Large Lepton Mixing Research Articles

Embedding [formula omitted] into left–right flavor symmetry: Tribimaximal neutrino mixing and fermion hierarchy

We address two fundamental aspects of flavor physics: the mass hierarchy and the large lepton mixing angles. On one side, left–right flavor symmetry realizes the democratic mass matrix patterns and explains why one family is much heavier than the others. On the other side, discrete flavor symmetry such as A4 leads to the observed tribimaximal mixing for the leptons. We show that, by explicitly breaking the left–right flavor symmetry into the diagonal A4, it is possible to explain both the observed charged fermion mass hierarchies and quark and lepton mixing angles. In particular we predict a heavy 3rd family, the tribimaximal mixing for the leptons, and we suggest a possible origin of the Cabibbo and other mixing angles for the quarks.

Fermion masses and neutrino mixing in anU(1)Hflavor symmetry model with hierarchical radiative generation for light charged fermion masses

I report the analysis performed on fermion masses and mixing, including neutrino mixing, within the context of a model with hierarchical radiative mass generation mechanism for light charged fermions, mediated by exotic scalar particles at one and two loops, respectively, meanwhile the neutrinos get Majorana mass terms at tree level through the Yukawa couplings with two SU(2){sub L} Higgs triplets. All the resulting mass matrices in the model, for the u, d, and e fermion charged sectors, the neutrinos and the exotic scalar particles, are diagonalized in exact analytical form. Quantitative analysis shows that this model is successful to accommodate the hierarchical spectrum of masses and mixing in the quark sector as well as the charged lepton masses. The lepton mixing matrix, V{sub PMNS}, is written completely in terms of the neutrino masses m{sub 1}, m{sub 2}, and m{sub 3}. Large lepton mixing for {theta}{sub 12} and {theta}{sub 23} is predicted in the range of values 0.7 < or approx. sin{sup 2}2{theta}{sub 12} < or approx. 0.7772 and 0.87 < or approx. sin{sup 2}2{theta}{sub 23} < or approx. 0.9023 by using 0.033 < or approx. s{sub 13}{sup 2} < or approx. 0.04. These values for lepton mixing are consistent withmore » 3{sigma} allowed ranges provided by recent global analysis of neutrino data oscillation. From {delta}m{sub sol}{sup 2} bounds, neutrino masses are predicted in the range of values m{sub 1}{approx_equal}(1.706-2.494)x10{sup -3} eV, m{sub 2}{approx_equal}(6.675-12.56)x10{sup -3} eV, and m{sub 3}{approx_equal}(1.215-2.188)x10{sup -2} eV, respectively. The above allowed lepton mixing leads to the quark-lepton complementary relations {theta}{sub 12}{sup CKM}+{theta}{sub 12}{sup PMNS}{approx_equal}41.543 deg. -44.066 deg. and {theta}{sub 23}{sup CKM}+{theta}{sub 23}{sup PMNS}{approx_equal}36.835 deg. -38.295 deg. The new exotic scalar particles induce flavor changing neutral currents and contribute to lepton flavor violating processes such as E{yields}e{sub 1}e{sub 2}e{sub 3}, to radiative rare decays, {tau}{yields}{mu}{gamma}, {tau}{yields}e{gamma}, {mu}{yields}e{gamma}, as well as to the anomalous magnetic moments of fermions. I give general analytical expressions for the branching ratios of these rare decays and for the anomalous magnetic moments for charged leptons.« less

Successful Yukawa structures in warped extra dimensions

For a RS model, with SM fields in the bulk and the Higgs boson on the TeV-brane, we suggest two specific structures for the Yukawa couplings, one based on a permutation symmetry and the other on the Universal Strength of Yukawa couplings hypothesis (USY). In USY, all Yukawa couplings have equal strength and the difference in the Yukawa structure lies in some complex phase. In both scenarios, all Yukawa couplings are of the same order of magnitude. Thus, the main features of the fermion hierarchies are explained through the RS geometrical mechanism, and not because some Yukawa coupling is extremely small. We find that the RS model is particularly appropriate to incorporate the suggested Yukawa configurations. Indeed, the RS geometrical mechanism of fermion locations along the extra dimension, combined with the two Yukawa scenarios, reproduces all the present experimental data on fermion masses and mixing angles. It is quite remarkable that in the USY case, only two complex phases of definite value ± π/2 are sufficient to generate the known neutrino mass differences, while at same time, permitting large leptonic mixing in agreement with experiment.

