Large Metropolitan Areas Research Articles

Small and rural towns’ perception of autonomous vehicles: insights from a survey in Texas

ABSTRACT People’s perceptions of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are critical to understanding the role of AVs in future transportation systems. Most previous work on AVs perceptions is based on large cities or metropolitan areas. This study provides a unique perspective regarding perceptions of impacts of AVs in small and rural communities through an online survey in Central Texas (n = 1153). Our questionnaires gathered basic socio-demographic characteristics and AV impacts variables identified from the literature. We used summary statistics and ordered logistic regression models to reveal the perceived impacts of AVs. Residents of small and rural communities, particularly older adults (65 + years), were more enthusiastic about the development of AVs than the national average. Our findings reveal that being an employed, married male with a higher income increases the likelihood of accepting the impacts of AVs, suggesting further research to explore a feasible approach to utilizing AVs in small, rural communities.

Association of Discharge Location Following Pediatric Tracheostomy with Social Determinants of Health: A National Analysis.

To evaluate the breakdown of discharge locations among pediatric tracheostomy patients and determine the impact of demographic variables and social determinants of health. Retrospective review of the 2016 and 2019 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (HCUP KID). A total of 4000 United States community hospitals, defined as short-term, non-Federal, general, and specialty hospitals. ICD-10-PCS, ICD-10 CM codes, and HCUP data elements were selected for patients and variables of interest. Bivariate comparisons were performed using Rao-Scott Chi-square tests; significance levels in post hoc pairwise testing were adjusted using Bonferroni adjustment. Multinomial generalized logistic regression models were used to determine the average annual odds ratio (OR) of 3 dispositions at discharge relative to discharge home for self-care. Patients aged 11-17, patients from large metropolitan areas, and patients of "Other" race have an increased odds of discharge to a short- or long-term care facility (all P < .001). Weekend admissions, nonelective admissions, patients in Northeast hospitals, and patients at urban nonteaching hospitals are also more likely to be discharged to a short- or long-term care facility (all P < .001). Mean and median total costs of admission were $424,387 and $243,479, respectively, with a median total charge of $854,499. Among pediatric tracheostomy patients, demographic factors that affect discharge disposition include age, community type, and race, and significant hospital factors include day and type of admission, geographic region, and hospital type. Hospitalizations are associated with high overall costs and charges to the patient, which are increasing over time.

Air pollution – a factor of the cardiovascular system diseases

Introduction. Air pollution is any chemical, physical or biological agent that alters the natural composition of the atmosphere. It is the cause of many respiratory, circulatory and nervous system diseases, as well as the occurrence of allergies, cancer and fertility problems. Aim. The purpose of this study was to summarize the effects of polluted air on the cardiovascular system. This impact is associated with the whole spectrum of negative effects from additional hospitalizations to premature deaths. Materials and methods. A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was conducted published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Environment Agency (EEA). Basic results. Air pollution is a real threat to the cardiovascular system. The human population is constantly exposed to the toxins in the air we breathe from tobacco smoke and fireplace smoking to industrial emissions and volcanic eruptions. It is not just a problem for large metropolitan areas, but a huge global problem. It is worth noting that polluted air is not only outside, but also indoors where we live despite our supposed sense of security. Conclusions. This is a huge problem that cannot be ignored, and a public health challenge. It is important to constantly raise awareness of the magnitude of the problem, take action on many levels and promote prevention to minimize exposure as much as possible and continue to improve air quality. Keywords: air pollution, cardiovascular disease, particulate matter, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia

Evaluating the quality of life for sustainable urban development

As urbanization is rapidly progressing worldwide, the cities need to assess their quality of life (QOL) not only to check their infrastructure but also to keep pace with the changing citizens' sense of values and lifestyles. We propose an integrated method to evaluate urban QOL from the detailed spatial aspects of a city with the subjective preferences of its citizens. In this study, we collected the spatial data of urban setting attributes at a 500-m mesh scale, and the subjective preferences that vary based on individual attributes, to evaluate the QOL across five metropolitan areas in Japan. Our results reveal a greater disparity in QOL within larger metropolitan areas. The optimal urban population density for the best QOL tends to be around 4000 people/km2. This level strikes a balance between the benefits and drawbacks associated with urban QOL, such as enhanced living and cultural opportunities versus high housing costs and limited space. Moreover, QOL within a city varied according to geographic location, and these differences were amplified by subjective preferences. These findings contribute to our understanding of the disparities in urban QOL, and provide a scientific basis for urban policies that achieve diversity and inclusiveness.

