Large Islands Research Articles

Controlling three-dimensional magnetic island appearance with external current drive in the Chinese first quasi-axisymmetric stellarator

In this study, the impact of a non-inductive current drive, such as electron cyclotron current drive, on three-dimensional (3D) magnetic islands in the high-β equilibrium of the Chinese First Quasi-axisymmetric Stellarator (CFQS) was investigated using the HINT code. In the case of a high-β equilibrium (volume-averaged plasma beta <β> ∼ 0.74% and bootstrap current I bs∼ 24.5 kA), two m/n = 4/2 rational surfaces with large magnetic islands develop (Wang et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 036021). The islands can be effectively controlled using a constant or a Gaussian current density profile, depending on the direction and amplitude of the current. With a constant current density amounting to a total current of −6 kA, the rotational transform profile can be modified such that the m/n = 4/2 rational surface is eliminated and the island is suppressed. For the Gaussian current density profile, the magnetic island can also be suppressed using a smaller total current of ∼−2 kA to adjust the iota profile. These results suggest that in the CFQS stellarator, the external current drive might be an efficient approach for controlling 3D magnetic islands and consequently improving plasma confinement.

ANALISIS TRANSMISSION FAILURE PADA RCU T6M PAE SEBAGAI BACKUP RADIO APP PRIMARY 120.8 MHZ

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of a group of large and small islands. Therefore, air transportation is needed to support good economic growth. Air transportation services must be balanced with good flight navigation services. The Indonesian government established Airnav Indonesia as an aviation navigation service agency in Indonesia. All aviation navigation and communication services in Indonesia are served by Airnav Indonesia. When communicating in the world of aviation, of course you must have facilities that support aviation communications. Aviation communication equipment facilities have an important role in assisting air traffic controllers in providing flight services. The author found damage to the T6M RCU which was used as a backup for the Primary VHF OTE APP radio. During inspection, it was discovered that the T6M RCU was unable to transmit. After analyzing the problem, the author takes corrective steps. Flight communications equipment must always be in normal condition to support flight navigation services

The island, the prison, and the colony: Sardinian carceral and colonial geographies

AbstractAcross research on incarceration and insularity, recent trajectories have challenged conventional understandings of islands and prisons as isolated, autonomous units. Instead, they have directed attention toward their capacity to establish relations, circuits and routes. Beyond the focus on mobility and exchanges, this literature criticised the association between insularity, incarceration and confinement as the outcome of specific colonial epistemologies. This article builds on these literatures to investigate the case of Sardinia, a large Mediterranean island that plays a key role in the Italian carceral regime by providing a destination for thousands of Italian convicts. Despite being an Italian and European region, Sardinia's past and present exhibit distinct colonial qualities, which are visible in the structure of its carceral estate. The case study exemplifies how islands can hardly be interpreted as isolated units, given that their histories and geographies have implications that extend far beyond their coasts. In the case of Sardinia, the island combines modern penitentiaries with dynamics reminiscent of previous periods in the history of punishment, specifically penal colonies and convict transportation. This case study illustrates the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach that is willing to question the conceptual categories adopted, particularly those of island, prison and colony.

Studies on the Flora of the Andaman Islands

Studies and observations, made on the flora of the Andaman Islands during a botanical exploration tour in 1959, are recorded in this paper. Andamans are a group of large and small islands 204 in number, lying in the Bay of Bengal between 13°41'and 10°30' N. latitudes, and 92°11'and 93°7'E. longitudes.Important vegetation types commonly met with in these islands are the Mangrove forests, Beach forests, Deciduous forests and Evergreen forests at lower and higher elevations. The floristic composition of the South, Middle, and North Andamans are described in detail. A floristic analysis of the Andaman Islands, based on the collections made during the above tour is presented. An enumeration of the plants collected, is given at the end.

