Large Number Of Arguments Research Articles

Freedom of expression

AbstractThis article surveys the classic and contemporary literature on the nature and limits of freedom of expression (or free speech). It begins by surveying the main philosophical justifications for free speech, before moving to consider the two most discussed topics in the free speech literature: hate speech and pornography. The article offers some brief reflections on the large number of arguments which have been offered on these topics. Three newer battlegrounds for free speech are examined at the end: no platforming, fake news and online shaming.

Defining relations of creep theory for a polymer composite material

Simplified defining relationships are being developed that will make it easier to determine the mechanical characteristics of PCM. The creep strain of a PCM in a plane-stress state is considered. The constitutive relations for PCM are obtained using the asymptotic analysis method.For the case of a complex stress state, the defining relations contain a large number of arguments (SSS invariants) of a different order of smallness, then they will be simplified by asymptotic analysis methods. To determine the parameters included in the constructed relationships, new approaches (parametric identification methods) to solving inverse problems will be adapted or developed.

Intelligent Decision Algorithm of Nutrients based on Big Data

With the improvement of living standard, People’s requirements are also improving for children’s dietary nutrition, which fully illustrates the attention of people for healthy development of children. Children’s dietary nutrition should not be solely based on advice of expert, because every child needs different dietary nutrients. In this paper, a large data computing framework MapReduce is studied, which fully considers the eating habits of children, the balance of dietary types and the interaction of food. A intelligent decision algorithm based on large data is proposed for the best children’s dietary nutritional components. The algorithm is divided into two steps, the fuzzy GK algorithm is realized by the MapReduce framework, and the main nutrients are selected effectively; these nutrients are taken as parameters and used for multivariate linear regression model, so as to realize the rational allocation of nutrients. We design the algorithm, introduce the details of the algorithm in detail, and continuously optimize relevant parameters to produce a better dietary nutrition composition scheme. In the process of experiment, we analyze the performance of decision algorithm by testing examples, and make a lot of comparisons with the existing decision analysis algorithms. After a large number of arguments, it is proved that the algorithm is effective.

Sparse approximation of multilinear problems with applications to kernel-based methods in UQ

We provide a framework for the sparse approximation of multilinear problems and show that several problems in uncertainty quantification fit within this framework. In these problems, the value of a multilinear map has to be approximated using approximations of different accuracy and computational work of the arguments of this map. We propose and analyze a generalized version of Smolyak’s algorithm, which provides sparse approximation formulas with convergence rates that mitigate the curse of dimension that appears in multilinear approximation problems with a large number of arguments. We apply the general framework to response surface approximation and optimization under uncertainty for parametric partial differential equations using kernel-based approximation. The theoretical results are supplemented by numerical experiments.

SEX SELECTION ABORTION IN KAZAKHSTAN: UNDERSTANDING A CULTURAL JUSTIFICATION

The topic of abortion has been extensively researched, and the research has produced a large number of arguments and discussions. Missing in the literature, however, are discussions of practices in some areas of the Developing or Third World. In this paper, we examine the morality of sex selection abortions in Kazakhstan's Kazakh culture, and argue that such abortions can be ethically justified based, in part, on the unique perspectives of Kazakh culture.

A phenotypic genetic algorithm for inductive logic programming

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is one of the most popular approaches in machine learning. ILP can be used to automate the construction of first-order definite clause theories from examples and background knowledge. Although ILP has been successfully applied in various domains, it has the following weaknesses: (1) weak capabilities in numerical data processing, (2) zero noise tolerance, and (3) unsatisfactory learning time with a large number of arguments in the relation. This paper proposes a phenotypic genetic algorithm (PGA) to overcome these weaknesses. To strengthen the numerical data processing capabilities, a multiple level encoding structure is used that can represent three different types of relationships between two numerical data. To tolerate noise, PGA’s goal of finding perfect rules is changed to finding top- k rules, which allows noise in the induction process. Finally, to shorten learning time, we incorporate the semantic roles constraint into PGA, reducing search space and preventing the discovery of infeasible rules. Stock trading data from Yahoo! Finance Online is used in our experiments. The results indicate that the PGA algorithm can find interesting trading rules from real data.

Response to Critics

Like most books in philosophy, Communicative Action and Rational Choice contains a large number of arguments (six big ones, by my count, plus dozens of smaller ones). Each of these arguments I adhere to with a greater or lesser degree of conviction. Some of them I think are pretty decisive. In other cases, I was doing the philosophical equivalent of throwing things against the wall just to see what sticks. Of course, I did not present things that way in the book, choosing instead to dress up my scruffier arguments in the hope that they might appear to share the same pedigree as my more refined ones. It is thus a testament to the astuteness of my critics here that they have focused their criticism almost entirely on my more tentative arguments—especially my so-called “pragmatic theory of convergence,” which is less a theory than a set of suggestions about how a theory might be constructed. Thus my desire to defend these arguments against criticism, which predominates in what follows, should be understood also as tempered by the recognition that much of what I say may ultimately prove to be unsustainable.

Is There a Moral Obligation to Have Children?

