Large Frame Size Research Articles

Dilation framing camera with the dual-pulse excitation technique

In an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ultrafast diagnostic system that is based on electron beam time-dilation, an ultrafast electrical pulse is used to excite a microstrip photocathode (PC), which generates a varying PC voltage to obtain a photoelectron velocity that varies with emission time. The photoelectron beam achieves time-dilation through the drift process and is then detected by a time-resolved sensor, thereby increasing the temporal resolution of the diagnostic system. A pulse time-dilation diagnostic system is simulated, while the sensor is a gated microchannel plate (MCP) detector with a temporal resolution of 100 ps and an excitation pulse on a PC with a slope of 3 V/ps; the diagnostic system achieves a temporal resolution of 11.12 ps. However, the excitation pulse creates a voltage difference across the PC. A voltage difference of 900 V can be acquired for a PC length of 60 mm, which yields a nonuniform spatial resolution ranging from 30.4 µm to approximately 3000 µm. Furthermore, the voltage difference across the PC also limits the frame size to 2.2 mm along the pulse propagation direction according to the simulation results. To achieve a uniform spatial resolution and a larger frame size, a dual-pulse excitation technique on a PC is presented, which is the technique to symmetrically apply voltage pulses at both ends of the PC microstrip. The theoretical results show that this technique will improve the uniformity of the PC voltage spatial distribution. When the PC pulse slope is 3 V/ps and the dual-pulse excitation technique is employed, the diagnostic system has a temporal resolution of 5.91 ps and a uniform spatial resolution of 30.4 µm. Furthermore, the frame size along the pulse propagation direction is improved to the effective length of the microstrip PC.

Efficient construction and comparison of Hadamard orderings for single-pixel imaging at large frame size

The Hadamard basis is widely used for single-pixel imaging due to its orthogonal and binary properties. To achieve rapid and efficient imaging, subsampling is commonly performed, which relies on the construction of various optimized matrix orderings. However, the complex construction and substantial memory consumption limit applications at large frame sizes. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for constructing Hadamard basis orderings based on the Gray code sequence, bypassing the need to generate huge complete Hadamard basis. A significant efficiency boost is achieved with a 1000-fold reduction in the time required to construct optimized orderings compared to existing methods. Furthermore, we conducted comprehensive comparisons of the performance of different orderings under large frame sizes through both simulations and experimental validations. Our approach not only simplifies the use of optimized orderings but also significantly improves sampling and reconstruction efficiency, especially for frame sizes of 256 × 256 and higher.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Segment Anything Model for Delineating Agriculture and Urban Green Spaces in Multiresolution Aerial and Spaceborne Remote Sensing Images

Segmentation of Agricultural Remote Sensing Images (ARSIs) stands as a pivotal component within the intelligent development path of agricultural information technology. Similarly, quick and effective delineation of urban green spaces (UGSs) in high-resolution images is also increasingly needed as input in various urban simulation models. Numerous segmentation algorithms exist for ARSIs and UGSs; however, a model with exceptional generalization capabilities and accuracy remains elusive. Notably, the newly released Segment Anything Model (SAM) by META AI is gaining significant recognition in various domains for segmenting conventional images, yielding commendable results. Nevertheless, SAM’s application in ARSI and UGS segmentation has been relatively limited. ARSIs and UGSs exhibit distinct image characteristics, such as prominent boundaries, larger frame sizes, and extensive data types and volumes. Presently, there is a dearth of research on how SAM can effectively handle various ARSI and UGS image types and deliver superior segmentation outcomes. Thus, as a novel attempt in this paper, we aim to evaluate SAM’s compatibility with a wide array of ARSI and UGS image types. The data acquisition platform comprises both aerial and spaceborne sensors, and the study sites encompass most regions of the United States, with images of varying resolutions and frame sizes. It is noteworthy that the segmentation effect of SAM is significantly influenced by the content of the image, as well as the stability and accuracy across images of different resolutions and sizes. However, in general, our findings indicate that resolution has a minimal impact on the effectiveness of conditional SAM-based segmentation, maintaining an overall segmentation accuracy above 90%. In contrast, the unsupervised segmentation approach, SAM, exhibits performance issues, with around 55% of images (3 m and coarser resolutions) experiencing lower accuracy on low-resolution images. Whereas frame size exerts a more substantial influence, as the image size increases, the accuracy of unsupervised segmentation methods decreases extremely fast, and conditional segmentation methods also show some degree of degradation. Additionally, SAM’s segmentation efficacy diminishes considerably in the case of images featuring unclear edges and minimal color distinctions. Consequently, we propose enhancing SAM’s capabilities by augmenting the training dataset and fine-tuning hyperparameters to align with the demands of ARSI and UGS image segmentation. Leveraging the multispectral nature and extensive data volumes of remote sensing images, the secondary development of SAM can harness its formidable segmentation potential to elevate the overall standard of ARSI and UGS image segmentation.