Demographic models predict end-Pleistocene arrival and rapid expansion of pre-agropastoralist humans in Cyprus

The antiquity of human dispersal into Mediterranean islands and ensuing coastal adaptation have remained largely unexplored due to the prevailing assumption that the sea was a barrier to movement and that islands were hostile environments to early hunter-gatherers [J. F. Cherry, T. P. Leppard, J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol. 13, 191-205 (2018), 10.1080/15564894.2016.1276489]. Using the latest archaeological data, hindcasted climate projections, and age-structured demographic models, we demonstrate evidence for early arrival (14,257 to 13,182 calendar years ago) to Cyprus and predicted that large groups of people (~1,000 to 1,375) arrived in 2 to 3 main events occurring within <100 y to ensure low extinction risk. These results indicate that the postglacial settlement of Cyprus involved only a few large-scale, organized events requiring advanced watercraft technology. Our spatially debiased and Signor-Lipps-corrected estimates indicate rapid settlement of the island within <200 y, and expansion to a median of 4,000 to 5,000 people (0.36 to 0.46 km-2) in <11 human generations (<300 y). Our results do not support the hypothesis of inaccessible and inhospitable islands in the Mediterranean for pre-agropastoralists, agreeing with analogous conclusions for other parts of the world [M. I. Bird et al., Sci. Rep. 9, 8220 (2019), 10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9]. Our results also highlight the need to revisit these questions in the Mediterranean and test their validity with new technologies, field methods, and data. By applying stochastic models to the Mediterranean region, we can place Cyprus and large islands in general as attractive and favorable destinations for paleolithic peoples.

A large population island framework for the unconstrained binary quadratic problem

The unconstrained binary quadratic problem is an NP-hard problem and has applications in many fields. Recently, the problem has attracted much interest in the field of quantum optimization, as it is directly related to the Ising problem in physics and the development of quantum computers. However, effectively solving large instances of this problem remains a major challenge for existing solution methods. To advance the state of the art in solving the problem on a large scale, we propose an evolutionary algorithm with a very large population organized in different islands and integrating a new pairing and recombination method to produce promising offspring in each generation. Numerous experiments are conducted to evaluate the effects of different pairing strategies, crossovers, and migration topologies. This research has led to the discovery of new bounds for difficult instances of the maximum cut problem, which has been transformed using the binary quadratic formulation.

Spatio-temporal patterns and population exposure risks of urban heat island in megacity Shanghai, China

Accompanied by global warming and rapid urbanization, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has been intensifying, which leads to an increased risk of population heat exposure, especially in mega-cities. However, there are fewer studies on the identification of UHI ranges and the associated population heat exposure risks, particularly on the fine scale. Therefore, this study took Shanghai as a case study and explored the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the UHI ranges and population heat exposure risks, based on five-period MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product, population density distribution data, and land use and cover change data from 2000 to 2020, combined with the temperature attenuation mutation (TAM) method, breakpoint regression model, population heat exposure relative risk assessment method, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the UHI range in Shanghai was continuously expanding, and the intensity of the surface UHI was gradually increasing. The overall pattern was characterized by a stable large heat island in the central urban area and new small heat islands that continued to emerge in the peripheral suburbs. (2) The population heat exposure risks in Shanghai intensified from 2000 to 2020, with an increasing number of people exposed to high-intensity UHI ranges, doubling the population coverage in these areas. By the end of 2020, the population exposed to UHI ranges accounted for approximately 81 % of the total population of Shanghai. (3) The spatial pattern of population heat exposure risks from 2000 to 2020 was generally similar. Population heat exposure regions of high risk level were primarily concentrated in the central urban areas, showing typical spatial clustering characteristics, while population heat exposure regions of low risk level were mainly dispersed in the peripheral suburbs, and showed a gradual transformation trend into population heat exposure regions of high risk level. Our findings can provide scientific basis and decision support for precise and refined urban heat risk control and planning management.

Application of the fast 3D simplified simulation method for the large CAP1400 nuclear island evaporator based on the coupled source term method