Large lepton mixings from continuous symmetries

Within the broad context of quark-lepton unification, we investigate the implications of broken continuous family symmetries which result from requiring that in the limit of exact symmetry, the Dirac mass matrices yield hierarchical masses for the quarks and charged leptons, but lead to degenerate light neutrino masses as a consequence of the seesaw mechanism, without requiring hierarchical right-handed neutrino mass terms. Quark mixing is then naturally small and proportional to the size of the perturbation, but lepton mixing is large as a result of degenerate perturbation theory, shifted from maximal mixing by the size of the perturbation. Within this approach, we study an illustrative two-family prototype model with an SO(2) family symmetry, and discuss extensions to three-family models.

Quark–lepton universality and large leptonic mixing

A unified description of fermionic mixing is proposed which assumes that in certain basis (i) a single complex unitary matrix V diagonalizes mass matrices of all fermions to the leading order, (ii) the SU ( 5 ) relation M d = M l T exists between the mass matrices of the down quarks and the charged leptons, and (iii) M d † = M d . These assumptions automatically lead to different mixing patterns for quarks and leptons: Quarks remain unmixed to leading order (i.e. V CKM = 1 ) while leptons have non-trivial mixing given by a symmetric unitary matrix V PMNS 0 = V T V . V depends on two physical mixing angles and for values of these angles ∼ 20 ° – 25 ° it reproduces the observed mixing patterns rather well. We identify conditions under which the universal mixing V follows from the universal mass matrices of fermions. Relatively small perturbations to the leading order structure lead to the CKM mixing and corrections to V PMNS 0 . We find that if the correction matrix equals the CKM matrix, the resulting lepton mixing agrees well with data and predicts ( V PMNS ) e 3 > 0.08 .

Phenomenology of Dirac neutrinogenesis in split supersymmetry

In Split Supersymmetry scenarios the possibility of having a very heavy gravitino opens the door to alleviate or completely solve the worrisome "gravitino problem'' in the context of supersymmetric baryogenesis models. Here we assume that the gravitino may indeed be heavy and that Majorana masses for neutrinos are forbidden as well as direct Higgs Yukawa couplings between left and right handed neutrinos. We investigate the viability of the mechansim known as Dirac leptogenesis (or neutrinogenesis), both in solving the baryogenesis puzzle and explaining the observed neutrino sector phenomenology. To successfully address these issues, the scenario requires the introduction of at least two new heavy fields. If a hierarchy among these new fields is introduced, and some reasonable stipulations are made on the couplings that appear in the superpotential, it becomes a generic feature to obtain the observed large lepton mixing angles. We show that in this case, it is possible simultaneously to obtain both the correct neutrino phenomenology and enough baryon number, making thermal Dirac neutrinogenesis viable. However, due to cosmological constraints, its ability to satisfy these constraints depends nontrivially on model parameters of the overall theory, particularly the gravitino mass. Split supersymmetry with m_{3/2} between 10^{5} and 10^{10} GeV emerges as a "natural habitat" for thermal Dirac neutrinogenesis.

Broken flavor2↔3symmetry and phenomenological approach for universal quark and lepton mass matrices

A phenomenological approach for the universal mass matrix model with a broken flavor $2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}3$ symmetry is explored by introducing the $2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}3$ antisymmetric parts of mass matrices for quarks and charged leptons. We present explicit texture components of the mass matrices, which are consistent with all the neutrino oscillation experiments and quark mixing data. The mass matrices have a common structure for quarks and leptons, while the large lepton mixings and the small quark mixings are derived with no fine-tuning due to the difference of the phase factors. The model predicts a value $2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for the lepton mixing matrix element square $|{U}_{13}{|}^{2}$, and also $⟨{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}⟩=(0.89\ensuremath{-}1.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ for the averaged neutrino mass which appears in the neutrinoless double beta decay.