The effects of air quality on housing prices: Evidence from the Aliso Canyon gas leak

Causal studies on the effect of air quality on house prices, specifically focusing on a large metropolitan area, are rare and difficult to obtain because of potential endogeneity from residential sorting. In this study, we use the Aliso Canyon gas leak as a natural experiment to examine the effect of air quality on housing prices of Los Angeles City. Using a spatial difference-in-differences model, we estimate that houses within the 5-mile radius of the gas well experienced a 8.6% discount in price during the leak, and an additional 13.1% discount after the well was sealed and the air quality was restored. The decrease in price lasted beyond 18 months, with houses closer to the leak suffering higher discounts. We conclude that air quality degradation has a direct and longer term negative impact on house prices.

COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancies: A Spanish-Language Focus Group Analysis in Texas

ABSTRACT COVID-19 related health disparities are prevalent among higher risk populations like the Hispanic community. Vaccination is one readily available public health tool, yet vaccine uptake is lower among minority populations and hesitations and concerns are high. In the present study, interpersonal and media sources of information about COVID-19 were discussed in a series of six focus groups with Spanish-language dominant and bilingual English-Spanish respondents in a large metropolitan area in Texas. Participants reported using legacy media as a main source of information about COVID-19 vaccines and encountered conspiracy theories and misinformation on social media. Using the Health Belief Model as the theoretical lens, we found individuals’ and family members’ perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 played a part in participants wanting to find and get the vaccine. Provider recommendations may have served as cues to action. Ease of receiving the vaccines at church and pharmacies may have served to boost participants self-efficacy. Perceived barriers include vaccine specific reasons such as the fast pace of initial authorization, side effects, and long-term effects along with conspiracy theories. Prevailing information gaps regarding the COVID-19 vaccines and the resulting uncertainty are discussed. Understanding information sources and the trust Hispanic communities place in these sources is important in designing effective health messages.

Typologies of stations’ catchment areas in metropolitan urban peripheries: From car-oriented to sustainable urban strategies

After decades of sprawl and car-dependent urban developments, especially on the peripheries of metropolitan areas, new policies are being oriented towards more efficient and sustainable mobility. In the process of change towards more sustainable mobility patterns in peripheral areas, commuter railways must play a predominant role because of their capacity and speed. The main aim of this paper is to analyse commuter rail stations’ catchment areas (SCAs) to identify typologies of these nodes in large metropolitan areas as a key step in proposing strategies for making mobility much more sustainable, both in the medium and proximity scales, by promoting soft mobility towards stations, a strategy that will facilitate commuters’ use of daily rail transport. The method proposed is based on a twofold clustering analysis. The first is to consider urban-planning variables to detect consolidated stations; the second is to use both public space and land-use variables to characterise the quality of the urban environment for walking/cycling. These methods are applied in the metropolitan area of Madrid and offer some key insights. The results show that different typologies are found – from consolidated, dense and mixed-use SCAs, with large residential developments, to low-density SCAs in sprawl areas or low consolidated mixed-use SCAs with large parking spaces, following the park-and-ride model, among others. This identification of SCAs’ typologies is key for policy makers to propose different strategies, which could be small projects oriented towards improving public spaces promoting soft mobility, or deeper changes that require a re-densification process in the stations’ surroundings, breaking with the rigid definition of transit-oriented developments and adapting the decisions taken to each context.

