Large Areas Of Land Research Articles

EVALUATION OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR OIL PALM (Elaeis quineensis Jacq.) IN LUBUK KARAK VILLAGE SEMBILAN KOTO DISTRICT DHARMASRAYA

Currently, the government continues to encourage the development of oil palm plantation areas with the aim of boosting domestic economic activity. Nagari Lubuk Karak has a large area of land and has the potential to be developed into plantations, especially oil palm plantations. This regency has a land area of 1056 ha. Therefore, an evaluation of land suitability needs to be carried out in order to know the actual and potential land suitability class recommendations for oil palm plantations in that village. The stages in the research included secondary data collection, pre-survey, main survey and soil analysis in the laboratory. Land suitability classification is done by matching method. From the research results it is known that the limiting factors in the actual land suitability class at the study site were temperature, water availability, nutrient retention, and erosion hazard. After improvements have been made with good land management, the land suitability class can be increased with a potential land suitability class, which was previously classified as S3, increased to S2, and previously classified as S2, can be increased to S1. Thus, to obtain good oil palm growth in this region, it is necessary to improve the limiting factors on each land.

Use of Drone Photogrammetry as An Innovative, Competency-Based Architecture Teaching Process

The use of drones is becoming increasingly popular in various fields. In the case of education, initiatives have emerged in which they are included as tools to develop student’s knowledge, and their use is becoming more frequent. This research aims to present a case study in which students used drones in an architecture course at a higher education institution in Mexico. It sought to develop transversal competencies in students, such as digital transformation and cutting-edge technologies by studying spaces using photogrammetry with drones. The results showed that students increased their motivation and were able to perform a more detailed analysis of the architectural space in which they conducted the study. Additionally, they were able to capture and analyze information from architectural study processes more quickly. Aerial photogrammetry is a geospatial data collection method that offers several advantages over other methods. These advantages include higher resolution, wide coverage, flexibility, lower costs, and increased safety. Aerial photogrammetry can capture high-resolution images of large areas of land in a single flight, making it an efficient and adaptable tool for a variety of applications and environments. Additionally, it can be more economical and safer than other methods, as it avoids ground contact and reduces risks to personnel and equipment. This study is considered attractive, as it presents an example of the implementation of emerging technologies in architectural education.

PLTS sebagai Backup Supply pada Plant Hidroponik Nutrient Film Tehcnique (NFT) Berbasis IoT

Indonesia is geographically located on the equator, which has very strong solar radiation and high rainfall, making it suitable for farming. Hydroponics is used as a growing medium for planting without using large areas of land by utilizing water and prioritizing the nutritional needs of plants. NFT is a hydroponic method that is easy to implement and is quite effective for plants. However, this method requires a cycle that cannot be stopped, so it requires a pump that must be on all the time. Therefore, a backup supply is needed that can guarantee the availability or continuity of the supply of electricity to the load by using an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) which keeps the system running if the PLN goes out by using PLTS and can be monitored and controlled at any time using Internet of things (IoT) technology. ). From the results of trials and analysis carried out that the performance of the system when in automatic mode, that is, when the battery reaches a value of 11.3 Volts, it will switch to the PLN supply. The supply from PLTS will change to PLN's supply automatically with a predetermined time, namely from 09.00 WIB to 15.00 WIB. If PLN experiences a blackout, it will switch to the PLTS source until PLN is back on.

Integrated GIS-AHP-based approach for off-river pumped hydro energy storage site selection

Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) solutions enable greater diffusion of renewable energy into the electricity grid. However, accelerated development of PHES is complex due to the numerous spatially relevant technical, environmental, social, and economic criteria that must be assessed to determine a pumped hydro sites feasibility. With the goal to rapidly narrow down feasible sites from a large land area, this study developed a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based technique to autonomously identify PHES sites based on a range of environmental and technical criteria. Following GIS-AHP analysis, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) scenario analysis was conducted with a limited number of feasible sites, as well as their carbon abatement potential. The developed approach was demonstrated for the case of Northern Queensland (NrQLD), Australia. The developed GIS-AHP PHES site selection approach identified 14 potentially feasible sites. For the base case scenario, these sites could generate 366.94 TWh over their lifetime while abating 300 ktCO2eq. The LCOE of these 14 PHES sites ranged between 0.04 AU$/kWh and 0.27 AU$/kWh for the base case scenario. The developed approach has implications for energy planning managers seeking to efficiently narrow down feasible PHES sites, which are essential storage enablers for transitioning to a zero-emissions economy.

