Large Number Of Subscribers Research Articles

Transparency management of content creators on social media: motivation, tenure, and status

ABSTRACT Social media influencers have come under increasing pressure to engage in transparent communication. However, for content that is not explicitly an advertisement, their communication practice can vary widely, reflecting the creator’s interests and attitudes towards transparency. This study examines this phenomenon focusing on beauty YouTubers, a distinct community connected by shared styles, routines, and language. We collected 652 beauty YouTube channels and examined the use of creators’ disclosure-related keywords under the framework of “transparency management”. An automated text analysis revealed that over 60% of channels mentioned at least one transparency related keyword. We also found that professionally motivated YouTubers tended to engage in transparency management more than those who lacked such motivation. Moreover, YouTubers with a large number of subscribers were more likely to engage in transparency management than those with a small number of subscribers. This article contributes to a better understanding of content creators’ communication patterns that manifest transparency, even when the content is not sponsored.

YouTube Comments on Gene-Edited Babies: What Factors Affect Diverse Opinions in Comments?

This study explored the factors that influence video popularity and diverse opinions in the comments of YouTube videos about gene-edited babies. 107 most viewed videos and corresponding 56,912 direct comments about gene-edited babies were collected from YouTube. We examined how the uploader characteristics, delivery styles, video tones, and video frames affect the diverse opinions measured by sentiment polarity, sentiment divergence, and the number of topics in the commentary. The sentiments and topics of comments were analyzed using IBM Watson Natural Language Understanding. We found that more effective videos are relatively longer videos from user-created channels with a large number of subscribers and presented in a neutral tone, which is more likely to provide unbiased and comprehensive knowledge about gene-edited babies. Based on our findings, suggestions were made for viewers about how to pick high-quality content, and insights were provided for content creators about how to create compelling videos.

Covid-19 Humour in Egypt: An Analysis of Al-Daheeh Episodes

With everyone under lockdown because of the Covid-19 pandemic, a not insubstantial number of people turned to Netflix, TV, and other media channels to cope with the psychologically oppressive measures taken to limit the spread of Covid-19. Ahmed El-Ghandour, who used several episodes of Al Daheeh to explore the Covid-19 pandemic through the use of dark humour, was probably the most famous YouTuber in Egypt at the time. As an MA student in biology at Hong Kong University, El-Ghandour introduces scientific subjects in a humorous way (pop science), partly serious and partly candid. During the pandemic, El Ghandour posted many episodes, three of which will be discussed in depth in this article. The episodes achieved unprecedented success and popularity, as evidenced by the large number of subscribers to his channel during the pandemic, providing fruitful ground for research. The aim of this article is to shed light on the ways humour can have an effect in times of crisis, thus ultimately giving hope to a distressed population. The article adopts an analytical approach focusing on three types of black humour to investigate the three chosen episodes. Humour arguably never fails to educate and instruct in times of crisis. El-Ghandour taps into that potential to the full, thereby bringing hope for survival to a pandemic-stricken Egypt and the Arab world in general.

Out-of-band pilot-tone-based SOP tracking in polarization diversity optical access network transmission

A polarization diversity-based PON system can be an attractive network solution for the future PON system that requires high data capacity with both a large number of subscribers and longer transmission-reach. However, the state-of-polarization (SOP) inevitably rotates during the transmission through the single-mode fiber (SMF). Therefore, this system cannot ensure high data capacity owing to the SOP rotation. In this paper, we propose the out-of-band pilot-aided SOP rotation tracking technique for in the polarization diversity-based PON transmission system. The proposed technique tracks the SOP rotation by measuring the variance of the power ratio of the inserted pilot-tone at the reference polarization axis. This technique offers the advantages of a low overhead and dynamic update for SOP variation; further, it is optical control-free and transparent for data format. For the experimental demonstration of the SOP rotation compensation, the pilot insertion was firstly optimized and the correctable range of the SOP rotation was analyzed. The results of the emulation of the uplink transmission indicated that the SNR at both polarization axes could be successfully retained by compensating the SOP rotation. Under the target forward error correction limit, the SE up to 8 bit/s/Hz within single-wavelength was obtained for 60 km PON transmission.

