Large Number Of Foreign Workers Research Articles

Logistic hubs and support for radical-right populism: Evidence from Italy

Increasing discontent and the associated growing support for populist parties have been attributed to several drivers, including globalization, technological change, and migration waves. We analyse a phenomenon that encompasses a mix of economic and cultural grievances — the logistic revolution. The Italian logistics industry is characterized by a heavy reliance on low-paying and precarious contracts, it employs a large number of foreign workers, and is dominated by multinational corporations. The construction of large logistic hubs can increase the feeling of economic insecurity and trigger cultural backlash against foreign workers and large corporations. This, in turn, can create a favourable environment for populist radical right-wing parties that portray themselves as protectors of traditional values and national identity, and as defenders of the working class against the perceived threats posed by globalization, immigration, and large corporations. Through an IV and a DiD approach, we provide evidence that the support for Lega, a populist radical-right party, grew in Italian municipalities where new logistic hubs have been built.

A Study on the Intercultural Experience between SME Managers and Foreign Workers

The purpose of this study is to reveal the mutual cultural experience and meaning between managers of companies in the root industry that hired a large number of foreign workers and foreign workers. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with five managers of the company. The contents of the in-depth interview were composed of perceptions of foreign workers that managers usually experienced. In processing the collected data, the meaning of the experience was derived by dividing it into five factors of mutual culture: understanding, empathy, communication, cooperation, and solidarity. As a result of the study, various experiences of managers by factors of mutual culture were collected, and it was confirmed that these experiences contributed to the development of individual mutual cultural sensitivity as well as productivity improvement. In this context, mutual cultural communication competency is an essential competency of modern times living in a multicultural society and a key to coexistence with other cultures.

Pelaksanaan Pengawasan Pekerja Warga Negara Asing di Diprovinsi Bali

The large number of foreign workers working in Bali invites attention from the government to conduct measurable and directed supervision. In order to create administrative order, a regulation is made in the form of Permit to Hire Foreign Workers (IMTA). The purpose of this paper is to find out how the legal provisions and factors that occur in the implementation of supervision of foreign workers. From the facts that occur can be formulated the problem as follows: first, how is the implementation of TKA supervision by the Department of Labor of the Province of Bali? Second, what are the inhibiting factors? The method used in this paper is empirical, namely by conducting direct observations and interviews with sources in this case the related by Department of labor workers. Based on the results of research and discussion on the process of implementing labor inspections carried out by the Bali Provincial Manpower Office for companies that use foreign labor through granting permission to employ Foreign Workers (IMTA) in the Bali Provincial labor Office. The inhibiting factors include: TKA users neglect to intentionally not extend the IMTA, lack of coordination between the immigration office that issued a residence permit with the Bali Provincial Manpower Office or the Ministry of Manpower as the agency issuing permits to hire Foreign Workers, weak supervision and control by the local Provincial Manpower Office. Socialization caused by the unavailability of a budget from the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration.

Sustainability of oil palm plantations in Malaysia

This paper reviews and evaluates the sustainability of oil palm plantations in Malaysia, encompassing the aspects of environmental, social and economic performances. It also provides recommendations for improving the sustainability of the plantations. The review involves examination of the existing literature and reports in the genres of environmental, social and economic sustainability of oil palm plantations, where environmental sustainability is further divided into the themes of biodiversity, deforestation, environmental pollution and peatland conversion. The outcomes of the review are then evaluated using the popular models of weak and strong sustainability. Recommendations for sustainable practices of the oil palm sector at planning, policy-making and implementation levels are also made. The review shows that oil palm plantations have lower biodiversity compared to logged over forests and are not solely to be blamed for deforestation in Malaysia, particularly before 1985 during which logging was active. The expansion of oil palm plantations has nonetheless caused environmental pollution and catalyzed the conversion of peatlands. Socially, while benefiting smallholders by improving their incomes, oil palm plantations have drawn in large number of foreign workers and this potentially gives rise to the issues of welfare, human right, equity and demographic change. Oil palms have significantly contributed to the Malaysian economy and are highly productive. Biodiversity and environmental management, sustainability certification, increased social corporate responsibility and review of employment policy are perceived to be beneficial for oil palm sustainability.

Food-Based Dietary Guidelines around the World: Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Countries.

In Eastern Mediterranean countries, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies coexist with overnutrition-related diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Many Mediterranean countries have produced Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to provide the general population with indications for healthy nutrition and lifestyles. This narrative review analyses Eastern Mediterranean countries’ FBDGs and discusses their pictorial representations, food groupings and associated messages on healthy eating and behaviours. In 2012, both the WHO and the Arab Center for Nutrition developed specific dietary guidelines for Arab countries. In addition, seven countries, representing 29% of the Eastern Mediterranean Region population, designated their national FBDGs. At the moment several of these guidelines are available only in the English language. In summary, Eastern Mediterranean FBDGs mainly focus on food safety, not all are available in the local Arabic language, and they do not provide specific suggestions for the large number of foreign workers and migrants.

Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia: toward a complete picture.

Acute lower respiratory tract infection is a major health problem that affects more than 15% of the total population of Saudi Arabia each year. Epidemiological studies conducted over the last three decades have indicated that viruses are responsible for the majority of these infections. The epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia is proposed to be affected mainly by the presence and mobility of large numbers of foreign workers and the gathering of millions of Muslims in Mecca during the Hajj and Umrah seasons. Knowledge concerning the epidemiology, circulation pattern, and evolutionary kinetics of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia are scant, with the available literature being inconsistent. This review summarizes the available data on the epidemiology and evolution of respiratory viruses. The demographic features associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infections are specifically analyzed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of this virus. The data support the view that continuous entry and exit of pilgrims and foreign workers with different ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds in Saudi Arabia is the most likely vehicle for global dissemination of respiratory viruses and for the emergence of new viruses (or virus variants) capable of greater dissemination.

Barriers to Emiratization: the role of policy design and institutional environment in determining the effectiveness of Emiratization

The severe shortage in local workforce, in the face of an escalating demand for workers over the past several decades, induced the United Arab Emirates to adopt a liberal immigration policy which allowed an influx of large numbers of foreign workers into the country. However, the continued reliance on foreign workers created a distortion and segmentation of the labour market whereby the national workers became concentrated in the public sector, while close to 99% of the jobs in the private sector is staffed by expatriate workers. An unemployment problem among nationals started to appear despite the workforce Emiratization policy which has been implemented since the late 1990s. The current study assesses the effectiveness of the Emiratization policy as practised over the past two decades along with major challenges encountered. Data for the study were collected through interviews with a sample of 32 senior managers and human resource professionals from various sectors of the economy. Findings of the study reveal several weaknesses of the Emiratization programme over the past two decades related to the policy tools and regulations, as well as implementation mechanisms adopted. Based on assessment of weaknesses and challenges faced, recommendations are provided with regard to the needed changes in regulations, policy tools and mechanisms, and parameters of compliance to ensure effective implementation of an Emiratization programme that can significantly contribute to alleviating the unemployment problem among citizens and ensuring their effective integration into the labour market in both the public and private sectors.

Immigration and Social Security in Spain

The objective of this paper is to understand the impact of immigration on the Spanish pension system during the next fifty years by building a quantitative theoretical framework. In order to carry out the exercise of projection of revenues and expenditures in the Spanish pension system, we have developed an Overlapping Generation Model where individuals differ by age, gender, skill and nationality. The Cohort Component Population Projection Method is used for the demographic projections, and for the labor market scenario we have simulated the full labor history of all of our different workers for the period 2008-2050 taking into account the future evolution of the educational levels and five possible situations during their labor history (employed, self-employed, unemployed, disable and inactive). In a first baseline scenario the system will be in deficit around year 2023 according to the last official estimations. The arrival of a large number of foreign workers is offering the Social Security System roughly five years of additional time to correct its important underlying unbalances. However after this period, the structural problems will come back and may be even magnified by the presence of an additional number of retired immigrants. Even if immigration reaches its total assimilation in the labor market it will not be sufficient to avoid that the pension system will be in deficit. However, immigration is allowing us to obtain very valuable additional time in order to carry out the necessary reforms.

The immigration model of Sardinia, an island and a border region

With its small numbers of foreign immigrants, originating from both EU and non-EU countries, Sardinia seems to remain a rather distinct and lonely destination compared to the major immigration flows in the Italian peninsula and the other major Italian island, Sicily. High unemployment, especially among the young, which has resulted in persistent labour emigration, is of course the main reason why this region attracts few immigrants, even if they occupy jobs refused by the natives. Moreover, turnover of the foreign population is high with major inflows of seasonal workers employed in the tourist trade. There are also few jobs in agriculture, a sector which by contrast attracts large numbers of foreign workers in southern Italy. Therefore, among the reasons declared in their applications for temporary residence, work ranks lower than in the rest of Italy, family and residence rating higher. A distinctive feature in Sardinia is the large number of foreign workers in the pedlar trade of non-food goods. On the whole, the island does not exhibit the characteristics of a border region, in spite of its connections by boat with two foreign countries (direct with Corsica and indirect with Tunisia, via Trapani) and of its extension towards Africa, but it looks more as it were both a second destination region for people coming from the mainland and a first destination following the common immigration chains. It is undeniably a transit region, soon to be abandoned for more promising lands.

