Large Hydroelectric Power Stations Research Articles

Study of intermittent jets and free-surface-pressurized flow in large hydropower tailrace tunnel

The tailrace tunnel system, as a core component of hydroelectric power stations, directly influences the stability and efficiency of the power generation process. Transient conditions often lead to the occurrence of complex unsteady flow phenomena in the tailrace tunnel. In this study, numerical methods integrating open channel flow, multiphase flow, and compressible models were combined to conduct hydraulic analysis of the tailrace system in large hydroelectric power stations. Under specific conditions, periodic jet phenomena were observed, corroborating field observations. The research revealed that the proximity of downstream water levels to the crest level of the tailrace outlet is a prerequisite for the periodic jetting phenomenon, with a sudden rise in water level serving as a triggering condition. Although the surge shaft effectively mitigates wave action, it fails to entirely eliminate the influence of pressure pulsations, resulting in a 23.2% increase in pressure pulsation amplitude in the turbine area. However, the efficiency of the turbine unit is hardly affected; only a slight loss of energy occurs due to the increase in local turbulent entropy production, deemed inconsequential for the overall system. This study aims to investigate the complex response of tailrace tunnel systems in hydroelectric power generation amidst abrupt changes in downstream river, providing crucial insights for the engineering design and operation of large-scale power stations.

Natural and anthropogenic risks after a giant landslide in the Russian Far East

At the Bureiskoe Reservoir (Far East, Russia) in December 2018 at a temperature of 36°C below zero the giant landslide is occurred. Landslide with a total volume of 24.5 million m3 blocked the reservoir from one shore to the opposite one, disrupting the access of water to a large hydroelectric power station downstream. Blasting operations were carried out with the use of trinitrotoluene and hexogen to revive the water flow. As a result of the landslide natural hazards (direct impact of the landslide, and tsunami) were happened, and the further strong impact was caused by humans (blasting). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and elemental composition were accepted as the main indicators of water quality. Parameters of these indicators varied at different near-shore sites above and below the landslide area. More significant changes are recorded after blasting operations. Hexane and toluene dominated the water passing the artificial channel. The genesis of VOCs can be associated with the biogeochemical processes of methanogenesis, methanotrophy, and the detonation products of explosives. Mercury, methanol, toluene, and xylenes in water samples were detected. This is evidence of the presence of a prerequisite for the formation of toxic methylmercury, a risk factor for aquatic biota.

Immediate effects of an Amazonian mega hydroelectric dam on phyllostomid fruit bats

Large losses of tropical forests result from the flooding of terrestrial ecosystems by mega hydroelectric dams. Because run-of-the-river dams operate based on smaller reservoirs with limited water storage, they have been generally considered less harmful to the environment, but their actual effects on biodiversity have been rarely measured. We herein estimate immediate impacts resulting from the flooding of the run-of-the-river Santo Antônio Hydroelectric on phyllostomid bat assemblages, based on the variation of their richness, abundance and species composition over the first two years after the establishment of the dam. We designed a standardized study integrating temporal sampling in areas that would and would not be flooded, before and after the establishment of the dam. We sampled 12 Pre-flood plots, and 34 plots that remained unflood. Among the non-flood plots, 25 were resampled after the river damming. We captured 3096 bats belonging to 59 species and found that the abundance of fruit bats decreased posterior to the formation of the dam. Moreover, the composition of fruit bats was different between the sampling periods, with a clear segregation of the várzea plots of the pre-flood period. Comparisons between pre- and post-unflood plots revealed that 60% of the plots decreased in abundance of bats, and 68% decreased in abundance of phyllostomid fruit bats. Our results demonstrate that the run-of-the-river dam altered the phyllostomid species composition in the non-flooded areas after the establishment of the dam, reducing the abundance of frugivorous bats. Also, the remaining unflood areas did not incorporate bat assemblages from the várzea forests that were permanently flooded by the reservoir. Based on our results, we suggest that environmental policies regulating the licensing processes for the implementation of large hydroelectric power stations should include orientation for the establishment of protected areas, as a condition for their operation. These areas can work as systematic instruments for biodiversity conservation, with special attention to the protection of the irreplaceable floodplain forests.