Исследование сигналов с расширением спектра для защиты линий спутниковой связи от возможных помех

The use of signals with spectrum expansion allows us to effectively solve the problems of multi-station access to a repeater for a large number of subscribers. The article presents a study of signals with spectrum extension to protect satellite communication lines from possible interference. Directions for further experimental research are recommended.

THE EFFECT OF INDONESIAN YOUTUBER'S AND VLOGGER'S REGISTER ON YOUNG GENERATION BEHAVIOR

YouTube as one of the most popular online platforms today, has brought millions of videos with a variety of entertaining and useful content and has made millions of internet users get access to YouTube. This benefits the content creators so they are competing to make interesting, unique and high-quality videos. Considering the increasing number of YouTubers and Vloggers appearing in Indonesia along with the large number of subscribers indicates that their emergence has become a new trend among the younger generation today.
 Therefore, this research is worth making to investigate the effect of the variety of Indonesian You Tuber and Vlogger on young people's language behavior. The research data is derived from a number of videos uploaded by IndonesianYoutuber and Vlogger by filtering representative content. To obtain the data on the effect of Indonesian You Tubers and Vlogers on the language behavior of the younger generation, it was carried out through questionnaires, interviews, and observations of youth groups to be able to hear firsthand variety of their languages. The data retrieval is done on sampling method of some contents of Youtuber and Vlogger analyzed, then listening to the language used both verbally and non verbally, after that note-taking and documenting the language variety. The data were qualitatively analyzed by appying several sociolinguistic theories. The results of the analysis were descriptively presented to reveal the variety of languages used by well-known Youtubers and Vlogers such as Atta Halilintar, Ria Ricis, Raffi Ahmad, etc. by using light and easy to understand language such as the word gaeess, kuy, tercyduk 
 Youtuber or Vlogger's style of language has an impact on the language behavior of the younger generation today, where they often adopt their favorite Youtuber language style, especially jargon and slang words that often adorn teenagers' conversations today. However this cannot be said to have a negative effect on language behavior because they are quite selective in absorbing and using the Indonesian Youtuber's and Vlogger's language styles.
 Keywords: register, style, YouTuber, Vlogger

Модель пошуку співтовариств в соціальній мережі

Анотація. З метою забезпечення безперебійного функціонування соціальної мережі з великою кількістю абонентів її доцільно поділити на підмережі. Поділ на підмережі забезпечить якісний контроль трафіку та інших параметрів, у тому числі параметрів безпеки. Перша причина розбиття мережі на підмережі полягає в тому, щоб не отримати величезний broadcast домен. Другою важливою причиною поділу мережі на підмережі є забезпечення певного рівня безпеки. Третя причина – виявлення співтовариств у мережі. Визначено необхідність створення моделі, в якій граф генерується випадковим чином із заданими параметрами для внутрішніх і зовнішніх зв'язків між вершинами, а спільноти покладаються непересічними. Запропоновано метод виділення структури спільнот на основі методу максимальної правдоподібності, і на його основі описано чисельний алгоритм випадкового пошуку. Графи, що представляють реальні соціальні та комунікаційні мережі, швидко змінюються, при цьому ефективним інструментом їх вивчення являються випадкові графи. Важливим завданням є виявлення структури спільнот в мережах. В умовах великої розмірності мереж особливо актуальними є наближені методи, які дозволяють за обмежений час знаходити рішення, близьке до оптимального. Для вирішення такої проблеми пропонується створення моделі виділення структури спільнот на основі методу максимальної правдоподібності, і на його основі опис чисельного алгоритму випадкового пошуку таких спільнот. Досліджено поведінку цільової функції.

