Large Induction Research Articles

Design of low noise amplifier based on tuneable active inductor and capacitor for bluetooth applications

Active components such as active inductors and active capacitors have been used to replace their passive counterparts, especially in radio frequency modules. Besides saving colossal silicon area, active inductors are power saviors, tuneable, and provide large inductance ranges. This paper presents the evaluation and performance of a low noise amplifier (LNA) implemented using only active components. The active inductor has a high inductance tunability range from 848 nH to 1660 nH, resulting in a frequency range from 1.85 GHz to 3.02 GHz. The active inductor's quality factor is 11, with a maximum power dissipation of 208.1 µW from a 0.5 V DC power supply. The LNA provides a voltage gain of 8.76 dB with a noise figure of 8.21 dB while consuming 779.16 µW from a 0.85 V supply. The achieved frequency range is commonly used for various wireless communication applications, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Infrared single-photon detection with superconducting magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.

The moiré superconductor magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) shows exceptional properties, with an electron (hole) ensemble of only ~1011 carriers per square centimeter, which is five orders of magnitude lower than traditional superconductors (SCs). This results in an ultralow electronic heat capacity and a large kinetic inductance of this truly two-dimensional SC, providing record-breaking parameters for quantum sensing applications, specifically thermal sensing and single-photon detection. To fully exploit these unique superconducting properties for quantum sensing, here, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment to detect single near-infrared photons by voltage biasing an MATBG device near its superconducting phase transition. We observe complete destruction of the SC state upon absorption of a single infrared photon even in a 16-square micrometer device, showcasing exceptional sensitivity. Our work offers insights into the MATBG-photon interaction and demonstrates pathways to use moiré superconductors as an exciting platform for revolutionary quantum devices and sensors.

Frequency-domain multiplexing of SNSPDs with tunable superconducting resonators

This work culminates in a demonstration of an alternative frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) scheme for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) using the kinetic inductance parametric up-converter (KPUP) made out of NbTiN. There are multiple multiplexing architectures for SNSPDs that are already in use, but FDM could prove superior in applications where the operational bias currents are very low, especially for mid-infrared and far-infrared SNSPDs. Previous FDM schemes integrated the SNSPD within the resonator, while, in this work, we use an external resonator, which gives more flexibility to optimize the SNSPD architecture. The KPUP is a DC-biased superconducting λ/2 resonator that is sensitive to current perturbations. When coupled to an SNSPD, the KPUP can be used to read out current pulses on a few μA scale. The KPUP is made out of NbTiN, which has a large kinetic inductance and a high operating temperature. Meanwhile, the SNSPD is made from WSi, which is a popular material for broadband SNSPDs. A software-defined radio platform and a graphics processing unit are used to read out the KPUP and SNSPD array. Frequency-domain multiplexed SNSPDs have applications in astronomy, remote sensing, exoplanet science, dark matter detection, and quantum sensing.

Performance Evaluation of Sinusoidal Power Supplies for Ozone Generation in Water Purification Applications.

Ozone generation is a water disinfection method, superior to chlorine in terms of fewer byproducts and no residual taste. However, its high production cost limits its widespread adoption. This paper designs an ozone generation sinusoidal power supply for water treatment. Ozone generation requires a high-frequency and high-voltage power supply to produce ozone from oxygen molecules. The study evaluates two power supply topologies, one with a parallel LC filter and the other with an LCL filter, assessing their feasibility, effectiveness, and reliability. Theoretically, the LCL filter achieves higher gains than the parallel LC filter. The larger inductance in the parallel LC filter reduces gain, while the larger inductance in the LCL filter increases gain. Simulation and practical results validate these findings, achieving gains of 40 for the parallel LC filter and 150 for the LCL filter.

Temperature dependence of microwave losses in lumped-element resonators made from superconducting nanowires with high kinetic inductance

We study the response of several microwave resonators made from superconducting NbTiN thin-film meandering nanowires with large kinetic inductance, having different circuit topology and coupling to the transmission line. Reflection measurements reveal the parameters of the circuit and analysis of their temperature dependence in the range 1.7–6 K extract the superconducting energy gap and critical temperature. The lumped-element LC resonator, valid in our frequency range of interest, allows us to predict the quasiparticle (QP) contribution to internal loss, independent of circuit topology and characteristic impedance. Our analysis shows that the internal quality factor is limited not by thermal-equilibrium QP, but an additional temperature-dependent source of internal microwave loss.