DECARBONIZATION MANAGEMENT: THE NECESSITY FOR RADICAL SOLUTIONS

The processes of recent climate changes in Europe and on the planet as a whole are considered. The negative economic consequences of climate change are shown. Such consequences are expressed in an increase in air temperature, droughts, a decrease in crop yields, hurricanes, the destruction of buildings, structures and communications, floods and flooding of large areas of land. The problem of sustainable development of mankind in terms of preserving the planet's climate for present and future generations should provide for the solution of a set of tasks: the production of primary energy in the global sense, using sources that do not cause significant harm to nature, and the transformation of such energy into other types of resources. A set of measures within the framework of the systemic model of decarbonization and the processes of managing the progress of their implementation are considered. In this context, the most important and promising direction is the development of wind energy, the second most important is the use of solar energy.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN UPT BENIH INDUK TANAMAN HIAS DAN BIOFARMAKA DINAS TANAMAN PANGAN DAN HORTIKULTURA PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA

UPT Parent Seeds of Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceuticals of North Sumatra Province acts as a plant pilot site, carries out testing/observation of new varieties, purification of regional superior varieties seeds, training of human resources, especially apprenticeships for seed breeders, and collection of germplasm sources originating from regions areas in the province of North Sumatra and from outside the province as well as from abroad. Commodities of ornamental plants and biopharmaceutical plants have strategic meaning in North Sumatra Province because ornamental plants and biopharmaceutical plants are also expected to be a prime mover in the tourism world and at the same time become leverage for increasing income and community welfare. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to improve the development of UPT Seed Parent Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceuticals. The strengths of the UPT BI for Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceuticals include the development of a large area of land, the development of a seed system with good cultivation techniques (GAP), certified products at competitive prices, and the prospects for ornamental plants and biopharmaceuticals are currently quite good. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study show the weaknesses of the UPT BI for Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceuticals, namely governance and management are not optimal, the professionalism of human resources is still very low, the UPT Seed Parent Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceutical is still newly established so it is still not widely known by the market, the budget for UPT Seeds Parent Ornamental Plants and Biopharmaceuticals are limited because they are still centralized in the Department of Food Crops and Horticulture, North Sumatra Province. Opportunities are the momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic, making people's interest to switch to maintaining ornamental plants at home, increasing demand for biopharmaceutical plants during the pandemic, market trends that are in line with this business and disseminating information about ornamental plant and biopharmaceutical policies in the community. Meanwhile, the threat is that the demand for ornamental plants is quite high which is still seasonal/temporary, there are competitors of ornamental plant producers

The efficiency of full-scale subsurface constructed wetlands with high hydraulic loading rates in removing pharmaceutical and personal care products from secondary effluent

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are usually operated at low hydraulic load rates (HLRs) of < 0.5 m3/m2/d, and can efficiently remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewaters. They however often occupy a large area of land, especially when treating the secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in megacities. High-load CWs (HCWs) with an HLR ≥ 1 m3/m2/d, requiring smaller land areas, are a good option for urban areas. However, their performance for PPCP removal is not clear. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three full-scale HCWs (HLR: 1.0–1.3 m3/m2/d) to remove 60 PPCPs, and found they had a stable removal performance and a higher areal removal capacity than the previously reported CWs operated at low HLRs. We verified the advantages of HCWs by testing the efficiency of two identical CWs at a low HLR (0.15 m3/m2/d) and a high HLR (1.3 m3/m2/d) fed with the same secondary effluent. The areal removal capacity during the high-HLR operation was 6–9 times higher than that during the low-HLR operation. A high dissolved oxygen content, and low COD and NH4-N concentrations in the secondary effluent were critical for the robust PPCP removal by tertiary treatment HCWs.