Makna Subscriber Bagi Youtuber Kota Bandung

Making an online video is one of the channelling ideas of creativity which is certainly owned by a video maker, including a YouTuber. A YouTuber will consider himself appreciated if someone else watches their video. Especially if the audience then becomes a loyal audience or subscriber of the YouTube Channel of the YouTuber. To get a large number of subscribers, of course, you need to work hard in creating creative contents, attract viewers, and have quality. These three things run with an uneasy process. Many out there think that becoming a YouTuber is enough to simply upload a video to YouTube without regarding to the aesthetics, concepts and creative processes of the video. Subscriber is also a benchmark for the success of YouTubers, as well as YouTubers in Bandung. YouTube itself gives several awards for YouTubers who can reach a certain number of subscribers. Seeing this phenomenon, the purpose of this research is to find out the meaning of subscribers for YouTubers in Bandung. This research uses a constructivist paradigm with qualitative approach, phenomenological methods and symbolic interaction theory. Data collection was taken by in-depth interviews with 4 Bandung YouTubers namely Kery Astina, Minyo, Eno Bening and Hisqie Furqoni. The meaning of the subscribers for the Bandung YouTubers is as a supporter, as a friend, as a determinant of the rate card indicator, and as a party that always gives feedback to YouTubers.

A MAC protocol with an improved connectivity for cognitive radio networks

This paper presents a medium access control protocol that is designed for wireless cognitive radio ad hoc networks (W-CRAHN). The cognitive radio network consists of a number of channels and a group of secondary users or subscribers. Each subscriber has access to a certain number of the available channels. The channels vary in their availability to the secondary users according to the activity of the primary users, so some channels are more common (can be accessed by a large number of subscribers) than other channels (accessed by less number of subscribers). Subscribers inside the cognitive network are connected in pairs, and each pair has a set of channels in common, so the pair can choose from a dedicated list known as the common channel list (CCL) to establish a communication link. A feature of this proposed protocol is the “random pairing algorithm” which enables each subscriber to connect to each subscriber inside the network. In this work, we show how the proposed method helps in adding more flexibility and providing more freedom to the subscribers of the network as compared of the other previously suggested methods. This results in a better quality of service offered by the network.

International Comparison on Efficiency of Portal Service Providers Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis

In this paper, we identify the industrial characteristics of portal sites by using stochastic frontier analysis and to bit regression. As a result of the analyses, the study proposed that market share and an appropriate level of fixed assets, not human resources, have a positive impact on the efficiency of portal sites. It also revealed that portal sites are no longer an innovative industry, but are showing characteristics more similiar to a traditional industry. Portal sites provide a variety of resources (public, media, and entertainment) and service (search engine, e-mail, forum) to a large number of subscribers and generate main profit from corporate advertisements. At the beginning, portal sites provided access to the Web, but it has developed and more services are supplied today(4).As ICT(Information and communication technologies) have also advanced rapidly, portal sites undergo the new changes as they become categorized into SNS, mobile apps, and others. Then they have become more organized and bigger as well as manufacturing. In this regard, and in an environment evolving from PCs to mobiles, this study aims to analyze the business characteristics of portal sites based on an analysis of efficiency (3). In order to achieve our goal, stochastic frontier analysis and to bit regression were used. The paper structure of the paper is consisted as follows. First, we examine the research background and purpose. Second, describe the methodology that our paper used. Third, we provide results of the analysis. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results and review the limitations of the study.

Quality-Aware Popularity Based Bandwidth Allocation for Scalable Video Broadcast over Wireless Access Networks

Video broadcast/multicast over wireless access networks is an attractive research issue in the field of wireless communication. With the rapid improvement of various wireless network technologies, it is now possible to provide high quality video transmission over wireless networks. The high quality video streams need higher bandwidth. Hence, during the video transmission through wireless networks, it is very important to make the best utilization of the limited bandwidth. Therefore, when many broadcasting video sessions are active, the bandwidth per video session can be allocated based on popularity of the video sessions (programs). Instead of allocating equal bandwidth to each of them, our proposed scheme allocates bandwidth per broadcasting video session based on popularity of the video program. When the system bandwidth is not sufficient to allocate the demanded bandwidth for all the active video sessions, our proposed scheme efficiently allocates the total system bandwidth among all the scalable active video sessions in such a way that higher bandwidth is allocated to higher popularity one. Using the mathematical and simulation analyses, we show that the proposed scheme maximizes the average user satisfaction level and achieves the best utilization of bandwidth. The simulation results indicate that a large number of subscribers can receive a significantly improved quality of video. To improve the video quality for large number of subscribers, the only tradeoff is that a very few subscribers receive slightly degraded video quality.