As for the evaporator of the large CAP1400 nuclear power plant, it has a large volume with numerous tubes along with the complex flow heat transfer phenomenon. The traditional direct simulation method usually takes a lot of time and computing resources to obtain the flow heat transfer data. To solve the problem, a fast simulation method established on the porous medium source term was herein proposed. In this simplified simulation method, the complex evaporator model is replaced with the porous medium model, where the derived heat and momentum source terms are added into the governing equation to control the heat flows. Five kinds of simplified evaporator models with different numbers of pipes were set to be the research objects, the internal flows inside the evaporator were studied with the traditional direct simulation method and the newly proposed simplified simulation method. Via comparative analysis, it can be found that: 1) The newly proposed simplified simulation method accurately captures the distribution characteristics of pressure, temperature, and entropy production in the evaporator, serving as a viable alternative to traditional direct simulation methods. Specifically, the average simulation errors for inlet-outlet pressure difference and temperature difference are both less than 5 % and 7 %, respectively. 2) The newly proposed simplified simulation method can capture the mutual interference effects between the evaporator and the nuclear main pump. When the evaporator is connected in series with the main nuclear pump, the average head of the main pump increases by 0.34 m, while the efficiency decreases by an average of 0.34 %. The average simulation errors of the simplified simulation method are 0.06 m and 0.13 %, respectively. 3) The application of the simplified simulation method leads to a significant 85 % decrease in the average computational cost for evaporator calculations and a notable 36 % decrease for combined calculations of the evaporator and main pump. The study here is expected to provide technique support for the simulation and evaluation of the large nuclear island.

Impact of Ejecta Temperature and Mass on the Strength of Heavy Element Signatures in Kilonovae

A kilonova, the electromagnetic emission produced by compact binary mergers, is formed through a delicate interplay of physical processes, involving r-process nucleosynthesis and interactions between heavy elements and photons through radiative transfer. This complexity makes it difficult to achieve a comprehensive understanding of kilonova spectra. In this study, we aim to enhance our understanding and establish connections between physical parameters and observables through radiative-transfer simulations. Specifically, we investigate how ejecta temperature and element mass influence the resulting kilonova spectrum. For each species, the strength of its line features depends on these parameters, leading to the formation of a distinct region in the parameter space, dubbed the resonance island, where the line signature of that species is notably evident in the kilonova spectrum. We explore its origin and applications. Among explored r-process elements (31 ≤ Z ≤ 92), we find that four species—SrII, YII, BaII, and CeII—exhibit large and strong resonance islands, suggesting their significant contributions to kilonova spectra at specific wavelengths. In addition, we discuss potential challenges and future perspectives in observable heavy elements and their masses in the context of the resonance island.

The Expectations Regarding Aging and Ageism Perspective between Nurses and Caregivers in Long-term Care Facilities

Background: Ageism negatively impacts older adults’ health, especially in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), where healthcare workers often hold unfavorable views of them. Understanding these perspectives is vital for combating ageism and improving LTCF quality. Yet, comprehensive studies on healthcare workers’ attitudes toward ageism are lacking, hindering targeted interventions. Therefore, grasping their attitudes and behaviors is crucial for addressing ageism in LTCFs and enhancing care for older adults.Purpose: This study aimed to explore healthcare workers’ expectations regarding aging and their perspective on ageism towards older adults in LTCFs.Methods: This study was randomly conducted in sixteen LTCFs across Indonesia’s five largest islands using a cross-sectional study with a comparative descriptive design. Participants included 56 nurses and 173 non-licensed caregivers. Data on aging expectations and ageism perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic were collected. An online and offline self-administered questionnaires (i.e., participant’s characteristics, the expectations regarding aging survey, ageism perspective in time of the COVID-19 pandemic) were conducted. Differences between nurses and caregivers were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-tests.Results: Altogether, 56 nurses and 173 caregivers (with an average age of 39.9 years) participated in the study. Significant differences were observed between nurses and non-licensed caregivers in their expectations regarding physical health, mental health, and overall expectations regarding aging (p-value = &lt;0.001, &lt;0.001, &lt;0.001, respectively). Non-licensed caregivers had higher mean scores for each item compared to nurses. Whereas, the perspective nurse and non-licensed caregivers were significantly different about older adults being more accessible to being infected with SARS-CoV-2, vulnerable population, prone to severity, easier to expose virus, low income, must isolated (p-value = 0.029, 0.007, 0.010, 0.033, &lt;0.001, &lt;0.001, respectively). The mean score of each item of nurses was higher than non-licensed caregivers.Conclusion: The expectation regarding aging of caregivers was higher than nurses. In line, the nurses’ scores have a lower attitude toward ageism during time COVID-19 pandemic. Exposure to ageism behavior and ageing conditions needs to be done for healthcare workers.