Large lepton mixing and nonsymmetric mass matrices with flavor2↔3symmetry

We analyze the lepton sector of a recently proposed nonsymmetric mass matrix model. Our model gives a unified description of quark and lepton with the same texture form based on an extended flavor $2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}3$ symmetry with a phase. By investigating possible types of assignment for masses, we find that the model can lead to large lepton mixings which are consistent with experimental values. We also find that the model predicts a very small value, $1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$, for the lepton mixing matrix element square $|{U}_{13}{|}^{2}$. The $CP$-violating phases in the lepton mixing matrix and a suppression of the averaged neutrino mass in the neutrinoless double beta decay also are predicted.

Asymmetry and minimality of quark mass matrices

We systematically investigate general forms of mass matrices for three-generation up and down quarks, including asymmetrical ones in generation space. Viable zero matrix elements are explored which are compatible with the current observation of masses and mixing angles, and also with the recent measurement of CP violation in the B-meson system. The simplest form with the maximal number of vanishing matrix elements is found to be almost consistent with the experimental data, but has a scratch that one of the mixing angle is slightly large. At the next-to-minimal level, it is found with a help of leptonic generation mixing that only six patterns of mass matrices well describe the experimental data. These sets of mass textures predict all the properties of quarks, including the CP violation, as well as the large (charged) lepton mixing, which may be appropriate for the atmospheric neutrino in grand unification scheme.

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We discuss the correlation between the unknown neutrino mixing angle U e 3 and lepton flavour violating decay μ → e γ in a supersymmetric seesaw model with large leptonic mixing.

Large Lepton Mixing in A String Brane World

It is very interesting if the observed disparity between mixing angles for neutrinos and for quarks has a geometrical origin in an extra dimensional space. We construct such an example in the type IIB string theory, where wave functions of left-handed leptons spread in an effective two dimensional extra space while wave finctions of left-handed quarks are localized at separate fixed points. This leads to the anarchy hypothesis for the left-handed leptons which explains naturally the large mixing angles for neutrinos. We emphasize, however, that this is only a projection of the six dimensional extra space onto a specific two dimensions. We have, in fact, another projected two dimensional extra space where the wave functions of left-handed quarks spread there and those of left-handed leptons are localized at fixed points.

Neutrino masses and mixing: singular mass matrices and quark–lepton symmetry

We suggest an approach to explain the observed pattern of the neutrino masses and mixing which employs the weakly violated quark–lepton equality and does not require introduction of an ad hoc symmetry of the neutrino sector. The mass matrices are nearly equal for all quarks and leptons. They have very small determinant and hierarchical form with expansion parameter λ ∼ sin θ c ∼ m μ / m τ . The latter can be realized, e.g., in the model with U ( 1 ) family symmetry. The equality is violated at the ∼ λ 2 level. Large lepton mixing appears as a result of summation of the neutrino and charged lepton rotations which diagonalize corresponding mass matrices in contrast with the quark sector where the up quark and down quark rotations cancel each other. We show that the flip of the sign of rotation in the neutrino sector is a result of the seesaw mechanism which also enhances the neutrino mixing. In this approach one expects, in general, deviation of the 2-3 mixing from maximal, s 13 ∼ ( 1 – 3 ) λ 2 , hierarchical neutrino mass spectrum, and m e e < 10 − 2 eV . The scenario is consistent with the thermal leptogenesis and (in SUSY context) bounds on lepton number violating processes, like μ → e γ .

Minimal seesaw mechanism

In the framework of the seesaw mechanism, and adopting a typical form for the Dirac neutrino mass matrix, we discuss the impact of minimal forms of the Majorana neutrino mass matrix. These matrices contain four or three texture zeros and only two parameters, a scale factor and a hierarchy parameter. Some forms are not compatible with large lepton mixing and are ruled out. Moreover, a normal mass hierarchy for neutrinos is predicted.