Othering in Everyday Life: Anti-Chinese Bias in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Societal upheavals often ignite bias against “the other.” The early political rhetoric around the COVID-19 pandemic keenly engaged this othering process, even from its early nomenclature as the “Wuhan” and “China” virus. Although media accounts of xenophobic violence against Asian Americans abound, little behavioral evidence exists that identifies the prevalence and scope of anti-Chinese bias during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine whether and to what extent traces of such othering systematically emerge in Americans’ everyday behaviors. Specifically, we analyze a novel dataset focused on Yelp reviews for Chinese and American restaurants in eight large metropolitan areas. Using difference-in-differences estimation, we find that Chinese restaurants received significantly lower ratings compared with American restaurants shortly after the start of the pandemic. The effect is localized to Chinese restaurants, rather than to all Asian restaurants. Our results highlight the emergence of anti-Chinese prejudice in an ostensibly apolitical setting.

Health status and health-care utilization among men recently released from a superjail: a matched prospective cohort study

PurposeContinuity of care and access to primary care have been identified as important contributors to improved health outcomes and reduced reincarceration among people who are justice-involved. While the disproportionate burden of health concerns among incarcerated populations is well documented, less is known about their health service utilization, limiting the potential for effective improvements to current policy and practice. This study aims to examine health status and health care utilization among men recently released from a superjail in a large metropolitan area to better understand patterns of use, risk factors and facilitators.Design/methodology/approachParticipants included adult men (n = 106) matched to a general population group (n = 530) in Ontario, Canada, linked to medical records (88.5% linkage) to examine baseline health status and health utilization three-months post-release. The authors compared differences between the groups in baseline health conditions and estimated the risk of emergency department, primary care, inpatient hospitalization and specialist ambulatory care visits.FindingsSuperjail participants had a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory conditions, mental illness, substance use and injuries. Substance use was a significant risk factor for all types of visits and emergency department visits were over three times higher among superjail participants.Originality/valueThis empirical case is illustrative of an emerging phenomenon in some regions of the world where emergency departments serve as de facto “walk-in clinics” for those with criminal justice involvement. Strategic approaches to health services are required to meet the complex social and health needs and disparities in access to care experienced by men released from custody.

Depression and the Caregiver Burden for Schizophrenia Patients

Background and objectives: Schizophrenia is a recurring psychiatric condition that severely impairs patients' ability to function in all major spheres of their lives. Since the deinstitutionalization policy, families, especially the primary caregiver who bears a heavy physical and emotional strain, are responsible for providing care. According to estimates, caregivers' rates of depression are higher than those of the general population. The primary caregivers' burden of care, their level of depression, and related caregiver factors were all examined in this crosssectional study. Methods: After gathering socio-demographic and caregiving information, 60 consenting primary caregivers of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia were evaluated for burden of care and depression using the Burden Assessment Schedule and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9. Results: A majority of the 35 female and 25 male carers reported experiencing moderate to severe depression, and all had moderate to high levels of burden. More burden was felt by spouses (p=0.0038), older carers (p=0.01), and those with lower educational levels (p=0.01). Depression and caregiving burden had a statistically significant positive connection (p=0.000). Conclusion: Despite the ease with which psychiatric therapies are accessible in one of India's largest metropolitan areas, caregivers continue to experience stress and depression. This may affect not only the caregiver but also the patient's care and the course of the sickness.

Characteristics of dentists in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network

ObjectivesOur aims are to describe the characteristics of dentists, members of the US National Dental practice-based research network (PBRN) in the United States, and determine how often these dentists provide specific dental procedures. MethodsDentists completed a questionnaire when they enrolled in the Network about their demographic and training characteristics and characteristics of their practices and patients. Dentists also reported the frequency of providing specific dental procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ResultsOf 4,483 dentists in active clinical practice, 34% identified as females, 70% as white, and 73% as general dentists. Most dentists practiced in large metropolitan areas (87%) and in solo or small practices (72%). On average, they reported about one-half of their patients were children or older adults, a third were from historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, and one-quarter were covered by public insurance. Most dentists routinely performed restorations and fixed prosthetics (78%), extractions (59%), removable (44%) and implant (40%) prosthetics, and endodontics on incisor and premolar teeth (44%). ConclusionsDentists participating in the National Dental PBRN have much in common with dentists at large. The network has a broad representation of dentists, practice types, patient populations, and treatments offered, including diversity regarding race/ethnicity, gender, insurance, and geography of its practitioners and patients. Clinical significanceCharacteristics of National Dental PBRN dentists suggest that a broad range of dentists is interested in participating in national-level research studies, thereby enabling an array of clinical study settings and topics that can optimize the generalizability of study findings.

