Larger Flowers Research Articles

NATURAL MATERIALS TO CREATE A RELIEF GLAZED SURFACE ON PRODUCTS OF CERAMIC MASS

The article discusses the features of stone ceramics decorating with natural materials (various grains and several types of flowers were used to obtain a decorative relief on the ceramic surface), which allows to obtain glazed surfaces with an unglazed concave relief, creating the effect of the graffito technique. The dependence of the relief index on the shape of the impression and decorative effects are shown. It has been experimentally revealed that in the depressions obtained by pressing large flowers, there is a coating of the core of the imprint with glaze, with not deep prints – a distribution in the form of droplets. As a result of using legumes and some types of flowers, the concave relief is covered with a transparent glaze and optically perceived as convex. According to the method of assessing the nature of the relief, the quality of the decorated surface was determined. The systematisation of the decorative effects of the glazed surface is carried out, tak-ing into account the relief and the influence of the material and shape of the impression on the glazed surface.

Morphological and habitat differentiation between diploids and tetraploids of a Drakensberg near‐endemic taxon, Rhodohypoxis baurii var. platypetala (Hypoxidaceae)

AbstractEnvironmental factors may shape the spatial distribution of ploidy levels. Here, we undertook a cytogeographical study of Rhodohypoxis baurii var. platypetala (Hypoxidaceae), a Drakensberg near‐endemic taxon. We addressed the following questions: (1) Are there mixed‐ploidy populations or is each population represented by a single ploidy level? (2) Is there a pattern in the environmental distribution of ploidy levels? (3) Are there specific environmental variables associated with each ploidy level locality? (4) Are plant traits similar or different within and among ploidy levels across populations that experience different environmental factors? We measured leaf and flower traits of individuals that were sampled for flow cytometry from 17 populations across the KwaZulu‐Natal and Free State provinces in South Africa. We extracted daily climate data for 13 variables and collected soil samples to evaluate pH and nutrient properties to characterize the sampled populations to test for relationships with ploidy level distributions. Twelve populations were found to contain only diploids, four populations contained only tetraploids, and only one population was ‘mixed ploidy’ (both diploid and triploid individuals present). There was an overlap in the altitudinal range of diploid and tetraploid populations, but diploids reached the highest altitudes recorded for the current study. We also found that R. baurii var. platypetala occurs in acidic soils and that tetraploids occurred in soils with marginally higher nitrogen and phosphorus than soils where diploids occur. Tetraploids generally occurred in warmer conditions, in drier soils, and possessed broader leaves and larger flowers than diploids. Our study suggests that soil factors and temperature at a small (within localities) spatial scale likely shape ploidy level distributions in the Drakensberg grasslands.

Vertebrates can be more important pollinators than invertebrates on islands: the case of Malva (=Lavatera) arborea L.

Premise of the study: On islands, flowering plants tend to be more generalist in their pollination needs, as insects (the main pollinators of flowering plants) are underrepresented in these ecosystems compared to the mainland. In addition, some vertebrate species that are typically insectivorous or granivorous on the mainland are forced to broaden their diet and consume other resources such as nectar or pollen on the islands. The shrub Malva arborea, with its large and colourful flowers, attracts different groups of potential pollinators. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of vertebrates versus insects in an insular population of M. arborea and to investigate its reproductive system. Methods: For three groups of taxa (insects, birds and lizards), we assessed the two components of pollination effectiveness: (i) the quantitative component (i.e. number of visits and number of flowers contacted) through direct observations of flowers; and (ii) the qualitative component (fruit and seed set, number and size of seeds and proportion of seedling emergence) through pollinator exclusion experiments. Key results: Vertebrates (birds and lizards) were quantitatively the most effective pollinators, followed by insects. However, when all three groups visited the flowers, fruit and seed set were higher than when any of them were excluded. We also found that M. arborea has hermaphrodite flowers and is able to reproduce by autogamy, although less efficiently than when pollinated by animals. Conclusions: Both vertebrates and insects play an important role in the reproduction of M. arborea. Although the plant does not need pollinators to produce seeds, its reproductive success increases when all pollinators are allowed to visit the flowers. Besides providing new information on M. arborea, these findings may help to better understand the role of different pollinator groups in the reproduction of other plant species, especially on islands where the co-occurrence of vertebrate and invertebrate pollination in the same plant species is usual.

