovered in the lower level of the Borremose moat shows clearly that the greater part belongs to the Northeast Jutland cultural group in Becker's Period II. This is a clear case of offerings in a sacred peat bog, and as Torsager has always been a religious centre in Christian times and, to judge by the name, was also of cult importance before Christendom, this discovery can be equated with the sacrificial deposits from Vimose and Torsbjerg, both also places where the names suggest a heathen cult centre.Albøge Peat Bog: a little east of Albøge town. Here, in a packet of peat only 70 metres across containing a 4 metre thick peat layer, a large number of prehistoric objects vere found). Apart from a Stone Age pottery vessel and a wooden cart axle, which lay deeper, all the objects were found a half to one metre below the surface, at a height of about two metres above the bed of the bog. 6 pottery vessels, 15 bones of mammals, one hammer stone and 5 fragments of flint axes were found scattered individually. In addition there were found about 80-85 pottery vessels, almost all in small fragments, an iron sword and a pottery spindle-whorl. All these lay in 23 heaps of sherds, each about three-quarters of a metre in diameter and consisting of sherds from a large number of vessels, sherds of normally fired, underfired and overfired vessels being found mixed up with lumps of raw clay. The largest heap contained 672 sherds. The spindle-whorl, which lay in the bottom of a vessel, had been made from a sherd. The sword was of typical La Tene type, with a tang and sloping shoulders. Among the pottery material (figs. 3-4) occurred rims of round, thickened, straightcut and fluted types; handles were ribbon-shaped, fluted or X-shaped, a ring-base occurred once, and ornamentation was un­common. Parallels can be found at Trelleborg), in the upper layer of the Borremose moat and at Kraghede). This pottery also belongs to the Northeast Jutland group within the Late Celtic Iron Age, but while three of the individually found vessels and five of the heaps of sherds belong to Becker's Period II two of the sherd heaps must be ascribed to Period III and seven to the transi­tional stage II/III or to Period III. The present writer interprets this discovery as rubbish discarded from pottery manufacture, each heap representing a single clearing up of a workshop. This, therefore, in contrast to the Torsager discovery, must be considered a completely secular deposit.Painted pottery: is very rare in Denmark. To date eight painted vessels are known from the Early Roman Iron Age, from Vendsyssel and South Jut­land), and one vessel from the Late Celtic Period, from Bukkerup peat bog on Funen. In the Albøge discovery there were eleven painted sherds and in the Torsager discovery one (fig. 5). Including these discoveries the use of black paint is known from the Celtic Iron Age and of gray and white paint from the Roman Period. The following patterns occur: dots, centre-pointed circles, zigzags, triangles, "crescent-friezes" and vertical and horizontal stripes. As these are the same patterns as are used in incised ornamentation, and as the shapes of the vessels are local, we may conclude that a native school of pottery painting existed in the Early Iron Age, with its roots in Central EuropePovl Simonsen

Glevum and the Second Legion

This ware is both hard and heavy. Its colour varies from creamy-buff through shades of orange-buff to a dark buff. The surface is commonly burnished. This was frequently done with a fast-spinning wheel and is, in consequence, very smooth. A large number of vessels, however, are hand-burnished, which tends to produce a ‘furrowed’ surface. Sometimes a similar effect can be observed on a wheel-burnished pot, e.g. in the platters (fig. 4, 51-5). The fabric contains a considerable quantity of mica, which is responsible for a not uncommon semi-metallic lustre.

Leiomyoma of the Oral Cavity

It is well known that leiomyomas of both benign and malignant form may arise from the smooth muscle of any of those parts of the alimentary tube which are provided with muscular coats. They are smoothly circumscribed tumors, sometimes nodular, which form masses in the wall of the tube and are rather prone to ulceration accompanied by severe hemorrhages, although they are not usually vascular. They are not painful. Leiomyoma is found also in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Although uncommon, it is not really rare, for there are in the Surgical Pathology laboratory of Columbia University records and preparations of 38 cases. It occurs both as a solitary tumor and also occasionally in multiple form. A remarkable clinical feature is the frequent occurrence in the tumors of marked tenderness or pain, or both. The pain is sometimes of paroxysmal character. These skin leiomyomas have been traced to the various smooth muscle structures found in that organ, especially the muscular coats of vessels, the arrectores pilorum, musculi diagonales cutis, and the special muscles of the sexual spheres, while some of the tumors are undoubtedly dysontogenetic neoplasms. They may develop as solid tumors composed very largely of interlaced bands of smooth muscle with only an insignificant vascular supply, or they may have a large number of vessels with thick muscular walls. These vessels are peculiar, resembling no normal vessel, since the smooth muscle in the wall is disoriented instead of being arranged in definite coats, and often it interdigitates at its periphery with the smooth muscle of the tumor.

PRODUCTION OF PULMONARY INFARCTS BY THE INSUFFLATION OF ACID

Intrabronchial insufflation of acid causes immediate necrosis of the walls of many alveoli. Thrombosis of the alveolar vessels is an associated phenomenon. When a large number of vessels becomes affected, a clot propagates rapidly into the larger supplying vessels. The resulting lesion is indistinguishable from a hemorrhagic infarct. The infarct-like areas so frequently encountered in influenzal pneumonia, it is not unlikely, have their origin in a similar process. Infarction depends not only upon thrombosis or embolism of the large vessels, but may be initiated by extensive damage to the capillary bed. By this process infarcts may form in organs which are normally protected by collateral circulation.