Coarsening of Quasi Two-Dimensional Emulsions Formed by Islands in Free-Standing Smectic Films.

We study the coarsening behavior of assemblies of islands on smectic A freely suspended films in ISS microgravity experiments. The islands can be regarded as liquid inclusions in a two-dimensional fluid in analogy to liquid droplets of the discontinuous phase of an emulsion. The coarsening is effectuated by two processes, predominantly by island coalescence, but to some extend also by Ostwald ripening, whereby large islands grow at the expense of surrounding smaller ones. A peculiarity of this system is that the continuous and the discontinuous phases consist of the same material. We determine the dynamics, analyze the self-similar aging of the island size distribution and discuss characteristic exponents of the mean island growth.

Bali mini empire: Dynamics of Gelgel Kingdom as maritime kingdom in 16th – 17th century

The meaning of the title above is that the Gelgel kingdom was fairly large in the archipelago (Imporium) as the successor to the Hindu-Majapahit kingdom. Gelgel controls four large islands, namely East Java (Blambangan), Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. The Gelgel Kingdom also lasted quite a long time for four centuries (14-17th century), longer than its predecessor - Majapahit which lasted for 2 centuries (14-15th century). Majapahit's real power was East Java, Bali and Madura, while the regions mentioned in the Kertagama State cannot yet be ascertained. In several of his writings, historian Sartono Kartodirdjo no longer uses the terminology of the modern ancient era or the colonial era. This Indonesian historian focuses more on the dynamics of society in accepting the presence of foreign powers in Indonesia. Likewise, various interactions occur in relationships such as politics, culture, trade or military power (Sartono Kartodirdjo, 2020). It is in the context of interactions and relationships that topics such as the title above are written. In this case, the dynamics of the Gelgel kingdom between 1300 and 1686 were able to develop shipping networks, political trade and other relations for more than three and a half centuries.

Discovery of presumably introduced spiders, Oedignathascrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Araneae, Liocranidae) and Boagriusqiong Lin & Li, 2022 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) on Chichi-jima Island, the Ogasawara Islands, Japan.

The spider fauna of the Ogasawara Islands, oceanic islands located 1,000 km south of mainland Japan was comprehensively examined by the National Museum of Nature and Science in 2011, which revealed that approximately 70% of the spider fauna was composed of non-native species. Following the preceding study, however, only descriptions of several new species have been added and no major updates have been made for the overall spider fauna of the Islands. The faunistic survey of spiders conducted on Chichi-jima Island, the largest island in the Ogasawara Islands in 2023 revealed the presence of two ground-dwelling spider species, Oedignathascrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Araneae, Liocranidae) and Boagriusqiong Lin & Li, 2022 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) on the Island. This represents the first record of the two species from Japan, the first record of palpimaid spiders from Japan and the initial documentation of liocranid spiders in the Ogasawara Islands.

Rolling with the punches—How competition shapes the morphology of small passerines on small islands

AbstractAimWallacea is a global biodiversity hotspot and Sulawesi is the largest island in this region, notable for a high proportion of endemic species. The Wakatobi archipelago, off the southeastern peninsular arm of Sulawesi, is home to several endemic bird species. Although islands are known to influence the morphology of their resident species, competitive interactions also exert strong influences on morphology. Here, we consider the contributions of both islands and competitors on two morphological traits of two bird species in a small passerine guild found on the Wakatobi islands.LocationWakatobi archipelago, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia.TaxonWakatobi White‐eye (Zosterops flavissimus) and Wakatobi Sunbird (Cinnyris infrenatus).MethodsWorking with morphological measures (from netting studies), population density metrics (from transect surveys) and fundamental data from islands (area, distance from mainland and elevation), we investigated (by means of multiple linear regression) which terms best explained variation in the body size and bill size of two small passerine birds endemic to the Wakatobi islands.ResultsBoth island metrics and competitor presence/density were useful in describing the variation in body size of both bird species. However, only competitor presence/density was useful in describing variation in bill size of the birds. The best models describing variation in these traits included terms representing both interspecific and intraspecific competition.Main ConclusionsOur findings indicate that simple island metrics may be useful in predicting some of the variation in some functional traits of island species. However, in this example, simple island metrics were insufficient to explain the full variation in body size of endemic birds across the Wakatobi archipelago and were of no use in predicting the variation in their bill size. As bill morphology frequently dictates diet and feeding niche, it is a trait which may determine population divergence and speciation. If simple island metrics fail to describe such diversification, it is surely important to capture that information in other ways.