Recovery of the reproductive functional diversity of edible fruit plant assemblages along the regeneration of a Caatinga dry forest

The ability of dry forests to deliver ecosystem services of both local and global relevance depends on the capacity of those forests to recover from constant disturbances in human-modified landscapes. Here we examine the effects posed by biomass, chronic human disturbances and aridity on the recovery of reproductive functional diversity by edible fruit plant assemblages following slash-and-burn agriculture in a Caatinga dry forest, in northeastern Brazil. The edible fruit plant assemblages were described across 24 forest stands, including regenerating stands of varying age (4 to 50 yr old) and old-growth stands, adopting a large set of reproductive traits as floral sizes, reproductive systems, and pollination systems. Such a chronosequence covered a gradient relative to aboveground biomass, aridity, and chronic anthropogenic disturbances (CAD). We observed that edible fruit plant assemblages across both regenerating and old-growth forest stands exhibited similar taxonomic diversity scores. This pattern is also figured in the recovery of reproductive traits, which is relatively fast as regenerating forest scores are generally similar or higher to those in old-growth forests. Generally, regenerating forest stands support more specialized reproductive traits and strategies than old-growth forest stands [e.g., edible fruit plants with very large flowers (>30 mm), specialized pollination systems, large fruits (>1.5 ≤3.0 mm), and medium-sized seeds (>0.6 ≤1.5 cm). However, the functional diversity of specialist reproductive traits decreased with increases in the levels of biomass and aridity, isolated, but was also impacted by the interactive effect. Considering the effects of biomass, CAD or aridity individually, we observed that biomass itself was responsible for most of the effects (42.8%), while 52.3% of the reproductive traits were negatively affected by CAD or aridity, which seems to be a major force against the recovery.

Synthetic Tetraploid of Oncidium crispum Lodd. (Orchidaceae).

In ornamental plants, artificial polyploidization has enabled the creation of new cultivars. Due to their high commercial value in the international flower market and their ornamental characteristics, such as the shape, size, color, and durability of their flower, orchids have received great attention in studies of artificial polyploidization. Here we described the protocol used for polyploid induction in Oncidium crispum, an epiphyte species native of southeastern Brazil, of great ornamental interest and widely sold in flower shops. The species stands out for having inflorescence with large flowers, brown in color with yellow spots. In addition, O. crispum has great potential for use in genetic improvement programs since the species is widely used in interspecific crosses. Closed capsules containing mature O. crispum seeds were subjected to running sterilized water for 10min and then to a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10min. Small portions of seeds were introduced into 50mL of water-soluble fertilizer with macro- and micronutrients (B&GTM) plus 0.7% agar. Explants originating from seeds previously in vitro germinated were submitted to 0.05% and 0.1% of colchicine for 4days and 8days. Flow cytometry and chromosome counts confirmed that the protocol successfully produced synthetic polyploid plants.

Resurrection of Sorbustapashana (Rosaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence.

Sorbustapashana (Rosaceae) from Taibai Shan, Qinling, China, has been treated as a synonym of S.tianschanica. Both species belong to a distinctive group characterized by white tomentose buds, relatively large flowers, and red fruits. However, these two species do not cluster together in the plastome-based phylogenetic analysis. Morphologically, S.tapashana differs from S.tianschanica by its persistent white tomentose on the peduncle, pedicels, rachis, both sides of the midrib on abaxial surface, its leaflets with 31-51 teeth on each side and much smaller corymbs and fruits. Therefore, S.tapashana is reinstated as a distinct species here.

Ardisiacrenatasubsp.mukdahanensis, a new subspecies of Primulaceae from Thailand.

A new subspecies, ArdisiacrenataSimssubsp.mukdahanensis Chatan & Promprom (Primulaceae), is described from Mukdahan Province, Thailand. This discovery was made during field studies conducted from 2021 to 2023, during which the authors collected and analysed specimens, comparing them with relevant taxonomic literature and herbarium collections. A.crenatasubsp.mukdahanensis is distinct from its closest relative, A.crenatasubsp.crassinervosa by a combination of morphological traits, such as moderately dense minute hairs on young shoots, abaxial side of young lamina and calyx, peduncles and pedicels; larger flowers (7.0-7.5 mm) that are pure white or pinkish; larger fruits (7-8 mm) and absence of glandular punctation in organs such as lamina, calyx, corolla, anther and fruit. This new subspecies grows in slightly dense dry evergreen forests or open areas near streams and is preliminarily assigned to the Data Deficient (DD) category according to IUCN guidelines.

Notas acerca da morfologia, taxonomia e distribuição geográfica de Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) na Amazônia brasileira

ABSTRACT Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) is an important component of the Neotropical flora, but taxonomic knowledge of its species is limited, particularly within the Amazon region. This study aimed to provide an updated taxonomic treatment of Apeiba native to Brazil, with focus on Amazonian collections. Species of Apeiba are trees with large yellowish-white flowers with a very particular fruit, an indehiscent capsule, usually globose to slightly flattened, covered either by long and numerous bristles, or densely apiculate. We provide synoptic descriptions for each Amazonian Apeiba species from Brazil, and comments on relevant synonyms and designated lectotypes for three names. We also provide an identification key, a list of examined material and distribution data, including a list of new occurrence records for some Brazilian states. Illustrations and notes on taxonomy and nomenclature are also included when appropriate.