Accumulation and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in Tissues of Different Vegetable Crops

Large areas of arable lands in China have been contaminated by heavy metals, in which cadmium (Cd) contamination was the most prevalent. Cd accumulation in main food crops and leafy vegetables grown in Cd-contaminated fields has aroused considerable attention in recent years. The present study investigated the Cd pollution of farmland soils and vegetables in Qujing city of Yunnan Province, China. By comparing the Cd uptake capacities of different crops, this study aimed to provide guidance for agricultural production in Cd-contaminated farmland, and clarify the influence of Cd bioavailability in soil and chemical forms of Cd in plant roots on its migration. Results showed that soil Cd concentration was up to 37 mg kg−1, which was 61-fold higher than the soil environmental quality standard in China. Concentration of Cd in 73% of the investigated vegetable samples, with the mean value of 5.43 mg Cd kg−1 (dry weight basis), exceeded the food safety standard of China. Leafy vegetables had the highest bioaccumulation factors (BF) and transfer factors (TF), with the mean values of 0.53 and 0.41, respectively. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.), cole (Brassica campestris L.), and fennel (Foeniculum dulce Mill.) had the highest Cd TFs, with averages of 0.67, 0.66, and 0.64, respectively. On the contrary, garlic (Allium sativum L.), onions (Allium fistulosum L.), and pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.) had the lowest Cd TFs, with averages of 0.04, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively. The main chemical fraction of Cd in garlic root was insoluble phosphate (35–48%), whereas in water spinach root, it was pectate, protein binding or sorbed fraction (50–64%), resulting in a higher TF value of water spinach than garlic. These results indicate that there were significant differences in Cd uptake and accumulation between vegetables, and the Cd accumulation in leafy vegetable was significantly higher than that in alliums. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the uptake and accumulation of Cd in crop edible parts by the selection of vegetable species with low Cd accumulation capacity. The chemical fractions of Cd in crop roots, especially the proportions of more mobile fractions, might be an important reason for the root-to-shoot Cd transport and Cd accumulation in the aerial portions.

How revolving-door recruitment makes firms stand out in land market: Evidence from China

The fact that firms seek political connections through revolving-door recruitment is widely acknowledged around the world. Using an original database including the information of listed firms' board members and parcel-level land transaction records, this paper documents how revolving-door recruitment makes firms stand out in China's land market. We show that firms with revolving-door recruitment receive special deals in land transactions, which are simultaneously reflected in the quantity and price of land. Specifically, connected firms buy more parcels and larger areas of land in the primary land market. Due to the particularity of industrial land, price discounts are only identified for commercial and residential land, while not for industrial land. Measuring economic activity by night light intensity, we find no evidence that land transaction under the influence of political connections has a negative impact on economic activity on land. Our research advances the understanding that the state-business relationship is an essential factor in resource allocation in an emerging market with government intervention.

Assessing the Land Reclamation Suitability of Beam Fabrication and Storage Yard in Railway Construction: An AHP-MEA Method.

Railway construction contributes to socio-economic development but causes the occupation and destruction of land resources. How to effectively restore the temporary land and achieve efficient and rational reuse therefore becomes particularly important. The beam fabrication and storage yard (BFSY), as a large temporary facility during railway construction, occupies a large area of land. However, BFSYs damage the land in the way of pressing and may harden the ground to a high degree due to the use of high-density pile foundations, adversely affecting the soil properties. Therefore, this research aims to develop a model for evaluating the land reclamation suitability (LRS) of BFSY. The LRS evaluation indicator system of BFSY was firstly constructed based on the literature review and expert interviews. Then, an indicator-based model for assessing the LRS of BFSY was developed by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model and the matter-element analysis (MEA) model. A case project in China was chosen to demonstrate and validate the developed model, and results show that the proposed model can rationally evaluate the LRS of BFSY in railway construction. The findings of this research enrich the knowledge system of sustainable railway construction and guide construction managers to conduct practical suitability assessments of land reclamation.

Flood Vulnerability Assessment of A Semi-Arid Region: A Case Study of Dutse in Jigawa State, Nigeria

Floods occur as a consequence of overflowing water over a large area of land that is which is beyond the soils ability to absorbed the water at the receiving rate. In this study, rainfall, slope, soil type, land cover, and drainage network were analyzed as causative factors of flooding. Furthermore, Landsat satellite images was used to assess land use and land cover (LULC). Flood vulnerable areas are were analyzed using the multicriteria evaluation process (MCE). A flood vulnerable areas map was generated after overlaying the maps of the major parameters responsible for flooding in GIS environment. The results show that the vulnerable areas are not confined in one area alone, however, the southmost part, the upper north and some part of the central accounting for about 25% are very vulnerable and high to flooding thanks to accumulations of multiple factors. Similarly, the result indicated that 53 %, 19% and 3% of the area were characterized as moderate, low and very vulnerable areas respectively. This research will help environmental managers and policy makers toward sustainable management of flooding affecting the area. This work will assist policy makers and environmental managers in identifying the major areas that are more at risk of flooding, thus, the little available resources can be allocated to these areas for better management practices and sustainable development.&#x0D;