Occupational fatalities in Israel

Occupational fatal injuries are a worldwide problem. Certain occupations pose a greater risk than others. The purpose of this study was to estimate the death rates from occupational injuries in Israel over a period of 30 months, and to examine the trends in the light of the large numbers of foreign workers who have been brought into the country in the last decade. Two-thirds of the occupational fatalities were in the construction business, mostly owing to falls from a height resulting in death from multiple trauma. About one-third of these victims were foreign workers, even though they comprise only 20% of the work force in this field. Negligible amounts of alcohol were detected in a number of cases. The construction industry is recognized worlwide as a high-risk area claiming many lives each year. The findings in this study suggest that too little attention is given to safety regulations in general, and particularly concerning foreign workers in Israel.

Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory

"Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized."

Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory

Beginning in 1993 Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration placing it in the context of Israels reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized. (EXCERPT)

The integration of foreign employees in the labour market

For a number of European countries the presence of a more or less large number of foreign workers and their families is a fact to which they will have to adjust. As a rule, the longer the length of their stay, the less probable it becomes that these workers will return to their country of origin. In view of this fact it is necessary that the foreign workers and their families are integrated as comprehensively as possible, for humanitarian, social and economic reasons. The following article examines a number of indicators for integration so far in France, Germany (West), the Netherlands and Sweden.

Labour Market Adjustments and Migration in Thailand

This study reviews Thailand's past economic development trends and the effects on labour market adjustments and migration. The Thai economy has grown by over 7 per cent per annum on average over the past 35 years. Growth has been accompanied by major struc tural transformations, from agrarian-based, to industry and services. Migration patterns in Thailand reflect changes in the economy and the labour market. Internally, the main migration movements are towards Bangkok and the surrounding provinces, reflecting income gaps between urban and rural areas. Many low-skilled and semi-skilled Thai workers also work abroad, particularly in the Middle East and other higher income East Asian econo mies. Thailand also has a large number of foreign workers. One group consists of highly skilled professionals who work in foreign investment related enterprises, as well as serve to fill gaps created by shortages of technical manpower. This group does not cause any major concern for Thailand. A second group consists of illegal migrant workers from Thailand's poorer neighbouring countries. This group is a major concern to the government, and concrete policies are needed to effectively deal with illegal migrant workers.

Migrations de main-d'œuvre et unité arabe : les enjeux unitaires du modèle irakien

Iraq occupies a unique position in the system of manpower exchanges between Middle Eastern states brought about by the rise in petroleum incomes of the 1970s. Iraq was among the most important oil exporters until the war with Iran, but its economy is predominantly agricultural, it is a rich country in terms of available financial resources, and it is both an importer and exporter of labor, traits which place it squarely between the nonoil-producing states which are poor and overpopulated and the oil exporters which are rich and underpopulated. Its migration policy, which radically distinguishes between Arab and non-Arab manpower, is also unique. Data on migration to Iraq are very sparse despite the fact that the nation has a good data-gathering capacity. Estimates of migration to Iraq and employment patterns of migrants have varied widely and have contradicted each other in crucial respects. The most unusual aspect of Iraqi immigration policy, the free access offered to Egyptians and other Arabs, has hampered attempts to estimate the volume of migration, as workers come and go for relatively short periods, seeking their own employment in Iraq and working in jobs for which they may be overqualified. Official formulations of Iraqi migration policy insist that migration should not only be beneficial to individual importing and exporting countries in terms of development and social cohesion, but should also reinforce the solidarity and regional complementarity of the Arab world as a whole. Iraqi migration policy is presented as expressing the most fundamental choices of the "Arab revolution" in the socialist dimension of Arab unitary ideology rather than in terms of immediate national economic interest. Iraqi legislation grants non-Iraqi Arabs the same labor, residence, investment, and ultimately naturalization rights as those enjoyed by nationals, but severely restricts access to employment and other rights of non-Arab foreigners. Denunciation of the dangers posed by the presence of large numbers of foreign workers not only to the countries employing them but to the Arab nation as a whole allows Iraq to criticize the migration policies of the Gulf oil exporters, which are increasingly favoring more productive labor from Asian countries and which cede much of the authority to select and admit workers to private concerns. The evolution of Iraq's policy demonstrates the concern of its governing party with reconciling its Arab identity and its analysis of international power relations with consolidation of its own position internally and in the Arab world as a whole. The labor policy of the oil exporters exposes their countries and thus the Arab world to the possibility of sabotage and to demographic overpowering of ethnic and cultural identity. Interpretations differ as to whether the Iraqi model has led to a better deployment of labor and as to its theoretical contribution to pan-Arab unity, given the diverging interests of the individual states concerned.