Çocuk Edebiyatına Posthümanist Ekoeleştirel Bir Yaklaşım: José Saramago'nun "Beklenmedik Işık, "Kertenkele" ve "Dünyanın En Büyük Çiçeği"

Children’s literature plays a significant part in children’s imaginative and socio-emotional development, as it facilitates the shaping of their worldview, nurtures their imagination, fosters empathy, and cultivates environmental consciousness. Examining children’s literature within the framework of posthumanist ecocriticism entails the process of (re)evaluating these literary works via the lens of posthumanist theories and ecocritical perspectives, with the aim of uncovering the ecological themes present within them. This sort of reading involves the posthumanist perspective, which challenges the conventional anthropocentric standpoint by interrogating the dichotomy between human and nonhuman entities and delving into the connectivity and interdependence that exists among all forms of life. Conversely, the ecocritical viewpoint investigates the interplay between literature and the environment, with a particular focus on ecological considerations, depictions of the natural world, and humans’ influence on the ecological balance. Currently, the convergence of children’s literature and posthumanist ecocriticism aims to elucidate the portrayal of nature, technology, and the interplay between humans and the environment within children’s literary works. This analysis examines the portrayal of nature in José Saramago’s literary works, namely “An Unexpected Light,” “The Lizard,” and “The World’s Largest Flower.” The focus of this examination is to determine if human and nonhuman entities are shown as distinct entities or as interconnected entities within the narrative. This analysis will explore whether Children’s Literature challenges the dichotomy between humans and nonhumans, and if it presents alternative viewpoints that promote empathy, responsibility, and interconnectedness between humans and nonhumans.

BUSANA CASUAL DAN GAUN PESTA MALAM INSPIRASI BUNGA RAFFLESIA ARNOLDII

The work report entitled "Casual Clothing and Evening Party Dresses Inspired by Rafflesia Arnoldii Flowers" in the form of casual clothes and evening party dresses. Casual clothing means relaxed and simple where this clothing is worn in everyday life and in informal events. Evening party dress clothing is clothing that is used on the occasion of a party event at night. This fashion work was inspired by the Rafflesia Arnoldii flower. The Rafflesia Arnoldii flower, the largest flower, reaches 70 to 110 in diameter with a height of 50 cm consisting of five large, thick and leathery petals which are orange and maroon in color, with white irregular spots, stamens, sharp and thin in the middle hole. flower. Making casual clothes and evening party dresses through a process of preparation, design and implementation. Using bridal satin, basurek, balotelli batik, velvet satin, hero, Swarovski pearl tille, and sand / crinkle organza. The works created are clothing, Rafflesia Arnoldii casual 1, Rafflesia Arnoldii 2, Rafflesia Arnoldii casual 3, Rafflesia Arnoldii party dress.

Identification of miRNA858 long-loop precursors in seed plants.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of nonprotein-coding short transcripts that provide a layer of post-transcriptional regulation essential to many plant biological processes. MiR858, which targets the transcripts of MYB transcription factors, can affect a range of secondary metabolic processes. Although miR858 and its 187-nt precursor have been well studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a systematic investigation of miR858 precursors and their functions across plant species is lacking due to a problem in identifying the transcripts that generate this subclass. By re-evaluating the transcript of miR858 and relaxing the length cut-off for identifying hairpins, we found in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) that miR858 has long-loop hairpins (1,100 to 2,100 nt), whose intervening sequences between miRNA generating complementary sites were longer than all previously reported miRNA hairpins. Importantly, these precursors of miR858 containing long-loop hairpins (termed MIR858L) are widespread in seed plants including Arabidopsis, varying between 350 and 5,500 nt. Moreover, we showed that MIR858L has a greater impact on proanthocyanidin and flavonol levels in both Arabidopsis and kiwifruit. We suggest that an active MIR858L-MYB regulatory module appeared in the transition of early land plants to large upright flowering plants, making a key contribution to plant secondary metabolism.

<i>CAMELLIA HOABINHENSIS</i> (THEACEAE: SECT. <i>CHRYSANTHA</i>), A NEW YELLOW-FLOWERED SPECIES FROM NORTHERN VIETNAM

A new species, Camellia hoabinhensis (section Chrysantha, Theaceae), is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from a lowland forest on limestone hills in Hoa Binh Province, northern Vietnam. The species is characterized by its small habit to 4.5 m tall, large flowers 9.0–9.5 cm in diameter with 18–19 light yellow petals, and hairy filaments, ovaries, and styles. A comparison of the new species with similar species, C. euphlebia, C. impressinervis, C. phanii, and C. velutina, is provided. The IUCN conservation status of the proposed species is Data Deficient (DD).