Gender, Racial, and Geographic Disparities in Pulmonary Embolism-related Mortality Nationwide.

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of cardiovascular death. There is limited data on the national mortality trends from PE. Understanding these trends is crucial for addressing the mortality and associated disparities associated with PE. to analyze the national mortality trends related to acute PE and determine the overall age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 100,000 population for the study period and assess changes in AAMR among different genders, races, and geographic locations. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using mortality data of individuals aged 15 years and older with PE listed as the underlying cause of death in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database from January 2006 to December 2019. These data are produced by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 109,992 PE-related deaths were noted in this dataset nationwide between 2006 and 2019. Of these, women constituted 60,113 (54.7%). The AAMR per 100,000 was not significantly changed from 2.84 in 2006 to 2.81 in 2019 (Average annual percentage change (AAPC) 0.2, 95% CI -0.1-0.5, p=0.15). AAMR increased for men throughout the study period compared to women (AAPC 0.7 for men, 95% CI 0.3-1.2, p=0.004 vs. AAPC -0.4 for women, 95% CI -1.1-0.3, p=0.23, respectively). Similarly, AAMR for PE increased for Blacks compared Whites, from 5.18 to 5.26 (AAPC 0.4, 95% CI 0.0-0.7, p=0.05) and 2.82 to 2.86 (APC 0.0, 95% CI -0.6-0.6, p=0.99), respectively. Similarly, AAMR for PE was higher in rural areas compared to micropolitan and large metropolitan areas during the study period (4.07 {95% CI: 4.02-4.12} vs. 3.24 {95% CI: 3.21-3.27} vs. 2.32 {95% CI: 2.30-2.34}, respectively). Pulmonary embolism mortality remains high and unchanged over the past decade, and enduring gender, racial and socio-economic disparities persist in PE. Targeted efforts to decrease PE mortality and address such disparities are needed.

Neighborhood Socio-Economic Status Influences Motor Performance and Inhibitory Control in Kindergarten Children-Findings from the Cross-Sectional Kitafit Study.

Numerous studies have examined the role of socio-economic status on physical activity, obesity, and cognitive performance in youth or older adults, but few studies have examined the role of neighborhood socio-economic status (NSES) on motor or cognitive performance in kindergarten children. This study aimed to examine whether lower NSES (measured by the social data atlas) was associated with lower motor and inhibitory control performance in kindergarten children. One hundred twenty-nine preschoolers were recruited from eight kindergartens in low and high NSES areas in Stuttgart, one of Germany's largest metropolitan areas. Motor functioning (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, MABC-2; Manual Dexterity, Aiming and Catching, and Balance) and inhibitory control (Flanker Task, Go/NoGo Task) were assessed in a sample of 3- to 6-year-old children within a cross-sectional study. Children from a low NSES background showed the expected difficulties in inhibitory control and motor performance, as indicated by poorer performance than children from a high NSES background. Sex-specific analysis revealed girls from low NSES areas to have the lowest fine motor control; children with low NSES reach a Developmental Coordination Disorder at-risk status of 13% (boys and girls), in contrast to children with high SES (boys 9.1%, girls 0.0%). Motor performance and inhibitory control correlated positively with regard to the group from a low NSES background. Researchers and practitioners are advised to develop a more nuanced picture of motor and academic achievement in heterogeneous neighborhoods when designing early intervention programs, particularly with regard to sex differences, with the most significant disadvantage to girls with lower NSES.

Space-time dynamics of cargo theft: evidence from São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of this study is to contribute to the growing literature on cargo theft by empirically testing four specific hypotheses of its causes – the space-time dynamics hypothesis, the economic attractiveness hypothesis, the social structure hypothesis, and the deterrence hypothesis. This study investigates the case of the economic core of one of the most severe regions regarding cargo theft worldwide – São Paulo state. As novelty in crime studies, we estimate Autorrregressive Distributed Lag models (ARDL). We found that the number of cargo thefts of a geographic area can be predicted by itself and that of neigbouring areas. This is an unprescendeted empirical evidence that cargo theft time series are autoregressive and cointegrated. Regarding economic attractiveness and social structure, the results are inconclusive. However, police activity reduces cargo theft in the large metropolitan area and inland municipalities of São Paulo state.