Proposal and Application of a Methodology to Improve the Control and Monitoring of Complex Hydroelectric Power Station Construction Projects

All complex projects take place in environments of great uncertainty. Maintaining a monitoring and control system from the early stages of execution is a critical factor in the success of this type of project. Large hydroelectric power station construction projects are regarded as highly complex because they are affected by factors such as the risks inherent in a variety of fields of engineering, geology and the environment, the long execution times, and the large number of multidisciplinary activities to be carried out in parallel, among others. These types of projects are commonly affected by cost overruns and delays. This work develops a methodology for the monitoring and control of complex construction projects in the hydroelectric sector that enables a periodical calculation of metrics for physical progress, financial progress, and predictions for costs and durations on completion of the project. The verification of the efficiency of this methodology was based on stochastic simulation models applied to real projects in the hydropower sector. The results showed that the proposed methodology improved efficiency compared with existing traditional methodologies. The proposed methodology allows the simultaneous consideration of costs, deadlines, criticality, and risks of the activities of the analyzed projects and also incorporates multicriteria decision techniques to manage the influence of key aspects during the development of the project.

Influence of the Vilyui hydropower plant on the regime of the Vilyui river

Based on the analysis and comparison of the Vilyui river regime in the natural and regulated state, the article reveals the features of changes in the annual distribution of runoff, level and ice regimes and the regime of solid runoff. To assess the consequences of the impact of large hydroelectric power stations in the Far North, comprehensive studies of the Vilyui river basin were conducted. Vilyui hydroelectric station is the first hydroelectric power station in the permafrost zone. The reservoir is completely located within the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Despite the low level of development of water resources in the Far East, the prospects for the construction of traditional hydropower plants remain. The hydropower potential of the republic is estimated at 283 billion kWh, which is 66 % of the total hydropower potential of the Far East region. The construction and operation of hydropower plants on rivers leads to fundamental changes in the natural conditions of the river. The results of the study show that flow regulation by large reservoirs is the main factor of anthropogenic disturbances in the flow volume and water regime of the Arctic rivers. To date, the diverse effects of river regime changes after the construction of a hydroelectric power station on the territory of permafrost are not fully considered in either design or prospective planned developments. The importance of accounting and studying the consequences of flow regulation can be judged by the complex economic problems that arose after the construction of hydropower facilities in the European part of Russia. In this regard, a comprehensive study of changes in environmental conditions in the territory of permafrost distribution after regulation of river flow by large reservoirs is one of the most important tasks.

FINDING THE SIZE OF PRESSURE FORCE ON UNDERWATER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN DESIGN AND AGRICULTURAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS

The article presents the results of scientific analytical studies that provide finding the pressure force on underwater hydraulic structures, such as, dams of hydroelectric power stations, sedimentation tanks for liquid organic fertilizers, sewage, coastal fortifications of lakes, rivers, ponds, etc. Practical experience in industrial and pedagogical activity and the analysis of inventive and scientific research of domestic as well as foreign scientists showed that constructive, technological and economic feasibility, operational safety of underwater hydraulic structures requires further analytical and calculation studies based on mathematical optimization methods. Of particular great scientific interest are the achievements of Chinese scientists. Their achievements from the calculation, design, construction and operation of hydraulic structures of small and large hydroelectric power stations are recognized by scientists, designers and manufacturers in the world. The work is based on research aimed at the mathematical justification of the parameters of a rectangular and trapezoidal airlock and a circular hatch, which is located at an arbitrary, optimally justified depth. It was taken into account that new students are enrolled in universities annually for training, they need to obtain knowledge based on the strength of the structures of objects with the use of innovative techniques based on the fundamental mathematical apparatus. The formation of professional competencies of agricultural engineers should ensure the ability to apply in their work the theoretical foundations and basic methods of physics and mathematics, hydrostatics, dynamics, fluid mechanics for the calculation and design of technical objects, and, of course, underwater hydraulic structures. Agroengineers should be able to perform strength calculations on the walls of tanks of any geometric profiles for storing liquids, as well as side walls and bottoms of hydraulic structures, bodies located in liquids.