Collective geographical ecoregions and precursor sources driving Arctic new particle formation

Abstract. The Arctic is a rapidly changing ecosystem, with complex ice–ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. An important process is new particle formation (NPF), from gas-phase precursors, which provides a climate forcing effect. NPF has been studied comprehensively at different sites in the Arctic, ranging from those in the High Arctic and those at Svalbard to those in the continental Arctic, but no harmonised analysis has been performed on all sites simultaneously, with no calculations of key NPF parameters available for some sites. Here, we analyse the formation and growth of new particles from six long-term ground-based stations in the Arctic (Alert, Villum, Tiksi, Zeppelin Mountain, Gruvebadet, and Utqiaġvik). Our analysis of particle formation and growth rates in addition to back-trajectory analysis shows a summertime maxima in the frequency of NPF and particle formation rate at all sites, although the mean frequency and particle formation rates themselves vary greatly between sites, with the highest at Svalbard and lowest in the High Arctic. The summertime growth rate, condensational sinks, and vapour source rates show a slight bias towards the southernmost sites, with vapour source rates varying by around an order of magnitude between the northernmost and southernmost sites. Air masses back-trajectories during NPF at these northernmost sites are associated with large areas of sea ice and snow, whereas events at Svalbard are associated with more sea ice and ocean regions. Events at the southernmost sites are associated with large areas of land and sea ice. These results emphasise how understanding the geographical variation in surface type across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources and providing a harmonised analysis of NPF across the Arctic.

Assessment of Soil Erosion Hazards in Kambiti Subcatchment, Murang’a County, Kenya

Erosion is a global problem that destroys soil and adversely affects ecosystem productivity. Soil erosion generally involves many processes but the major activities involve particles being transported and deposited to another location. With an increasing population, soil erosion, water availability, energy production, and biodiversity loss are some of the most pressing environmental problems around the world. Erosion is a hazard associated with agriculture in tropical and semi-arid areas. Kambiti sub catchment is part of the upper Tana catchment. The upper Tana catchment includes 25% of Kenya gazette forest. A large area of land has been degraded, resulting in a drastic reduction in surface water availability during the dry season and poor-quality water during the wet season caused by high silt levels. The main objective of the study is to assess erosion hazards using RUSLE model in Kambiti sub catchment area, Murang’a County. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility factor in Kambiti Sub catchment area in Murang’a County, to determine effect of slope factor to soil loss in Kambiti Sub-catchment area in Murang’a County, to determine the effect of crop protection and management factor in Kambiti Sub catchment area in Murang’a County to soil loss and to determine the strategies for management of soil and water in Kambiti Sub catchment area in Murang’a County. Data was collected from the catchment and analyzed using arc Geographical Information System to obtain the specific parameters in the revised universal soil loss equation model. Interpolation method was used to determine the mean annual precipitation. The k factor is a function of soil texture. Shape file for geological structure for Kenya was obtained from Kenya Agriculture and livestock Research Organisation and analyzed by use of arc GIS to obtain soil erodibility factor. The slope factor was analyzed using digital elevation model from arc view. Digital elevation model was gotten from STRM download. The C factor was derived from Landsat imagery from sentinel of 30metres by 30 metres. It was further analysed by unsupervised classification from Arc GIS. The sentinel clip of Kambiti sub-catchment was joined with ground trothing observations. The results were useful in estimation of soil loss therefore profiling the areas prone to soil loss. Study findings indicated rain drop impact and runoff were primarily responsible for causing erosion in Kambiti sub catchment. Anthropogenic factors played an important role in amplifying the severity of the damage, such as persistent vegetative degradation and destruction of soil structure due to organic matter depletion and routine shallow tillage. In recent years, erosion control has been hampered by the occurrence of gaps in knowledge regarding the integrated nature of erosion processes, leading to land damage caused by rill and inter-rill erosion going unaddressed. Poor people and those lacking capital to invest in reclaiming land are the main causes of abandoning degraded land. Through strategic awareness campaigns and education, soil erosion will be assessed and the knowledge gap will be closed. Participation of farmers in land use decisions is inevitable as it ensures that people who utilize land resources are recognized as equal partners in identifying problems and designing solutions. It was also recommended that Identification and operationalization of alternative off-farm income.&#x0D;