THE DISTRIBUTION MODELS ADEQUACY ESTIMATION FOR USING IN SUBSCRIBER LOCATION DETERMINATION

In corporate networks with a large number of subscribers it is an important aspect to provide quality and timely service to provide information services and monitoring the movement of subscribers within the network. To solve this problem it is necessary to provide location determination. The article describes the method of position determining of the subscriber by measuring the radio signal strength at the mobile station. The article analyzes the existing empirical distribution models that operate in a given frequency range. An experimental research of the signal power measurement for a variety of determination conditions, namely indoor and outdoor space. Verification of empirical model with experimental data was made. The optimal model was defined for calculating the subscriber location for indoor and outdoor space.

Towards Maximizing Timely Content Delivery in Delay Tolerant Networks

Many applications, such as product promotion advertisement and traffic congestion notification, benefit from opportunistic content exchange in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). An important requirement of such applications is timely delivery. However, the intermittent connectivity of DTNs may significantly delay content exchange, and cannot guarantee timely delivery. The state-of-the-arts capture mobility patterns or social properties of mobile devices. Such solutions do not capture patterns of delivered content in order to optimize content delivery. Without such optimization, the content demanded by a large number of subscribers could follow the same forwarding path as the content by only one subscriber, leading to traffic congestion and packet drop. To address the challenge, in this paper, we develop a solution framework, namely Ameba, for timely delivery. In detail, we first leverage content properties to derive an optimal routing hop count of each content to maximize the number of needed nodes. Next, we develop node utilities to capture interests, capacity and locations of mobile devices. Finally, the distributed forwarding scheme leverages the optimal routing hop count and node utilities to deliver content towards the needed nodes in a timely manner. Illustrative results verify that Ameba achieves comparable delivery ratio as Epidemic but with much lower overhead.

Determinants of Customer Loyalty among Mobile Telecom Subscribers in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of brand equity among mobile telecom users in Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Mobile telecommunication providers have a great role in strengthening the economy and encouraging the efficiency among a large number of subscribers across the country. The success of any business depends on the strength of their brands, which attracts new and existing customers for continuous growth. In Ghana, there are six mobile telecom providers operating in the market (Vodafone, Airtel, MTN, Tigo, Glo, & Expresso). Primary data was obtained through a questionnaire and residents of Sunyani Municipality were targeted for the study. 200 questionnaires were self-administered by the researchers to the subscribers of all the mobile telecom providers and 194 questionnaires were returned. The questionnaires were analysed using SPSS 16 and pearson correlation was used to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The results identified call rate/quality, network coverage and sales promotion as having significant positive relationship to customer loyalty. In addition, brand image and prompt customer service were seen to have a less effect on customer loyalty.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid OCDMA/WDM System for Metro Area Network

In this study a hybrid spectral amplitude coding for optical code division multiple access (i.e., called OCDMA) over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network is proposed to support large number of subscribers. The proposed system combines two different techniques, namely OCDMA and WDM. The modified double weight (MDW) code is used as a signature address for designing the system. This code has numerous advantages such as this code can accommodate more number of simultaneous active users under considerable standard bit error rate (e.g. ≤ 10-9) and shorter code length. The proposed system can enhance the network capability to support high number of users. Therefore, this system can be considered as a promising solution for Metro Area Network (MAN).