Providing marginal areas of the Northern Sea Route with radio communications when using dam-free hydropower plants

According to the Navigation Rules in the Northern Sea Route (NSR), the skipper should receive all types of information support for safe navigation in the Arctic zone, including navigation, hydrometeorological and hydrological. In order to maintain safe and efficient navigation, the NSR routes should receive navigation safety information from the transmitting points of the NAVTEX system. For this, along the NSR route, it is necessary to have a developed network of coastal and base transceiver stations. Effective information and technological support of the NSR route is prerequisite not only for the safe conduct of ship traffic, but also for the successful civilizational development of the coast, including the deployment and maintenance of the tourism industry. The inaccessibility, territorial distance from the main centers of management and the harsh climate make the NSR areas unprofitable for development in the foreseeable future. Under these conditions, only radio communication, which is not critical to the features of the soil cover and does not require expensive cabling of communication facilities, is an economical means of information and communication support for such territories. The most problematic of NSR radio technical support is the extremely low level of energy supply to the North and the Far East. Possessing the longest sea coastal zone, and occupying one of the leading places in the world in hydropower resources, Russia uses its hydropower potential by only 20%. The situation is aggravated for inaccessible territories for which problems in the field of energy cannot be solved by traditional methods. It is economically unprofitable or simply impossible to use large hydroelectric power stations to power hard-to-reach facilities on the NSR routes. The solution may be the use of small hydropower. To solve the problem of fast, low-cost and efficient energy supply of marginal and inaccessible territories, a new constructive solution for mini-hydropower plants has been proposed. The developed design of mini-hydroelectric power plants does not require the construction of dams, or artificial reservoirs, which allows to increase efficiency compared to the traditional approach.

Assessment of the Extent of Distribution and Danger of Activation of Landslide Processes in Dagestan

Aim. Assessment of the extent of the distribution and danger of activation of landslide processes in the Republic of Dagestan. Material and Methods. The principal materials used were data of the government monitoring of subsoil conducted by Hydrospetzgeologiya and its southern regional and territorial centres (Dagestangeomonitoring) over the past fifteen years and published in the open press, as well as other literature sources. Maps were compiled using ArcGIS software. Results. An assessment was made of the extent of the distribution and danger of occurrence of landslide processes (for the period 2004-2018) in urban and rural settlements, on linear infrastructure (highways, oil, gas and water pipelines, power lines) and in reservoirs of large hydroelectric power stations of the republic. There was a high level of landslide activity recorded in 2004, 2005 and 2014, the lowest in 2007 and 2012. The largest number of landslide occurrences was recorded in the areas of Makhachkala city (12.7%) and Tlyaro-tinskiy (9.6%), Dokuzparinskiy (8.1%), Buynakskiy (6.1%), Tsuntinskiy (5.4%) and Tsumadinskiy (5.0%) districts. Landslides were most often activated in the summer period (41.6%). 31.5% of landslides occurred in spring, 22.6% in autumn and 4.3% in winter. Conclusion. Analysis of landslide activity in the territory of Dagestan showed that the presence of favorable physico-geographical conditions for the development of landslide processes and active economic activity contribute to the wide distribution of landslides in the mountainous part of the republic.

Debris flow prediction and prevention in reservoir area based on finite volume type shallow-water model: a case study of pumped-storage hydroelectric power station site in Yi County, Hebei, China

In recent years, the development of pumped-storage hydroelectricity has seen a very rapid increase, and lots of stations have been proposed to be built in China to adjust the energy structure of production and alleviate electrical energy shortages. The site of pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants is usually chosen in the mountain area, which can conveniently provide headwaters and height difference for the proper functioning of hydroelectric power station; however, geological disasters such as debris frequently flows in the mountain areas, posing great threat to the safety of plants and staff. A large pumped-storage hydroelectric power station will be built in the Taihang Mountains in the northwest of Yi County, Hebei province. To predict the potential scale of debris flow hazard, the shallow-water model based on the finite volume method (SFLOW model) is used. During the work, reconnaissance, geomorphological analysis, and laboratory experiment are carried out for model construction and data input. Then the debris flow designed for 20-, 50-, 100-, and 200-year return periods and the flood caused by dam break are simulated. The simulation study shows that the potential debris flow hazard will greatly harm the reservoir area, and if debris flows destroy the dam, floods could affect the residents of a maximum of 1.21 million square meters downstream. To prevent debris flows, retaining walls in the SFLOW model are set, and the results show that they can effectively reduce the hazard area of debris flow, ensuring the safety of the reservoir area. In general, the SFLOW model can accurately and efficiently solve the problem of fluid flow on irregular terrain and can be applied to similar engineering projects.