Factors That Influence the Livelihood Resilience of Flood Control Project Resettlers: Evidence from the Lower Yellow River, China

Land requisition and resettlement of migrants are two major parts of flood control projects. After a large land area was allocated for flood control projects, livelihood resilience of resettlers became a great challenge. In this paper, Puyang County, Taiqian County, and Fan County, Henan Province, China, are chosen for a household survey. An index system to assess farming households’ livelihood resilience is constructed. After that, regression analysis and variance analysis are adopted to examine influencing factors of resettlers’ livelihood resilience. Results suggest the following: (1) Livelihood resilience of resettled farming households is on the whole lower than that of non-resettled farming households; (2) Response to policies, family scale, livelihood strategy, and skill training are major influencing factors of resettled farming households’ livelihood resilience; (3) Compared with other types of farming households, livelihood resilience of farming households with land expropriated is significantly different. In order to enhance resettlers’ livelihood resilience, the government should expand the application scope of follow-up support policies of reservoir resettlement, enhance capability construction of resettlement management departments, strengthen support for resettlers’ employment, combine resettlement with rural revitalization strategy, and improve the social security system for flood control project resettlers.

Climate risk, institutional quality, and total factor productivity

Climate risk severely affects natural ecosystems, and human social systems, especially the economy. Total factor productivity (TFP) has been considered a key factor in explaining long-term economic development. Using the global Climate Risk Index (CRI), we innovatively examine the relationship between climate risk and TFP as moderated by political and economic institutions. We find a negative impact of climate risk on TFP and a regional heterogeneity among countries with different levels of affluence, land area, and population size. The sensitivity of climate risk in poor areas decreases with an increase in affluence, and countries with larger land area and population size are less sensitive to climate risk. In addition, good political and economic institutions can mitigate the negative effects of climate risk, but these moderating effects are not significant in large countries. Finally, we make relevant recommendations for responding to climate risk and improving total factor productivity.

KARAKTERISTIK PETANI NANAS BESERTA INPUT, MODAL, DAN PENDAPATANNYA: STUDI DESKRIPTIF DAN KORELATIF

Farming activities aim to increase productivity so that profits will be higher. Production and productivity cannot be separated from the production factors owned by farmers to increase the production of their crops. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of pineapple farming and the relationship between farmer characteristics, namely land area and farming inputs, capital and farming income. The data used in this study were 42 farmers in Astomulyo Village, Punggur District, Central Lampung. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and chi-square analysis. The results showed that farmers with large land areas (&gt; 1 Ha) produced high pineapple production using 41 thousand - 60 thousand seeds and farming income of more than 100 million per year, but costs for rent and production were categorized as high, above 10 million . Farmers who have medium land (0.5 - 1 Ha) use as much as 21 thousand - 40 thousand seeds with the majority of farm income generated exceeding 100 million, but the cost of renting the land is quite high, which is 10 million/year and high input costs exceed 10 million/year. Farmers who have small land (&lt;1 Ha) use seeds ranging from 10 thousand - 20 thousand, have limited land, earn less than 50 million/year, cheap rent costs less than 5 million/year and farming costs less than 10 million/year. Based on the results of comparative analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between land area and stem seed farming inputs, total income, farming costs (rent), and farming costs (saprotan) at a significant level of 5%.