Quench Analysis and Improvement of a Semi-Open Split NbTi Superconducting Magnet With Large Inductance

Quench Analysis and Improvement of a Semi-Open Split NbTi Superconducting Magnet With Large Inductance

Mitigation of voltage sag and voltage swell by using dynamic voltage restorer

Recent power quality (PQ) research shows that the most common types of power quality disturbances are voltage sags and swells in medium and low-voltage distribution grids. This paper shows how to improve two significant power quality disturbances: sags and swells voltage. To find out what effect these two PQ issues have in real life, a study case based on real nonlinear loads data from large induction motors at Beshai Company in Sadat City in Egypt is investigated. The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) has been suggested as a solution to the voltage swell and voltage sag issues. The point of common coupling (PCC) is linked with the dynamic voltage restorer to mitigate the PQ problems that have been found. The power network, loads, and DVR may all be modeled using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The jellyfish search optimizer (JFS) is used to get the gain settings of the proportional and integral (PI) controller for the proposed DVR. MATLAB/Simulink's results show that the proposed device is effective, reliable, and has low latency.

An efficient self-powered piezoelectric energy extraction scheme with cascaded-gyrators-based transformer

The enhancement of power transfer from the piezoelectric transducer to the load with a compact size is explored in this paper. Large physical inductors are no more required to create resonance in piezoelectric energy harvesting schemes while applying the proposed gyrator-induced double resonance (GI-DR) technique. Hence, the proposed circuit is cost-effective and provide improved performance along with reduced-space benefits in integrated circuits (IC) package for wireless sensor nodes (WSN) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. Two cascaded gyrators are used in place of a transformer in the proposed circuit. The required phasor response for resonance is acquired by the gyrators' voltage-current (V–I) relationship. Regarding the final charging voltage, the proposed circuit with a storage capacitor of 1000 mF can obtain 763.46 % and 14.77 % improved performance than other synchronous circuits like SEH and DSSH respectively. The proposed technique can also be applied to similar piezoelectric energy harvesting strategies with large inductors to create resonance.

A compact self-powered inductor-less piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using gyrator

In traditional low-frequency energy harvesting circuits, a large matched inductor with a large size is unavoidable. To reduce the size of the circuit, this paper proposes a compact self-powered inductor-less high-efficiency piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using a low-power-consumption gyrator. A self-powered floating gyrator inductor is used in place of an inductor in the proposed circuit, and the required phasor response is acquired by using its voltage–current (V–I) relationship. The proposed circuit offers easy adjustability and performance benefits in small integrated circuits packages. The proposed circuit can be cost-effective and provide reduced area advantages in autonomous self-powered Internet-of-Things and wireless sensor nodes applications. Regarding harvested energy, the proposed circuit with a storage capacitor of 0.24 F can obtain 320% improved performance than standard energy harvesting along with the lowest power consumption of 0.25 µW in self-powered operation. The proposed technique can also be applied to similar piezoelectric energy harvesting strategies with large inductors.

Coupling characteristics between MMC-HVDC and AC transmission lines on the same tower and their impact on protective relaying

Significant coupling exists between DC and AC lines erected on the same tower or sharing transmission corridors. Electromagnetic and electrostatic coupling between DC and AC lines are investigated based on ± 500 kV MMC-HVDC and 500 kV double-circuit AC lines on the same tower. The interactive coupling characteristics and their impacts on protective relaying are analyzed during normal operation and after DC or AC faults. Voltage coupling ratio and current coupling ratio are defined. The 50 Hz components in MMC-HVDC line may be higher than ripple criterion under the coupling of AC line and can be even more significant when a fault occurs on adjacent AC line. The DC reactor with larger inductance can reduce its impact on MMC-HVDC system. Zero-sequence overcurrent relaying and zero-sequence directional relaying for AC lines may mal-operate when a fault occurs on adjacent MMC-HVDC line. And there is also an interruption risk for AC systems. Improvement schemes are proposed to avoid the mal-operation of protective relaying. Simulation case studies verify the correctness of coupling characteristic analysis and the effectiveness of proposed improvement scheme.