Soil vibrations as a reliable recorded characteristic of geodynamics in the dam area of a large hydroelectric power station

The paper considers geodynamic within the area of the Zhigulievskaya hydroelectric power station: the signs of present activity of the Zhiguli fault including soil vibrations during water discharges that demonstrate instability of geological environment, the atmospheric phenomena, the risks for the dam and reservoir caused by the activation of geodynamics.

Methodology of Feasibility Studies of Micro-Hydro power plants in Cameroon: Case of the Micro-hydro of KEMKEN

Hydroelectricity is the largest source of renewable energy. However, large hydroelectric power stations will no longer be built enough. But there is tremendous potential for small hydropower that is seen as a more suitable renewable energy source. Cameroon has also a great hydroelectric potential. This work presents a simple method of the feasibility studies of a Micro Hydroelectric Power Plant (MHPP) project, in the intention to contribute to its development in Cameroon. The study was supported by feasibility studies of the KEMKEN MHPP project. It is a project of 320 kW of installed power, where the Kaplan turbine is recommended, the investment cost evaluated at 212 486 656 FCFA with a payback period around 7 years. This work contains the necessary elements of the feasibility studies of a MHPP project in rural locality.

Transient and steady-state dc behavior of oil-impregnated pressboard

The use of renewable energy is a key topic in the global energy market. Wind parks are being built all over the world, especially offshore, and large hydroelectric power stations are producing enormous amounts of electrical energy. Yet, the regions abounding in renewable energy frequently do not coincide with the consumption sites of energy. Therefore, energy has to be transported over long distances. For this purpose, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission up to 1,100 kV is an efficient option.

Системная техноэкология и управляемые природно-технические системы

The result of the technogenic transformation of the environment is the formation of dynamic systems, denoted by the term «nature-technical systems». In the near future in these systems will exist not only people, but also most living organisms of the Earth. Therefore, the saving of favorable conditions in nature-technical systems becomes an increasingly actual task. The only possible way to solve this problem is to create special engineering systems — «ecological regulators». Ecological regulators at the regional level can serve as large hydroelectric power stations. They protect vast areas against abnormal droughts and floods. Ecological regulators of larger scale can be created during the installation of systems for interbasin freshwater resources transmission. The development of greenhouse effect causes a change in the rate of atmospheric fallout in different parts of the Earth. In some regions they decline catastrophically, somewhere else they increase abnormally. This causes bad harvests, hunger, the spread of epidemics and uncontrolled mass migrations. The disastrous droughts and floods also cause degradation of natural ecosystems. Managed nature-technical systems created on the base objects of interbasin water resources transmission at the same time will keep the geopolitical stability and conserve biodiversity in many regions. Successful implementation of these tasks, in practice, is impossible without the development of a reliable scientific-methodological basis, which includes a comprehensive study of the technical and environmental problems. This is the subject of study of the new scientific discipline — system technoecology.