Morphometric diversity of swamp buffaloes in Indonesia: A meta-analysis

The frame size of a buffalo is influenced by several morphometric variables. Large frame sizes are expected to have more meat than small frames. There are many morphological studies of swamp buffalo in Indonesia, but meta-analysis has never been carried out to see the genetic potential based on morphometrics. Data obtained from various publications are stored in Microsoft Excel. Body length, wither height, and chest girth was analyzed using Orange 3.27.1 software to generate principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. Indonesian swamp buffalo has a medium frame size compared to the crossbred Murrah buffalo and Azikheli except the Maluku buffalo which has a small frame size. Based on hierarchical clustering, there are four clusters for Indonesian swamp buffalo based on three morphometric variables. To produce Indonesian swamp buffalo with a larger frame size, it is advisable to mate male buffalo Aceh with female Southeast Sulawesi buffalo.

Coat pigmentation effects in West African Dwarf goats: live weights and body dimensions

The effect of coat pigmentation on live weight and various body measurements (body length, shoulder width, head width, leg length, neck girth, heart girth, abdominal girth, heart depth and height at withers) of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were studied. Coat pigmentation significantly (P<0.05) affected live weight with the white and or tan (Awt) goats weighing the most (26.30 kg on the average). Body weight at maturity increased with decrease in pigmentation intensity. Although coat pigmentation had no significant effect on all the body dimensions studied except leg length, it was observed that the white and or tan goats had the largest frame size on the average followed by the brown (Bbl) goats. They however, had shorter legs when compared with either the brown or black goats. Frame size also increased with decrease in coat pigmentation intensity. Selection for large frame size and heavy weight at maturity on the basis of coat colour would therefore favour the white goats and those with low pigmentation intensity, where size and market price are the determinant factors. 

Intake and growth in transported Holstein calves classified as diarrheic or healthy within the first 21 days after arrival in a retrospective observational study

Strategies that can improve health and maximize growth in the preweaning period should improve the subsequent production and longevity of replacement animals. Few data are available that quantify feed and water consumption, as well as growth, in healthy versus non-healthy calves—the objective of this study. A database of Holstein calves (<1 wk of age; n = 313) was developed to compare calves that developed diarrhea in the first 21 d after arrival from commercial farms to the research facility versus calves that remained healthy. Individual calf data from 4 experiments included daily intake of milk replacer, free water, electrolyte solution, and starter grain, as well as weekly body weight (BW) and frame measures for 21 d after arrival. Calves with a fecal score of >2 for ≥3 consecutive days over the first 21 d of each experiment were retrospectively classified as diarrheic (DIA; n = 96); the remainder were classified as healthy (HEA; n = 217). Other health issues were minimal. The likelihood of elevated fecal score occurrence and the cumulative number of days with an elevated score were greater for DIA calves than for HEA calves. The initial total protein concentration in blood did not differ between classifications. Cumulative milk replacer dry matter intake (DMI) and water consumed from milk replacer were significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves, because DIA calves were more likely to refuse milk replacer. Cumulative starter DMI was decreased for DIA versus HEA calves. As a result, cumulative total DMI was significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves. Cumulative free water intake did not differ between classifications. The DIA calves were more likely to receive electrolyte solution and have more days given electrolyte solution than HEA calves. As a result, total cumulative intake of electrolyte solution was greater in DIA calves than in HEA calves. Cumulative total water intake did not differ between classifications. Initial BW did not differ between classifications; however, a classification × time interaction for BW indicated that HEA calves were heavier than DIA calves and had greater ADG. Significant classification × time interactions for hip height and heart girth revealed that HEA calves had a larger frame size. Gain–feed ratios for both milk replacer intake and total DMI differed between classifications: DIA calves were less feed-efficient than HEA calves. In conclusion, diarrhea in young calves decreases DMI, BW gain, and feed efficiency relative to HEA calves within 21 d of arrival.