The problem of large leptonic mixing

Unlike in the quark sector where simple $S_3$ permutation symmetries can generate the general features of quark masses and mixings, we find it impossible (under conditions of hierarchy for the charged leptons and without considering the see-saw mechanism or a more elaborate extension of the SM) to guarantee large leptonic mixing angles with any general symmetry or transformation of only known particles. If such symmetries exist, they must be realized in more extended scenarios.

Quarks and leptons between branes and bulk

We study a supersymmetric SO(10) gauge theory in six dimensions compactified on an orbifold. Three sequential quark–lepton families are localized at the three fixpoints where SO(10) is broken to its three GUT subgroups. Split bulk multiplets yield the Higgs doublets of the standard model and as additional states lepton doublets and down-quark singlets. The physical quarks and leptons are mixtures of brane and bulk states. The model naturally explains small quark mixings together with large lepton mixings in the charged current. A small hierarchy of neutrino masses is obtained due to the different down-quark and up-quark mass hierarchies. None of the usual GUT relations between fermion masses holds exactly.

Large lepton mixing and supernova neutrinos

Large lepton mixing and supernova neutrinos

Symmetries, Large Leptonic Mixing and a Fourth Generation

We show that large leptonic mixing occurs most naturally in the framework of the Sandard Model just by adding a fourth generation. One can then construct a small $Z_4$ discrete symmetry, instead of the large $S_{4L}\times S_{4R}$, which requires that the neutrino as well as the charged lepton mass matrices be proportional to a $4\times 4$ democratic mass matrix, where all entries are equal to unity. Without considering the see-saw mechanism, or other more elaborate extensions of the SM, and contrary to the case with only 3 generations, large leptonic mixing is obtained when the symmetry is broken.

Geometric origin of large lepton mixing in a higher-dimensional spacetime

The large mixing in the lepton sector observed in the recent neutrino-oscillation experiments strongly suggests that nature of left-handed lepton doublets is very different from that of left-handed quark doublets. This means that there is a big disparity between the matter multiplets 5∗'s and 10's in the SU(5) unified theory. We show that this big difference can be explained in a six-dimensional spacetime compactified on the T2/Z3 orbifold. That is, we propose to put three families of 5∗'s on three equivalent fixed points of the orbifold and the three 10's in the two-dimensional bulk. We construct an explicit model realizing this situation and show that the democratic mass structure in the lepton sector is naturally obtained and hence the model explains the observed bi-large lepton mixing and simultaneously the required small mixing Ue3. The mass matrices and mixing in the quark sector are also briefly discussed.

The symmetry behind extended flavour democracy and large leptonic mixing

We show that there is a minimal discrete symmetry which leads to the extended flavour democracy scenario constraining the Dirac neutrino, the charged lepton and the Majorana neutrino mass term ($M_R$) to be all proportional to the democratic matrix, with all elements equal. In particular, this discreet symmetry forbids other large contributions to $M_R$, such as a term proportional to the unit matrix, which would normally be allowed by a $S_{3L}\times S_{3R}$ permutation symmetry. This feature is crucial in order to obtain large leptonic mixing, without violating 't Hooft's, naturalness principle.

Gauge mediated proton decay in a renormalizable SUSY SO(10) with realistic mass matrices

Proton decay via d=5 operators is excluded by now not only in the framework of SUSY SU(5) but also its extensions like SUSY SO(10) are on the verge of being inconsistent with d=5 decays. It is reasonable therefore to suppress, e.g. by a symmetry, the d=5 operators and to consider gauge boson induced d=6 decays. This is suggested in several recent papers in the framework of models with a lighter $ M_X$. We discuss here explicitly the fermionic sector of such a renormalizable SUSY SO(10) with realistic mass matrices. We find that the recently ``observed'' large leptonic mixing leads to an enhancement of the nucleon decay channels involving $\mu$'s and in particular the $\mu^+\pi^o$, $\mu^+\pi^-$ modes.