The next dam on the Vistula River below Włocławek

This paper presents reasons for a decision on construction of the dam on the Vistula River below Wloclawek. It includes a justification of the overriding public interest for this construction, the benefits that it will bring and a short description of the project. In addition the criteria for choosing the location are given and parameters of the Wloclawek and Siarzewo dams are compared. DOI: 10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2013307 The Vistula River (Wisla) below Wloclawek may be perceived as Europe’s last wonderful wild river or as a huge unused commodity which has been abandoned for some reason. The dispute between the supporters of each point of view is a dispute over values. Therefore, it is very difficult to reach a compromise. The supporters of the wild river idea are convinced that the natural state of river is actually a basic value and any human interference is unacceptable. This wildness should in their opinion be protected by all available means to be passed on to future generations in an intact condition. Those who see the Vistula River (Wisla) as an unused resource think that its economic potential should be used reasonably as soon as possible for the common good. Of course the way of developing a navigable river and benefitting from it does not mean the destruction of its natural values and this is possible at the current technical level. Until the partitions of Poland the Vistula River (Wisla) had constituted the economic axis of Poland and in the 17th century it was the most navigable European river. Annually more than 250 thousand tons of goods, mainly cereal, were transported along it. In the second half of the 17th century the significance of the Vistula River (Wisla) started to decrease. It gradually became a peripheral river. As we know the lower Vistula River (dolna Wisla) section from the mouth of the Drweca River (Drweca) to Gdansk fell under Prussian rule. At the end of the 19th century that section was regulated and the mouth section was completely reconstructed. The excavation of the new outlet (Przekop) eliminated the risk of floods which had been worrying Gdansk citizens for centuries, especially in spring, when ice starts to float. I cannot help feeling that today these investments would be impossible. The 19th century was an era of many important discoveries and inventions which completely changed the economic life. At the end of the 19th century the possibility of transforming energy of flowing water, usually dammed, into electric power appeared. The first hydroelectric power station in the world was established in 1882 in Appleton (USA) on the Fox River. It was developed to supply power to a paper factory. The first hydroelectric power station in Europe was established in the Godalming tannery in England (1881). It was constructed to supply power for street and home lighting. The first large hydroelectric power station was opened in Deptford, a London district, in 1889. In Poland in the interwar period 12 hydroelectric power stations with a total capacity of 18 MW operated. Before World War II the largest hydroelectric power station in Poland with the capacity of 4 MW was in Grodek on the Wda River (Wda). It was constructed to supply energy to the dynamically developing town of Gdynia. After World War II Poland gained more than a dozen hydroelectric plants in the western parts of the country, among others in Pilchowice and Dychow on the Bobr River (Bobr). In 1946 the total capacity of Polish power stations came to 160 MW. In the 1960s large hydroelectric power stations were constructed in Solina, Wloclawek and Koronowo. Lower Vistula River – current state The theoretical energy potential of Polish rivers is estimated at approx. 23 TWh/year. However, only 12–14 TWh/year may be used due to technical reasons. Use of 8–8.5 TWh/year is economically justified. This potential is unequally distributed. Approx. 80% is on the Vistula River (Wisla) and approx. 50% of the whole energy potential is on the lower Vistula River (dolna Wisla). In Poland only 11% of energy potential of watercourses is used which puts us in last place in Europe. Plans of energy use of the Vistula River (Wisla) date at the beginning of 20th century. However, only in 1945 did T. Tillinger present the first concept of using the Vistula River (Wisla) energy potential. It was a bold project developed by an eminent Polish hydroengineer. He included in it his thoughts from the period when he had been developing designs of artificial waterways, regulation of the Vistula River (Wisla), canalling of the Bug River (Bug) and J. Granatowicz | Acta Energetica 3/16 (2013) | 99–105

Interval Back Analysis on Mechanical Parameter of Geotechnical Engineering

The measured data and mechanical parameters were considered unknown but bounded property and interval numbers were used to denote the measured data and mechanical parameters. The interval parameter perturbation method was presented to solve interval FEM and the interval inverse analysis model was established. Based on the interval parameter perturbation method, the mean and deviation of the mechanical parameters were obtained by the back analysis. For the example of the mechanical parameter back analysis of rock mass cave in the large hydro-electric power station, the effect on the measured data precision was studied. From the results it can be found that the method is reasonable and feasible.