Developing conservoltaic systems to support biodiversity on solar farms

Despite a booming renewable energy sector in Australia, there are few studies investigating the potential for land sharing between renewable energy and nature conservation. We introduce the concept of conservoltic systems, where solar energy and wildlife conservation can occur simultaneously. Habitat conversion is one of the leading threats to biodiversity globally (Fischer & Lindenmayer, 2007). Renewable energy initiatives such as large-scale solar, wind and hydroelectric power installations have recently boomed, requiring large areas of land for power generation. To offset decreasing land available for biodiversity and nature conservation, land sharing (i.e. using the same land for multiple purposes; Fischer et al., 2008) could maximise land value. Agrivoltaic systems (agriculture + voltaic [solar energy]) are one of the suggested multifunction land uses for renewable energy. In these systems, solar energy and agricultural practices coexist to produce beneficial outcomes for both industries, emerging to better meet the needs for multiple commercial-scale financial returns (Adeh et al., 2019; Dinesh & Pearce, 2016; Dupraz et al., 2011). No such scheme, however, exists for combining solar energy and wildlife conservation in Australia. Here, we introduce the concept of conservoltaic systems to identify and exploit opportunities to combine solar energy production and biodiversity conservation. Innovative design and management strategies on solar farms could contribute to nature conservation. Solar panels may provide suitable habitat and structural complexity for wildlife, including shelter from predators, perch or nesting structures and shading (Nordberg et al., 2021; Figure 1 and 2), which can be enhanced with appropriate management (e.g. targeted habitat restoration activities). Consequently, a few studies from Europe have identified opportunities to enhance pollinator biodiversity on large-scale solar parks (Blaydes et al., 2021, 2022; Montag et al., 2016). Clearly defining the required characteristics of conservoltaic sites and the management required for wildlife to benefit from such opportunities is urgent, especially given the current and rapidly increasing extent of solar farms worldwide (Agha et al., 2020; Nordberg et al., 2021). Furthermore, building solar farms on sites degraded by previous land uses, such as arable cropland or livestock grazing, especially in areas with low productivity, provides an opportunity to minimise land conversion while simultaneously increasing land value by creating habitat for local wildlife. We are, however, lacking research on appropriate locations, configurations and management schemes on solar farms to enhance biodiversity retention and recovery. We urgently require empirical data on wildlife use of solar farms and adjoining areas to successfully identify land sharing opportunities of hybrid landscape designs, or ‘conservoltaic’ systems. A collaborative approach across industry, land managers and research organisations is needed to facilitate land management schemes that promote energy production and conservation actions simultaneously (Moore-O'Leary et al., 2017). Eric J. Nordberg: Conceptualization (equal); writing – original draft (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). Lin Schwarzkopf: Conceptualization (equal); writing – original draft (supporting); writing – review and editing (equal). Open access publishing facilitated by University of New England, as part of the Wiley - University of New England agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians. There is no raw data associated with this article.

Housing Regulations for Low-Income People in Indonesia

Indonesia had 11 million home backlogs in 2020 and 93% of this number are low-income and poor people. South Tangerang is one of the cities in Indonesia where 80% of the area is built by private developers, and 50% of which is developed by three major companies. The existence of large-scale housing they’ve built has caused local people to move to the peripheral of the housing or to places on the outskirts of the city. This paper analysis how the regulations give companies the authority to control large land area and how its impact to low-income people. By using the socio-legal method, this study aims to reveal the implication of law in society. The results showed that the existence of large-scale housing did not contribute to fulfilling the housing needs of low-income people in South Tangerang City. Regulations in the housing sector have not had any implications for the fulfilment of housing needs for low-income people. There are no small houses that the local people can afford.

Private ownership of land and rental agricultural land use

The article discusses issues of private property and rent of agricultural land use. Land policy in the field of agricultural land use in the post-reform period of the transition from the state and collective ownership of land to more individualized and sensitive structure of land ownership is not realized, the state "did not leave the land" and continues to rent unjustifiably large areas of productive agricultural land for short-term period of 3-5 years, provoking their depleting use, vicious practice of unwise consumption, encourages the excessive concentration of agricultural land for individuals to displace small and medium-sized agricultural business from agricultural production. It also attracts land speculators buying up agricultural land and creating the deficit in abundance; they are re-lease lands at a ten-fold rental payment, appropriating land rent owned by municipalities (rent in the regions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region exceeds the land tax calculated at an unreasonably underestimated tax rate of 0.3% by 60 times). The present-time land policy should focus on existing problems to ensure free access to land, protect the rights of land ownership, develop the land market, ensure environmental sustainability, and combat poverty. It is important to determine the current range of issues with which land policy must deal, highlight priority areas for improving it and organize the relevant activities of the state in the field of regulation of land relations.

Peran Penyuluhh Pertanian Lapangan Pada Kelompok Tani Padi Sawah Di Desa Tombolango Kecamatan Sangkub Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara

This study aims to find out how important the role of agricultural extension workers is in farmer groups, especially rice farmer groups. North Bolaang Mongondow Regency is the third largest producer of rice in North Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted in the Pangan Jaya rice farmer group with 10 farmer group members and the largest land area in Sangkub District, North Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted from May to July 2022. The selection of respondents was intentional. Primary data is data obtained from respondent farmers through interviews using a questionnaire. Secondary data is data obtained from the Village office, Agriculture Office, Agricultural Extension Center, and other related agencies. The results showed the role of agricultural extension workers in the Pangan Jaya rice farmer group.