Dimensi Tubuh Sapi Friesian Holstein dan Limousin Betina Berdasarkan Morfometrik dengan Citra Digital

Digital image analysis have been applied to determine and follow the body measurement, live weights, and animal growth. The objectives on this study were to compare linear body measurement (BMs) method (manually and digital image analysis) and to compare size and body dimension of Friesian Holstein (FH) and Limousin cows. In this study, the BMs of FH and Limousin cows was determined using digital image analysis (IA). Linear measurement of primary morphometrics, part of Columna vertebralis, and extrimity length of cows was first determined manually, by direct measurement. Then the digital images of cows were taken and the results obtained through the calculations were recorded into the computer and analized by Corel draw. Result showed that the BMs with both methods measurement was not significant different and IA method had lower coefficient variation (CV) than manual, which indicates the IA method can be used for morphometric study. For the body dimension, FH had larger frame size and lower body weight than Limousin. The different of breed caused differences in morphometric performances. FH had longer thoraxoc vertebrae, wither height, space between ischium, and space coxae to ischium than Limousin. Limousin had longer cervicalis vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and scapulla.

Dimensi Tubuh Sapi Friesian Holstein dan Limousin Betina Berdasarkan Morfometrik dengan Citra Digital

Digital image analysis have been applied to determine and follow the body measurement, live weights, and animal growth. The objectives on this study were to compare linear body measurement (BMs) method (manually and digital image analysis) and to compare size and body dimension of Friesian Holstein (FH) and Limousin cows. In this study, the BMs of FH and Limousin cows was determined using digital image analysis (IA). Linear measurement of primary morphometrics, part of Columna vertebralis, and extrimity length of cows was first determined manually, by direct measurement. Then the digital images of cows were taken and the results obtained through the calculations were recorded into the computer and analized by Corel draw. Result showed that the BMs with both methods measurement was not significant different and IA method had lower coefficient variation (CV) than manual, which indicates the IA method can be used for morphometric study. For the body dimension, FH had larger frame size and lower body weight than Limousin. The different of breed caused differences in morphometric performances. FH had longer thoraxoc vertebrae, wither height, space between ischium, and space coxae to ischium than Limousin. Limousin had longer cervicalis vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and scapulla.

Assessment of consumer preference traits of indigenous sheep type and market channels in Bensa District, Southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACTThis study was carried out in Bensa district of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess consumer preference traits of indigenous sheep type in the study area. Data were analysed using SPSS versions 16. There are four towns where sheep was marketed in addition to many villages that were used as primary market outlets for sheep. Farmers, collectors, traders, brokers, restaurant/hotel owners and individual consumers were the major actors in the sheep market. There were five main market channels and three market outflow route of sheep in the study area. The most preferred traits by consumer in the study area were younger age, uncastrated, large frame size, good body condition and non-black colour. The demand for sheep was high during the time of crop harvesting and Christian holidays. It was concluded that understanding the consumer preferences of indigenous sheep can be used as first step in designing a sustainable breeding programme in the study area. Hence, this st...

MAC improvements for very high throughput WLANs

Here we present the first amendments of high throughput networks identified as IEEE 802.11n originated in 2009 to achieve 150 Mbps speed for typical wireless systems to provide better wireless technology. At the same time, to further improve the medium access control (MAC) throughput, a pair of new amendments for WLAN standard are developed which are IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad. The 802.11ac is designed to achieve 1.3 Gbps speed due to its larger frame sizes, improved queuing and enhance the quality of service (QoS) features with the help of multi-user MIMO. The 802.11ad is designed to allow around 7 Gbps while using the possibility of transmitting in the 60 GHz band that can offer the chance to get the high gain and fewer interference features of directional antennas. Lastly, simulation results show the study of QoS requirements for interactive multimedia transport flow is readily achievable in 802.11ac/ad when compared to 802.11n and other legacy standards.