Grounding System Analysis and Design Considerations for Large Hydroelectric Power Plant

Grounding system analysis and design considerations for large hydroelectric power plant are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The main work that has been carried out includes: constructing adequate soil structures and analyzing the effects of the finite heterogeneous soil structure, the modeled river length and the water reservoir levels; conducting accurate fault current distribution calculations and studying the influence of circulating current on the touch and step voltages. The paper discusses the design of the grounding system and its safety performance while considering the impact of the circulating current and inductive coupling from cables and long parallel conductors inside the plant. Two practical examples have been provided in this paper. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using heterogeneous finite soil volumes to analyze large hydroelectric power stations and confirms that accurate grounding software packages are required to account for large circulating currents within the ground conductors and strong inductive coupling that exists between metallic elements within the substation. The results and discussions presented here can be used as a reference for engineers to analyze extensive grounding systems and to design appropriate grounding systems for large hydroelectric power plant.

A differentiated approach to the seismic tomography problem: Method, testing and application to the Western Nagano fault area (Japan)

Results of tomographic inversion enrich our understanding of the geodynamic processes in the Earth. Seismic imaging of fault zones, the shear rupture permits us to investigate the structure under gas storage areas, in districts of large hydroelectric power stations, nuclear plants. The information about the geodynamic evolution of seismic structures in areas that are close to oceans helps us in assumption of epicenters of destructive earthquakes. A differentiated approach (DA) has been developed to overcome an interference of parameterization and observation errors distorting an accuracy of the three-dimensional tomography images. We have designed a method based upon revision of Gauss elimination scheme to the modern problem of large and sparse system of equations. The best linear unbiased estimations of seismic velocity parameter have been obtained by means of incorporating criterion. We used the statistical analyze to select optimal solution having minimal dispersion of parameterization error. In order to decrease a risk of a high error rate we applied the theory of Tikhonov regularization. Due to these measures the evaluated parameters of a medium possess isometric properties and thus for them the problem of seismic anisotropy has a real chance to be solved. By using a simple arbitrary model as well as a complex one for the fault region in Western Nagano, Japan, we demonstrated that the DA method is an effective alternative for the standard method. An application of DA to the real data underlines the high capability of DA of defining the fault planes as compared to the double-difference algorithm under the same condition of experiment. The detailed DA image suggests that the narrow rupture zone after the 1984 Naganoken-Seibu earthquake still exists.

Indian Neutrino Detector: Environmental Costs

Indian Neutrino Detector: Environmental Costs

RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT OF WIND TURBINE'S NOISE IN VYDMANTAI/VYDMANTŲ VĖJO JĖGAINĖS KELIAMO TRIUKŠMO TYRIMAI IR ĮVERTINIMAS/ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ И ОЦЕНКА ШУМА ВИДМАНТАЙСКОЙ ВЕТРЯНОЙ ЭНЕРГОУСТАНОВКИ