Breeding parameters of a Great Tit (Parus major) population on the island of Cyprus compared to other Mediterranean populations

Many studies on the Great Tit, Parus major, have been conducted within the Mediterranean Basin, especially on its reproductive biology, forest habitat interactions, and nutritional resources. However, to date no detailed scientific research on these issues has been conducted on the island of Cyprus with a general paucity in research on this topic from the Eastern Mediterranean. Island species, through reduced gene flow and general isolation often evolve reproductive differences from their mainland relatives. As Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean and the most easterly positioned it provides an ideal opportunity compare the breeding biology of this island population with those from the wider Mediterranean region. This study aimed to gather some baseline reproductive data for Great Tits breeding in Cyprus. This data was then used to compare the reproductive outputs of Cypriot Great Tits from the sub species Parus major aphrodite with other Mediterranean island populations. This study was performed over a 3-year period during the breeding seasons of 2016-2018 in four evergreen forest areas. Mean clutch size was 7.7 eggs and hatching success 76.0%. The mean weight of the young was 16.3 g and mean tarsus length 18.7 mm. Significant differences were found between the years of the study, both in mean clutch size (p<0.0001) and the day of the first egg (p<0.0001), with 2016 producing the largest clutches and clutches being laid earlier than the subsequent two years. The start of the breeding season of the Great Tit was considerably earlier in Cyprus compared to other Mediterranean regions.

Extended Lissamphibia: a tale of character non-independence, analytical parameters and islands of trees

The age, content and inter-order relationships of crown Lissamphibia remain a debated topic in vertebrate systematics. Recent phylogenetic analyses of fossil amphibians were used to propose an extended Lissamphibia, with Anura and Caudata nested in Dissorophoidea and with Gymnophiona nested in Stereospondyli, but this hypothesis was not supported by subsequent studies on updated matrices. In a parsimony context, the extended Lissamphibia hypothesis was shown to result from the effects of large island bias on the majority-rule consensus, which masked the presence of topologies supporting the restricted Lissamphibia hypothesis, with all extant orders nested in Dissorophoidea or in Stereospondyli. Re-analysing this dataset, taking into account the presence of inapplicable and polymorphic character states and revising the scores for logically non-independent characters, shows that the phylogenies inferred from the morphological data matrix used to propose the extended Lissamphibia hypothesis are not robust to changes in analytical parameters and that great care should be taken when analysing fossil amphibian datasets. With the set of most parsimonious trees inferred from the unrevised matrix used to propose the extended Lissamphibia hypothesis, I also demonstrate that the phenomenon of large island bias extends to phylogenetic networks, but not to topology-based tests of taxonomic instability that do not rely on split-frequencies.

Effects of rodent abundance on ticks and Borrelia: results from an experimental and observational study in an island system

BackgroundLyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in Europe and is often caused by Borrelia afzelii, which is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks. The prevalence and abundance of infected ticks fluctuate in time and space, influencing human infection risk. Rodents are reservoir hosts for B. afzelii and important feeding hosts for larval ticks. In the study reported here, we examined how variation in rodent abundance is associated with B. afzelii infection prevalence in ticks, the density of nymphs (DON) and the density of infected nymphs (DIN) in the following year. We further analysed the relationships between the abundance of infected rodents and nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) and DIN.MethodsWe conducted a study that combined experimental and observational approaches on 15 islands (10 small islands and 5 large islands) in Finland. On all of the islands, ticks and rodents were monitored and sampled during the summer of 2019, with the monitoring of tick abundance and sampling continuing into the spring of 2020. On five of the 10 small islands, captured rodents were removed from the island (“removal” islands), and on the other five small islands, captured rodents were released back to the trapping site after marking and sampling (“control” islands). On the five large islands, captured rodents were released back to the trapping site after marking and sampling. The presence of B. afzelii from nymph and rodent samples was examined.ResultsThe results of the experimental study showed that neither treatment (removal), rodent abundance index nor abundance index of infected rodents in 2019 was associated with DON, NIP or DIN in 2020. Based on data from the observational study, the NIP in 2020 decreased with increasing rodent abundance index and abundance index of infected rodents in 2019. However, the DIN in 2020 was not associated with the rodent abundance index or the abundance index of infected rodents in 2019. In addition, in the observational study, DON in 2020 increased with increasing rodent abundance index.ConclusionsOur results suggest that low rodent abundance during the tick activity period is not sufficient for reducing the disease hazard and, hence, rodent removal may not be a feasible control measure in natural ecosystems.Graphical abstract

Land-use change interacts with island biogeography to alter bird community assembly.