ABSTRACT I argue, counter‐intuitively, that under certain conditions many people are under some moral requirement to attempt to bring children into being (in order to raise them). There is only rarely a strict obligation to have children, but more moderate, inclining moral considerations in favour of having children, have a place in our moral world. I begin by considering a large number of arguments in favour and against the possibility of an obligation to have children. Then I examine when the weight of one set of arguments is greater. And I conclude by pointing out some general lessons from the discussion.

Estimate of the error of depletion function expansion series / Abschätzung des Fehlers bei der Reihenentwicklung von Abbrandfunktionen.

It is proved that the series into which depletion functions can be expanded will converge for all values of the depletion function arguments. An expression for the relative error caused by the series expansion is derived which depends on the number of series terms. It is shown that the evaluation of a depletion function with a large number of arguments via series expansion can be performed quite efficiently and to a good accuracy even in the case that the differences between the arguments of the function are small. As a result, even very long depletion chains can be analytically evaluated to a good accuracy.

A note on 'Efficient evaluation of polynomials and exponentials of polynomials for equispaced arguments' by A.H. Nuttall

A.H. Nuttall's (see ibid., vol. ASSP-35, no.10, p.1486-7, 1987) algorithm for the evaluation of a polynomial at a large number of arguments is addressed. The authors supplement Nuttall's treatment of the problem by (1) giving a relationship between the coefficients of the original polynomial and those of the equivalent one in terms of the integer variable n and (2) by deriving a formula for the computation of the initial values required for Nuttall's recursive procedure to commence. As a result of these supplements, the recursive algorithm is completely programmable and can be efficiently implemented for any order N of the polynomial. Some general observations are made on the computational complexity in recursive evaluation in contrast to direct evaluation of a polynomial.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

FORTRAN routines with optional arguments

AbstractIn designing a general purpose subroutine package to solve a class of problems, one often has to write subroutines with a large number of arguments. Although these arguments are required to cover a range of possibilities, many of these arguments have some commonly occurring values. The user is thus burdened with supplying a long list of arguments and making sure that the number and types match. An alternate solution is to write such subroutines in assembly language so that they could have a variable number of arguments. This approach is expensive and eliminates a large class of program designers who do not and do not want to know assembler language. This paper describes a facility which enables these program designers to write their routines completely in a higher level language (FORTRAN) and yet enjoy the ‘luxury’ of having a variable number of arguments in the calling sequence.

Is the Official Theory of Mind Absurd?

The possibility has recently been discussed (e.g. Fodor (1968), p. 93) that the everyday and technical language of psychology, our ascription of mental conduct concepts, should be understood by likening them to the process of postulating theoretical entities in science. This suggests that one way of looking at the 'official theory of mind' as outlined as a target of attack by Ryle (1949) would be to see it as an embryonic explanatory theory of behaviour. It would then seem to be a system of ideas whose status would be rather like that of, say, atomism before Dalton. A consequence of seeing the official theory of mind in this way is that it brings with it a means of putting Ryle's arguments in a new light. They could be transposed and turned into arguments against embryonic atomist theories. It might be that these arguments can be appraised more clearly in this transposed form. This technique of transposing Rylean arguments has already been used by Fodor (1968, p. 19) to examine Ryle's objections to the para-mechanical aspects of the official theory. The more general use of this technique can also be seen as carrying out the programme sketched long ago by Hofstadter (i95') who pointed out the 'nominalism' of the Concept of Mind (hereafter CM) and observed that it seemed to extend to Ryle's view of science. To ensure that the transposition is a faithful one which preserves both the structure and the point of Ryle's arguments, crucial passages will be taken from CM and by a few alterations of words, such as putting 'atom' instead of 'mind', Ryle's own sentence structures will be used as the vehicle for the anti-atomist argument. Not all of the large number of arguments in CM can be treated in this way, but a number of Ryle's most typical moves will be examined. This should go some way, although only some way, towards fulfilling the programme of showing that the official theory of mind is not guilty of the charge of logical absurdity which Ryle tries to fasten upon it.

The south-west Mayo and north-west Galway Silurian Basin, with notes on the old or metamorphosed rocks of West Galway

In the summer of 1890, some officers of the Scottish Branch of the Geological Survey paid a ten days' visit to Galway with the object of reviewing the older rocks of that area by the light of knowledge they had recently gained in their study of the older Palæozoic and Archæan Rocks of the North-West of Scotland. The author of the present paper, who has spent many years in making a detailed survey of the Irish rocks in question, and who has had the further advantage of having examined the rocks of Sutherland, Ross, and Cromarty, under the guidance of his Scottish colleagues, fails to see his way to adopting a new reading of the stratigraphical relation of the Galway rocks which had been suggested. Part I. of the present communication contains a large number of arguments and facts bearing more or less upon the questions at issue, by which the author maintains that his own views are in the main correct. After some preliminary observations upon the Laurentian, Huronian, and Potsdam rocks of North America, considered in relation to the oldest rocks of the British Isles, the author goes on to discuss in some detail the stratigraphical relation of the rocks composing the Killery basin, with especial reference to the evidence of unconformity between the rocks classed as Silurian in that basin and those which the author considers to be of Ordovician age. The stratigraphical evidence adduced may be summarised as follows:—(1) The marked discordance between both the amount