Longitudinal compression of a macrorelativistic electron beam

We present a novel concept of longitudinal bunch train compression that can manipulate a relativistic electron beam across hundreds of meters. This concept holds the potential to compress the electron beam produced by a conditional linear accelerator at a high ratio, elevating its power to a level comparable with large induction accelerators. The method employs the spiral motion of electrons in a uniform magnetic field to fold hundreds-of-meters-long trajectories into a compact setup. The interval between bunches can be fine-tuned by modulating their spiral movement. We explore this method with the particle dynamic simulation. Compared to setups of similar size, such as a chicane, our method can compress bunches at considerably larger scales. Consequently, it opens up new possibilities for generating high-power beams using compact devices at lower costs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

PDEC: A Framework for Improving Knowledge Graph Reasoning Performance through Predicate Decomposition

The judicious configuration of predicates is a crucial but often overlooked aspect in the field of knowledge graphs. While previous research has primarily focused on the precision of triples in assessing knowledge graph quality, the rationality of predicates has been largely ignored. This paper introduces an innovative approach aimed at enhancing knowledge graph reasoning by addressing the issue of predicate polysemy. Predicate polysemy refers to instances where a predicate possesses multiple meanings, introducing ambiguity into the knowledge graph. We present an adaptable optimization framework that effectively addresses predicate polysemy, thereby enhancing reasoning capabilities within knowledge graphs. Our approach serves as a versatile and generalized framework applicable to any reasoning model, offering a scalable and flexible solution to enhance performance across various domains and applications. Through rigorous experimental evaluations, we demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptability of our methodology, showing significant improvements in knowledge graph reasoning accuracy. Our findings underscore that discerning predicate polysemy is a crucial step towards achieving a more dependable and efficient knowledge graph reasoning process. Even in the age of large language models, the optimization and induction of predicates remain relevant in ensuring interpretable reasoning.

Low Pole-Pair Ratio Integration Design of Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine With Improved Power Factor

Benefited from flux modulation effects, permanent magnet vernier machines (PMVMs) have the advantage of high torque. Generally, the higher pole-pair ratio ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> ), i.e., PM pole-pair to armature winding pole-pair, the stronger flux modulation effects, as well as the higher torque. However, PMVMs with high <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> suffer from low power factor due to the parasitic large inductance. This paper is devoted to propose a low <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> integration design approach of PMVMs to achieve the high average torque and power factor simultaneously. According to exploit multiple working harmonics with low <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> s, not only the high power factor and low inductance characteristic can be maintained, but also the average torque and flux modulation effects can be strengthened. Further, the stator flux barrier has been added to restrict the parasitic no-working harmonics with high <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> s. Based on these, two PMVM design examples with different slot/pole combinations are constructed and analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design approach. Finally, a prototype is manufactured and experimented. It is showed that under electric loading 320 A/cm, the active volume torque density of proposed PMVM can be up to 33.4 Nm/L, which is comparable to regular PMVM with high <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR</i> 8, while power factor can be improved from 0.63 to 0.8.

Power Compatibility of Induction Motors in Industrial Grids Containing Synchronous Generators

Starting an induction motor causes voltage sag in the industrial grid that may disturb the operation of grid equipment. Direct-on-line starting is the simplest and most cost-effective method for starting induction motors, but also the most problematic. Large industries often use internal power plants with synchronous generators and starting powerful motors may impact the generator operations. The synchronous generators could be operated with the automatic or manual mode of voltage control. As the operation experience proves, the generator voltage control mode has a significant impact on the transient behaviours in the industrial power grid when starting a large induction motor. This article presents a case study of the synchronous generator tripping within a true medium-voltage industrial grid during the direct-on-line starting of a large induction motor driving the feed water pump. An analysis of the generator protection logs after the tripping showed that the synchronous generator was controlled in manual mode and its protection relay settings were exceeded. The transients initiated by induction motor starts were studied for possible configurations and operating conditions of the grid using a model developed on the Matlab/Simulink Software platform. The simulations have shown that concern about starting large motors in industrial grids containing internal synchronous generators needs to be solved considering the grid configurations and the coordination of generator protection and control devices.

High-density superconductive logic circuits utilizing 0 and π josephson junctions

Superconductor Electronics (SCE) is a fast and power-efficient technology with great potential for overcoming conventional CMOS electronics’ scaling limits. Nevertheless, the primary challenge confronting SCE today is its integration level, which lags several orders of magnitude behind CMOS circuits. In this study, we have innovated and simulated a novel logic family grounded in the principles of phase shifts occurring in 0 and π Josephson junctions. The fast phase logic (FPL) eliminates the need for large inductor loops and shunt resistances by combining the half-flux and phase logic. Therefore, the Josephson junction (JJ) area only limits the integration density. The cells designed with this paradigm are fast, and the clock-to-Q delay for logic cells is about 4ps. While maintaining over 50% parameter margins for wiring cells. This logic is power efficient and can increase the integration by at least 100×in the SCE chips.

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications.