MAC improvements for very high throughput WLANs

Here we present the first amendments of high throughput networks identified as IEEE 802.11n originated in 2009 to achieve 150 Mbps speed for typical wireless systems to provide better wireless technology. At the same time, to further improve the medium access control (MAC) throughput, a pair of new amendments for WLAN standard are developed which are IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad. The 802.11ac is designed to achieve 1.3 Gbps speed due to its larger frame sizes, improved queuing and enhance the quality of service (QoS) features with the help of multi-user MIMO. The 802.11ad is designed to allow around 7 Gbps while using the possibility of transmitting in the 60 GHz band that can offer the chance to get the high gain and fewer interference features of directional antennas. Lastly, simulation results show the study of QoS requirements for interactive multimedia transport flow is readily achievable in 802.11ac/ad when compared to 802.11n and other legacy standards.

Overview of Color Gamut Scalability

Displays’ new rendering capabilities combined with the ever-growing number of video applications have fueled the emergence of new video formats addressing wider color gamut and larger frame size. Thus, the need in scalable compression technology to provide backward compatibility with legacy devices and capitalize on the superior compression performance of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has increased significantly. This paper gives an overview of the work carried out in the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding of ITU-T Study Group 16 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 motion picture experts group (MPEG) to define scalable extensions of HEVC (SHVC) targeting these market requirements. The color gamut scalability (CGS) tool of SHVC is specially designed to support efficient scalable coding with multiple layers in different color spaces. The genesis of the SHVC-CGS tool is presented and the performance of the various proposals is compared. Finally, the design of the recently adopted SHVC-CGS inter-layer prediction is detailed. The experimental results validate its efficiency in coding video with extended color gamut and high dynamic range.

FPGA-based multi-robot tracking

Vision-based robot tracking is commonly used for monitoring and debugging in single- and multi-robot environments. Currently, most of the existing vision-based multi-robot tracking systems are based on implementations on general purpose computers. These solutions are not feasible for embedded applications requiring high resource efficiency or high robustness as well as for use-cases with large frame sizes, multiple cameras and a large number of robots to be tracked. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)-based hardware accelerators can be used to efficiently handle compute-intensive applications like vision processing due to their high inherent parallelism. In this paper, we present an FPGA-based architecture for multi-robot tracking using multiple GigE Vision cameras. A complete system is implemented, comprising a multi-camera frame grabber and IP cores for image preprocessing, edge filtering, and circle detection. The robot localization is based on shape-based object detection. The proposed design is scalable in terms of the number of cameras and robots. It detects the locations of multiple robots simultaneously using single or multiple cameras without sacrificing the performance. Our implementation can process video frames from multiple cameras for multi-robot localization with precision and recall rates of 98%. It supports a maximum total video resolution of 2048x2048 with 152 frames per second. A speed-up of more than 30 is achieved as compared to a multi-threaded OpenCV implementation on a 3.2 GHz desktop quad-core CPU.

Hardware architecture design of block-matching and 3D-filtering denoising algorithm

Block-matching and 3D-filtering (BM3D) is a state of the art denoising algorithm for image/video, which takes full advantages of the spatial correlation and the temporal correlation of the video. The algorithm performance comes at the price of more similar blocks finding and filtering which bring high computation and memory access. Area, memory bandwidth and computation are the major bottlenecks to design a feasible architecture because of large frame size and search range. In this paper, we introduce a novel structure to increase data reuse rate and reduce the internal static-random-access-memory (SRAM) memory. Our target is to design a phase alternating line (PAL) or real-time processing chip of BM3D. We propose an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) architecture of BM3D for a 720×576 BT656 PAL format. The feature of the chip is with 100 MHz system frequency and a 166-MHz 32-bit double data rate (DDR). When noise is σ = 25, we successfully realize real-time denoising and achieve about 10 dB peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) advance just by one iteration of the BM3D algorithm.

Alleviating Hidden and Exposed Nodes in High-Throughput Wireless Mesh Networks

This paper proposes an opportunistic approach to mitigating the hidden and exposed node problem in a high-throughput mesh network, by exploiting the frame aggregation and block acknowledgment (BACK) capabilities of IEEE 802.11n/ac wireless networking standard. Hidden nodes significantly drop down the throughput of a wireless mesh network by increasing data loss due to collision, whereas exposed nodes cause under-utilization of the achievable network capacity. The problem becomes worse in IEEE 802.11n/ac supported high-throughput mesh networks, due to the large physical layer frame size and prolonged channel reservation from frame aggregation. The proposed approach uses the standard carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) technology along with an opportunistic collision avoidance (OCA) method that blocks the communication for hidden nodes and opportunistically allows exposed nodes to communicate with the peers. The performance of the proposed CSMA/OCA mechanism for high throughput mesh networks is studied using the results from an IEEE 802.11n+s wireless mesh networking testbed, and the scalability of the scheme has been analyzed using simulation results.