The decreasing reserve and growing costs of coal, oil and gas has persistently led us to use renewable energy resources. Using them environmental harm, air pollution and greenhouse effect can significantly be decreased. According to the European Union Parliament's and Council Directive 2001/77/EC approved in July 27, 2001, the member countries (Lithuania has been a member country from May 1, 2004) must seek to use not less than 12 per cent of renewable energy sources in total energy balance and 22,1 percent in the country's energy balance (including large hydroelectric power station). The numbers are significant. Thus, using wind energy can be one of the ways to fulfil the requirements. Lithuanian seaside, where the strongest winds are blowing, has been the most favourable place for the wind turbine's installation. However, usage and development of wind energy has been facing resistance from the society. One of the biggest arguments against the wind turbine is the noise which can cause inconveniences for the permanent residents and holidaymakers of the health‐resort zone. Therefore, environmental impact of the wind turbine requires exhaustive investigations. The research was carried out in the vicinity around the only one presently active industrial wind turbine in Vydmantai (region of Klaipeda, Lithuania). During the investigation it was established that the highest noise level was registered opposite the airscrew. The smallest noise level was measured in both sides from the tower in windscrew plane. It has been measured that noise level is noticeably higher in Vydmantai wind turbine's zone than in the background, which does exceed 250–300 m (5–6 windscrew diameters). Santrauka Mažejančios akmens anglies, naftos ir duju atsargos elektros gamyboje verčia naudoti kitus energijos šaltinius, tokius kaip atsinaujinantieji energijos šaltiniai, kurie gali sumažinti aplinkos žalojima, atmosferos teršima, šiltnamio efekta. Remiantis Europos Sajungos Parlamento ir Tarybos 2001 07 27 direktyva 2001/77/EB šalys nares (nuo 2004 05 01 ir Lietuva) turi siekti, kad 2010 m. atsinaujinančiuju energijos ištekliu dalis bendrame energijos balanse sudarytu ne mažiau kaip 12 %, o šalies elektros balanse 22,1 % (su didelemis hidroelektrinemis). Tai dideli skaičiai. Šis padidejimas galimas visu pirma pasitelkus vejo energetika. Šiuo metu pastebeta, kad vejo energetika susilaukia visuomenes pasipriešinimo. Vienas iš pagrindiniu motyvu ‐ šiu jegainiu keliamas triukšmas. Atsižvelgiant i tai, kad vejo jegainiu statybai Lietuvos pajūris yra palankiausia vieta, kur yra daug smulkiu gyvenviečiu ir poilsiaviečiu zonu, šiam vejo jegainiu poveikiui ištirti reikejo papildomu išsamiu tyrimu. Šie tyrimai buvo atlikti Vydmantuose (Klaipedos rajonas) prie veikiančios pramonines vejo jegaines. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad didžiausias triukšmo lygis buvo registruotas priešais vejarati. Mažiausias triukšmo lygis buvo išmatuotas i abi puses nuo bokšto vejaračio plokštumoje. Vydmantu vejo jegaines zona, kurioje triukšmu lygis yra didesnis nei foninis, neviršija 250–300 m (5–6 vejaračio skersmenys). Резюме Уменьшающиеся запасы каменного угля, нефти и газа способствуют применению альтернативных источников энергии для её получения, например, возобновляемых источников энергии, которые могут уменьшить наносимый окружающей среде вред, а также снизить уровень загрязнения атмосферы и тепличный эффект. Руководствуясь директивой Европейского Союза 2001/77/ЕС, страны, входящие в его состав (с 01-05-2004 и Литва), должны стремиться к тому, чтобы к 2010 г. часть электроэнергии, получаемой из возобновляемых источников энергии, составляла не менее 12 % в общем энергетическом балансе и 22,1 % (включая крупные гидроэлектростанции) в энергетическом балансе страны. Это большие цифры. Их достижение возможно прежде всего благодаря использованию энергии ветра. Однако в настоящее время ветроэнергетика вызвала недовольство общественности. Одним из основных мотивов недовольства является шум, распространяемый ветряными электростанциями. В Литве наиболее приемлемым местом для строительства ветрогенераторов является приморье, где находится много мелких населённых пунктов, а также зон туризма и отдыха, поэтому фактор общественного недовольства требует серьёзных всесторонних исследований. С этой целью исследовался шум, распространяемый ветряной электроустановкой, находящейся в городе Видмантай (Кретингский р-он). Результаты исследования показали, что наибольший уровень шума наблюдался перед ветровиком, а наименьший – по обе стороны от башни установки в плоскости ветровика. Зона, в которой уровень шума выше фонового, не превышает 250–300 м (5–6 диаметров ветровика).

The Development of the Utilisation of Water Power in Poland

Abstract First hydroelectric power stations in Poland were built in 19th century, mostly in the region of Podhale (Carpathian tributaries of the Vistula River) and in the Old Polish Industrial District (for the needs of the iron and steel industry) from the initiative of Stanisław Staszic. They were used in mills and saw mills, for home lighting in settlements, etc. After World War I two medium size hydroelectric power stations were constructed in Pomerania (Gródek and Żar) and the construction of a dam (at that time the largest in Europe) was started in Rożnów on the Dunajec River (50 MW); the hydroelectric power station was opened as late as 1941. A small growth in this field took place in the 1950s and 1960s, and in the late 1960s / early 1970s large hydroelectric power stations were built (Solina, Włocławek, Żydowo). The largest growth occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the two giant peak-load, pumped-storage power stations were put into operation (Porąbka-Żar: 500 MW and Żarnowiec: 680 MW), reaching the total power of 2000 MW. The most recent two large installations are: Czorsztyn-Niedzica (92 MW, 1997) and the modernisation of Solina (200 MW, 2003).