A new family of 2D wavelength/time codes with large cardinality for incoherent spectral amplitude coding OCDMA networks and analysis of its performance

A new family of two-dimensional wavelength/time codes (2D-W/T-MQC/MQCs) and its system structure of encoder/decoder are proposed, which is based on tunable optical fiber delay lines (TOFDLs) and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Multiple-access interference (MAI) can fully be eliminated by using a wavelength/time balanced detector structure at the receivers. Furthermore, the performance of the system is also analyzed by taking into account the phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), shot noise, and thermal noise. The simulation results reveal that the new code family possesses higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and lower bit-error rate (BER) than the family of one-dimensional spectral amplitude coding modified quadratic congruence codes (1D-SAC-MQCs) and that of the two-dimensional wavelength/spatial M-matrices codes (2D-W/S-M-Matrices) so that a larger number of subscribers can be supported simultaneously. Additionally, the 2D-W/T-MQC/MQC system requires less signal power for each light source under the same error-free condition. As a result, the network based on the new code family will support more active users and utilize the frequency bandwidth more efficiently.

Capacity analysis of reservation-based random access for broadband wireless access networks

In this paper we propose a novel model for the capacity analysis on the reservation-based random multiple access system, which can be applied to the medium access control protocol of the emerging WiMax technology. In such a wireless broadband access system, in order to support QoS, the channel time is divided into consecutive frames, where each frame consists of some consequent mini-slots for the transmission of requests, used for the bandwidth reservation, and consequent slots for the actual data packet transmission. Three main outcomes are obtained: first, the upper and lower bounds of the capacity are derived for the considered system. Second, we found through the mathematical analysis that the transmission rate of reservation-based multiple access protocol is maximized, when the ratio between the number of mini-slots and that of the slots per frame is equal to the reciprocal of the random multiple access algorithm's transmission rate. Third, in the case of WiMax networks with a large number of subscribers, our analysis takes into account both the capacity and the mean packet delay criteria and suggests to keep such a ratio constant and independent of application-level data traffic arrival rate.

All-Optical Burst-Mode Power Equalizer Based on Cascaded SOAs for 10-Gb/s EPONs

This letter proposes a new power equalization scheme based on cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers, for 10-Gb/s ethernet passive optical networks with uneven topology. For networks with a large number of subscribers, the proposed equalization scheme enables a 16-dB reduction of the receiver dynamic range.

A modeling framework to understand the tussle between ISPs and peer-to-peer file-sharing users

Recent measurement studies have shown that traffic generated by peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing applications has started to dominate the bandwidth consumption on Internet access links. The prevailing use of P2P applications carries with it significant implications for Internet Service Providers (ISPs): on the one hand increased levels of P2P traffic result in additional costs for an ISP, which has to provide a satisfactory service level to its subscribers. On the other hand, P2P applications are a major driving force for the adoption of broadband access, which is a significant source of revenue for the ISPs. A successful strategy to manage P2P traffic must address both the ISP perspective of costs and the subscriber perspective of quality of service. While several practical solutions have been identified to manage P2P traffic in a network, no analytical studies have been proposed so far to evaluate their effectiveness in specific contexts. In this paper we propose a modeling framework that allows the optimal strategy to be identified for an ISP as a function of the several factors that come into play. In particular, our model shows that P2P-friendly solutions become lucrative when the ISP can attract a sufficiently large number of subscribers. Our modeling framework also illustrates several other interesting phenomena that occur in the tussle between the ISP and its subscribers.

A Simple One-System Solution COF-PON for Metro/Access Networks

In this paper, next-generation ultralong reach code division multiplexing (CDM) on fiber (COF) passive optical network (COF-PON) based on CDM (multiplexing carried out in electrical domain) presented here. We describe the system configuration, COF transceiver, key merits such as bidirectional transmission (on the same wavelength with single fiber), extending the reach by coding gain, and offering huge bandwidth to large number of subscribers by overlaying on coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)/wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). We believe our newly proposed ultralong reach COF-PON will help to drastically reduce the Capex and Opex costs by consolidating metro and access networks into one simple network. We demonstrated initial experimental results over 100-km bidirectional COF-PON overlay on 4lambda-CWDM channels' transmission without the use of an optical amplifier