Experiences of pregnancy prevention among youth experiencing homelessness

Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at high risk for unintended pregnancy and face unique challenges to effectively preventing unintended pregnancy. This qualitative study explored the pregnancy prevention experiences of YEH. A total of 81 diverse youth participated in eight focus group discussions that were conducted to explore their perceptions and experiences related to pregnancy prevention. Youth were recruited from shelters, drop-in centers, and homeless-serving organizations in a large metropolitan area in the southern United States. Thematic content analysis of the data revealed that YEH struggle to engage in sexual and reproductive health services owing, in part, to limited accessibility. Lack of knowledge about contraceptives, perceived adverse side effects of contraceptives, and challenges with adherence to contraceptive methods significantly limited the effective use of contraception among YEH. Youths’ decisions to use contraception were influenced by their relationship status with partners, perceptions about the efficacy and side effects of contraceptives, and the stigma associated with contraceptive use. Providing sexual and reproductive health services to YEH requires a collaborative approach. YEH need comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and counseling that enables and empowers youth to access, navigate, and utilize such services.

Внутренняя миграция как последствие региональной дифференциации в современной России

The article deals with the contradictory consequences of the processes of globalization and socio-economic modernization in the context of regional differentiation in modern Russia. The authors conclude that these pro-cesses destroy the established socio-economic order and people’s habitual way of life. First of all, it affects the so-called provinces – rural population and residents of small towns. Large metropolitan areas and industrial centers are becoming points of attraction. However, in the strategies for socio-economic and spatial develop-ment, the main directions of the social policy of modern Russia, scientific and practical discourses, small towns invariably remain in the shadow of large urban agglomerations. In this regard, it seems highly relevant to study the causes and consequences of internal migration processes in the country, as they are, in fact, a response to regional socio-economic differentiation. The most active, migration-mobile and statistically significant socio-demographic group is young people. Pilot study of the migration behavior of this age group of the small town population, conducted by the authors, allows to analyze the factors and causes of migration; to actualize the need to implement social state and regional programs that are aimed at reducing the territorial mobility of young people.

Urban Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges

AbstractThe 21st century may safely be called the ‘urban era’. The year 2007 marked the moment when for the first time in modern history, over 50% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. By the year 2050 almost 70% of humanity is projected to be urban, i.e., a human settlement with usually a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment. While the role of large cities, metropolitan areas and urban regions has been increasing, the political domain of the states, of which these cities or regions constitutionally form part, seems to be continuously shrinking. And although the rise of the urban is unlikely to lead to the disappearance of the sovereign-state model, the idea of states as having final authority is seriously challenged. This is caused by at least two simultaneously occurring trends: the transfer of tasks and responsibilities upwards, to the international and supranational level, through processes of globalization and a development downwards, to the local and regional level (or even the neighborhood or district), through processes of decentralization and regionalization. These combined trends have been called glocalization, a process exemplary for the complexity of modern society, in which authority shifts from hierarchy to networks, and the autonomy and unity of the central and sovereign state are under pressure. This special issue is the fruit of a workshop organized at Tilburg Law School on 25 November 2022, dedicated to the exploration of several constitutional and rule of law challenges posed by what we have dubbed urban constitutionalism.

Community Health Worker Home Visiting, Birth Outcomes, Maternal Care, and Disparities Among Birthing Individuals With Medicaid Insurance