Ber Analysis of Turbo Code Interleaver

This paper presents a low complexity interleaver design that facilitates high throughput Turbo decoding required for next generation wireless systems. When a parallel decoder structure is considered, interleaver design is the most important issue. In such parallel decoder, the contention problem occurs when more than one extrinsic value references to the same memory block for read or write purpose. This paper focuses on the alternate method for QPP interleaver which shows improved BER performance for large frame size. Bit reversed indexing is used to generate interleaved addresses. A counter is used to generate sequential address as well as interleaved address. The number of address lines of memory which stores data , depends upon frame size of data. In this paper, a comparison is made between best proved interleaver and proposed interleaver on the basis of BER performance for different number of iterations, different frame size and different decoding algorithms. General Terms Interleaver, Turbo Decoder, Bit reverse indexing.

MAC level Throughput comparison: 802.11ac vs. 802.11n

We compare between the Throughput performance of IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac under the same PHY conditions and in the three aggregation schemes that are possible in the MAC layer of the two protocols. We find that for an error-free channel 802.11ac outperforms 802.11n due to its larger frame sizes, except for the case where there is a limit on the number of aggregated packets. In an error-prone channel the bit error rate sometimes determines the optimal frame sizes. Together with the limit on the number of aggregated packets, these two factors limit the advantage of 802.11ac.

Improving Time-Scale Modification of Music Signals Using Harmonic-Percussive Separation

A major problem in time-scale modification (TSM) of music signals is that percussive transients are often perceptually degraded. To prevent this degradation, some TSM approaches try to explicitly identify transients in the input signal and to handle them in a special way. However, such approaches are problematic for two reasons. First, errors in the transient detection have an immediate influence on the final TSM result and, second, a perceptual transparent preservation of transients is by far not a trivial task. In this paper we present a TSM approach that handles transients implicitly by first separating the signal into a harmonic component as well as a percussive component which typically contains the transients. While the harmonic component is modified with a phase vocoder approach using a large frame size, the noise-like percussive component is modified with a simple time-domain overlap-add technique using a short frame size, which preserves the transients to a high degree without any explicit transient detection.

RFID Tags Estimation through the Statistics Method for ALOHA

One of the key problems that affect the data integrity of passive RFID systems is the collision among the tags. A popular anti-collision algorithm which dominates the standards in HF and UHF passive RFID systems is framed slotted Aloha (FSA) and some variations of FSA. Throughput of the RFID system which determines the performance/efficiency of the system is reduced rapidly when the number of tags inside the interrogation zone is increased. Using larger frame sizes is not always the solution. The best performance can be achieved when the slot number is equal to the tag number for FSA algorithm. In order to estimate the number of tags, a lot of work has been done. The existing algorithm about the tags estimation has been discussed in this paper. And an idle slot number based estimation algorithm is proposed. The idle slot number based estimation algorithm uses the idle slots in a frame. For performance analysis, the idle slot number based estimation algorithm was evaluated with the parameters of 128 slots to estimate the number of tags. The proposed method considers two situation, one is applied only 128 slots in a frame and all of them are used to estimate the number of tags; the other is applied the first 128 slots in a frame with 1024 slots frame. The results showed that the proposed algorithm can improve the efficiency of the number of RFID tag estimation and provide a reliable solution for cases with a high density of tags in the area.

Effect of frame size on performance and carcass traits of Santa Inês lambs finished in a feedlot

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, qualitative, morphometric and quantitative carcass traits of Santa Inês lambs of different frame sizes finished in a feedlot. Twenty 120-day-old intact lambs with a 25.0±3.1 kg average body weight at the beginning of the experiment were used. Lambs received a diet containing 17% crude protein and 2.70 Mcal/kg dry matter. Frame size influenced performance and tissue composition in the carcasses of the lambs. Lambs with large frame sizes showed better carcass conformation compared with those of medium-sized frames. Frame size was found to have a significant effect on rump perimeter. Large-framed lambs showed higher compactness on the carcass index and carcass dressing area compared with medium-framed lambs. The cuts of large-framed lambs weighed more than those of mediumframed lambs. However, no significant differences were found in dressing.