We describe a transducer for low-temperature atomic force microscopy based on electromechanical coupling due to a strain-dependent kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire. The force sensor is a bending triangular plate (cantilever) whose deflection is measured via a shift in the resonant frequency of a high-Q superconducting microwave resonator at 4.5 GHz. We present design simulations including mechanical finite-element modeling of surface strain and electromagnetic simulations of meandering nanowires with large kinetic inductance. We discuss a lumped-element model of the force sensor and describe the role of an additional shunt inductance for tuning the coupling to the transmission line used to measure the microwave resonance. A detailed description of our fabrication is presented, including information about the process parameters used for each layer. We also discuss the fabrication of sharp tips on the cantilever using focused electron beam-induced deposition of platinum. Finally, we present measurements that characterize the spread of mechanical resonant frequency, the temperature dependence of the microwave resonance, and the sensor's operation as an electromechanical transducer of force.

Integrated compact regulators of protein activity enable control of signaling pathways and genome-editing in vivo

Viral proteases and clinically safe inhibitors were employed to build integrated compact regulators of protein activity (iCROP) for post-translational regulation of functional proteins by tunable proteolytic activity. In the absence of inhibitor, the co-localized/fused protease cleaves a target peptide sequence introduced in an exposed loop of the protein of interest, irreversibly fragmenting the protein structure and destroying its functionality. We selected three proteases and demonstrated the versatility of the iCROP framework by validating it to regulate the functional activity of ten different proteins. iCROP switches can be delivered either as mRNA or DNA, and provide rapid actuation kinetics with large induction ratios, while remaining strongly suppressed in the off state without inhibitor. iCROPs for effectors of the NF-κB and NFAT signaling pathways were assembled and confirmed to enable precise activation/inhibition of downstream events in response to protease inhibitors. In lipopolysaccharide-treated mice, iCROP-sr-IκBα suppressed cytokine release (“cytokine storm”) by rescuing the activity of IκBα, which suppresses NF-κB signaling. We also constructed compact inducible CRISPR-(d)Cas9 variants and showed that iCROP-Cas9-mediated knockout of the PCSK9 gene in the liver lowered blood LDL-cholesterol levels in mice. iCROP-based protein switches will facilitate protein-level regulation in basic research and translational applications.

Longitudinal Coupling Synthesis in Superconducting Qubits

Longitudinal coupling, which generates entanglement without energy exchange, has extensive applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation. However, achieving available direct and flexible longitudinal couplings between highly coherent superconducting qubits is challenging. In this study, a method is developed to achieve direct and flexible longitudinal couplings between superconducting qubits, including the direct longitudinal coupling between capacitively shunted flux qubits (C‐shunt flux qubits) and that between transmon qubits. Herein, first, a variant of the prototype C‐shunt flux qubit, the concentric C‐shunt flux qubit, is introduced. It is demonstrated that the large mutual inductance between concentric C‐shunt flux qubits produces a longitudinal coupling strength up to 21 MHz. It is also demonstrated that the method can be used to realize a strong longitudinal coupling between two transmon qubits. In the findings, it is demonstrated that it is possible to achieve a flexible and efficient direct longitudinal coupling between superconducting qubits, and open up new possibilities for the development of quantum gate operation methods as well as quantum simulation methods.

Operation of induction motor-drive under different voltage sag conditions

Simulation of an Induction Motor-Drive system under various voltage sag conditions using Matlab/Simulink is presented in this paper. Variation of input current, speed and output torque for induction motor-drive is investigated in this paper. Simulation results show that the variation of speed and current in motor-drive system basically depends on the size of the dc link capacitor. It is shown that the maximum reduction of dc-link voltage happens during voltage sag type A. Unsymmetrical VS types E and G cause the maximum reduction and type B causes the minimum reduction of dc-link voltage respectively. The reduction of dc-link voltage depends to dc-link and source inductances. The higher reduction in dc-link voltage is resulted when the larger inductance is used.

Emergent magneto-inductance effect in permalloy thin films on flexible polycarbonate substrates at room temperature

Emergent inductance has attracted significant interest for its relevance in both interesting fundamental physics and practical applications in magnetic devices that demand miniaturization without compromising inductance. In this Letter, we report the discovery of a stepwise magnetic field-induced emergent magneto-inductance (EML) effect in Permalloy (Py) thin films deposited on polycarbonate (PC) substrates. Remarkably, Py/PC devices exhibit an exceptionally large inductance variation exceeding 1 μH at room temperature, and intriguingly, a sign reversal of inductance occurs around the zero magnetic field. The dependencies of the EML effect on frequency, step magnetic field changes, and film width can be explained from the theory based on the spin motive force driven by transient domain wall motion. This study opens up exciting avenues for advancing our understanding of emergent inductance in fundamental physics and paves the way for practical applications in flexible magnetic devices.