Home visiting is recommended to address maternal and infant health disparities but is underused with mixed impacts on birth outcomes. Community health workers, working with nurses and social workers in a combined model, may be a strategy to reach high-risk individuals, improve care and outcomes, and address inequities. To assess the association of participation in a home visiting program provided by community health workers working with nurses and social workers (Strong Beginnings) with adverse birth outcomes and maternal care vs usual care among birthing individuals with Medicaid. This retrospective, population-based, propensity score matching cohort study used an administrative linked database, including birth records and Medicaid claims, linked to program participation. The Strong Beginnings program exposure took place in 1 county that includes the second largest metropolitan area in Michigan. Study participants included primarily non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Strong Beginnings participants and all mother-infant dyads with a Medicaid-insured birth in the other Michigan counties (2016 through 2019) as potential matching nonparticipants. The data were analyzed between 2021 and 2023. Participation in Strong Beginnings or usual care. Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation at birth), very preterm birth (less than 32 weeks' gestation), low birth weight (less than 2500 g at birth), very low birth weight (less than 1500 g), adequate prenatal care, and postnatal care (3 weeks and 60 days). A total of 125 252 linked Medicaid-eligible mother-infant dyads (mean age [SD], 26.6 [5.6] years; 27.1% non-Hispanic Black) were included in the analytical sample (1086 in Strong Beginnings [mean age (SD), 25.5 (5.8) years]; 124 166 in usual prenatal care [mean age (SD), 26.6 (5.5) years]). Of the participants, 144 of 1086 (13.3%) in the SB group and 14 984 of 124 166 (12.1%) in the usual care group had a preterm birth. Compared with usual prenatal care, participation in the Strong Beginnings program was significantly associated with reduced risk of preterm birth (-2.2%; 95% CI, -4.1 to -0.3), very preterm birth (-1.2%; 95% CI, -2.0 to -0.4), very low birth weight (-0.8%; 95% CI, -1.3 to -0.3), and more prevalent adequate prenatal care (3.1%; 95% CI, 0.6-5.6), postpartum care in the first 3 weeks after birth (21%; 95% CI, 8.5-33.5]), and the first 60 days after birth (23.8%; 95% CI, 9.7-37.9]). Participation in a home visiting program provided by community health workers working with nurses and social workers, compared with usual care, was associated with reduced risk for adverse birth outcomes, improved prenatal and postnatal care, and reductions in disparities, among birthing individuals with Medicaid. The risk reductions in adverse birth outcomes were greater among Black individuals.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Shutdown Did Not Affect Mental Health Scores in Lumbar Decompression Patients in a Large Metropolitan Region.

Retrospective study. To evaluate the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shutdown in a large metropolitan area on mental health scores of spine patients undergoing lumbar decompression in the preoperative and early postoperative phases. Global mental health has been demonstrated to be negatively affected by COVID-19 shutdowns. Preoperative mental health affects outcomes in spine patients, and the effect of COVID-19 shutdowns on mental health in this population is unclear. Patients were retrospectively identified from a single orthopedic spine surgeon registry. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts, separated by the date of surgery on or after March 20, 2020, the date of local shutdown due to COVID-19. After division, patients were propensity score matched for age, sex, ethnicity, common comorbidities, body mass index, preoperative visual analog scale back and leg pain scores, and preoperative Oswestry Disability Index. Perioperative characteristics were observed and recorded. Mental health scores, 12-item Short Form Mental Component Score, and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire 9 were collected preoperatively, at 6 weeks, and at 12 weeks and compared between cohorts through Student t tests. Three hundred thirty-four patients were identified, with 184 patients remaining after propensity score matching. Of the remaining 184 patients, 119 patients were identified as having surgery within the 2 years before the shutdown ("Pre-Shutdown"), whereas 65 patients had surgery within the 2 years after shutdown ("Post-Shutdown"). There were no significant differences between Pre-Shutdown and Post-Shutdown cohorts with regard to either Short Form Mental Component Score or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 at any time period evaluated ( P > 0.050, all). The COVID-19 shutdown in a large metropolitan area did not affect preoperative or early postoperative mental health in patients undergoing lumbar decompression. However, each cohort was matched for preoperative pain and disability scores, which may have adversely been affected by the shutdown.

Hygiene of maintenance of song and decorative birds

The article presents data on the study of modern methods of keeping song and ornamental birds at home. Creation of optimal microclimate parameters for birds based on their families and species. Creating increased attention to acquainting people with the world of song and ornamental birds and ways to attract them through the thoughtful placement of artificial nests in apartments, courtyard parks and gardens, competent feeding of birds in different seasons of the year in the general context with environmental issues in large metropolitan areas. Keeping and breeding song and ornamental birds at home makes it possible to preserve many species, and with proper care and feeding, birds live in captivity for a long time and breed well.