Anthropogenic activities have reshaped biodiversity on islands worldwide. However, it remains unclear how island attributes and land-use change interactively shape multiple facets of island biodiversity through community assembly processes. To answer this, we conducted bird surveys in various land-use types (mainly forest and farmland) using transects on 34 oceanic land-bridge islands in the largest archipelago of China. We found that bird species richness increased with island area and decreased with isolation, regardless of the intensity of land-use change. However, forest-dominated habitats exhibited lower richness than farmland-dominated habitats. Island bird assemblages generally comprised species that share more similar traits or evolutionary histories (i.e. functional and/or phylogenetic clustering) than expected if assemblages were randomly assembled. Contrary to our expectations, we observed that bird assemblages in forest-dominated habitats were more clustered on large and close islands, whereas assemblages in farmland-dominated habitats were more clustered on small islands. These contrasting results indicate that land-use change interacts with island biogeography to alter the community assembly of birds on inhabited islands. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating human-modified habitats when examining the community assembly of island biota, and further suggest that agricultural landscapes on large islands may play essential roles in protecting countryside island biodiversity.

Changes in Town and Country in Late Antiquity and into the Early Medieval Period in Greece and the Aegean Islands

The Greek Aegean in the Late Roman era (5th-mid-7th centuries AD) offers a degree of uniformity, developing further the novel urban and rural patterns that mark the previous Imperial centuries. Characteristically, small towns with fortifications and lavish Christian monuments are surrounded by commercial villa estates, while populations shrink drastically from the mid-6th century. In the 7th-8th centuries fundamental regional divergences appear. Most of mainland Greece is lost to the Eastern Roman (aka Early Byzantine) Empire based at Constantinople, the largest towns and coastal ports excepted, following waves of Slavic settlement. A second model is found on the Aegean Islands, where reduced populations largely survive Arab raids and alien settlement through settlement displacement and negotiation. A third model is represented by the large island of Crete, free from invasion until Arab conquest in the 9th century, ironically when a revived Eastern Roman (Middle Byzantine) Empire regains control of the mainland and remaining Aegean Islands. This paper will present the evidence from archaeology for these scenarios, varying in time and space.

Instagram activities, engagement and enrollment intention in Indonesia: A case in the third largest island in the world

Purpose: This study investigates the influence of diverse Instagram activities (entertainment, interaction, trendiness, advertisement and customization) on engagement levels and enrollment intention. Additionally, it aims to determine the impact of engagement on enrollment intention by exploring the mediating role of engagement in the relationship between social media activities and enrollment intention.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: The research involved 627 followers of the Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin Indonesia Instagram account. This study uses path analysis to better understand the impact of Instagram activities on enrollment intention and multiple linear regression to evaluate the influence of Instagram activities on enrollment intention with an emphasis on engagement as a mediating element in this relationship.&#x0D; Findings: The study found that Ig activity affects followers' engagement from all backgrounds. Entertainment and interaction elements have an impact on high school students' tendency to engage with followers. Furthermore, engagement affects enrollment intention. Advertisement affects enrollment intention with engagement as a mediator.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study validates previous research on Instagram (Ig) marketing's impact on engagement in education. It underscores the greater complexity of Ig marketing in education than in business where enrollment decisions involve intricate considerations resulting in a generally lower influence of social media marketing on enrollment outcomes.&#x0D; Research Limitations: This study only focused on the Ig account of one university and was limited to Islamic higher education.&#x0D; Practical Implications: Higher education marketing administrators recommended combining social media marketing variables with other factors influencing university choice. &#x0D; Contribution to the Literature: This study finding has a conceptual contribution to higher education especially in social media marketing.