Flower size constrains reproductive potential in three Andean monkeyflower species

AbstractPlants exhibit contrasting flower morphologies depending on their reproductive strategy, with autogamous species typically having smaller flowers than allogamous ones. Flower size can restrict the reproductive potential of species, as the development among flower parts is interrelated. This can result in a constraint on ovary size in adult plants, reducing the number of ovules produced, particularly in autogamous species with small flowers, in contrast to allogamous species with larger flowers. To test this hypothesis, we studied the static allometric relationships (allometry measured at mature flowers) of monkeyflower species (Erythranthe) endemic to the Andean region, including an autogamous species (E. glabrata), two allogamous species (E. depressa and E. lutea), and hybrids obtained from E. depressa × E. lutea crosses. We measured flower traits, counted ovules, and determined the static allometric relationships among traits for all taxa. Our study revealed that static allometric relationships are highly maintained among studied Erythranthe, with flower length serving as a crucial indicator of the dimensions that different flower parts reach. This suggests that flower length is an important factor determining the maternal reproductive potential in Erythranthe, with both autogamous and allogamous species showing a positive relationship between flower length and ovule number. Overall, investigating allometric relationships in Erythranthe, including hybrids, can shed light on the complex interactions between flower morphology and reproductive strategies in plants.

Identification of HpMYB1 inducing anthocyanin accumulation in Hippeastrum Hybridum tepals by RNA-seq

BackgroundCultivated Hippeastrum × hybridum is a popular ornamental plant with large and colorful flowers, long flowering duration, and high commercial value. As its main ornamental feature, its flower color is related to the anthocyanin content in the tepals. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in H. × hybridum have not yet been elucidated.ResultsIn the present study, 12 cDNA libraries of four stages of H.× hybridum ‘Royal Velvet’ tepal development were used for RNA-seq, obtaining 79.83 gigabases (GB) of clean data. The data were assembled into 148,453 unigenes, and 11,262 differentially expressed genes were identified. Forty key enzymes participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis were investigated, and the results showed that most of the anthocyanin structural genes were expressed at low levels in S1 and were markedly upregulated in S2 and S3. The expression profiles of 12 selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF), HpMYB1, involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was identified by sequence, expression pattern, and subcellular localization analyses. Its overexpression in tobacco significantly increased the anthocyanin levels in various tissues and activated anthocyanin-related genes.ConclusionsUsing RNA-seq technology, we successfully identified a potential R2R3-MYB gene, HpMYB1, that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in H.× hybridum ‘Royal Velvet’. Our findings provide basic transcript information and valuable transcriptome data for further identification of key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and can be applied in the artificial breeding of new H. × hybridum cultivars with enhanced ornamental value.

A new species of Pinalia (Orchidaceae) with bell-shaped flowers from the mossy forest of southern Mindanao, Philippines

We present the first orchid species described from the Mount Busa Key Biodiversity Area (KBA 196) in southern Mindanao, Philippines. The new species was discovered growing on moss-covered tree trunks in the upper montane forest. It is primarily distinguished among the genus Pinalia by its very short inflorescence that bears few, closely spaced and relatively large campanulate flowers with trilobed, weakly keeled labellum and a dentate callus on disc. The discovery of this species brings the total number of Pinalia in the Philippines to 39. More importantly, it highlights the need for more field-based research on the flora of southern Mindanao to alleviate knowledge shortfalls that continue to limit our understanding of the region’s biodiversity.

Agronomic performance in tetraploid Lilium leichtlinii: larger flowers and earlier flowering

Agronomic performance in tetraploid Lilium leichtlinii: larger flowers and earlier flowering

Illegitimate flower visitors and pollinators are associated with different flower morphology: Evidence from five species of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae)

The role of pollinators as drivers of morphological diversification has been extensively documented. However, how non-pollinators, such as pollen thieves and nectar robbers, affect flower morphology has received little attention. In this study, we used five species of Penstemon to investigate the relationship between pollinators and non-pollinators, and the flower morphology of the plants they visit. The results suggest that smaller flowers are more likely to be predominantly visited by small and very small pollen-collecting bees, and that larger flowers are more likely to be visited by large bees. Very small and small pollen-collecting bees rarely contacted the stigma and can thus be characterized as illegitimate visitors. However, in the absence of a more efficient pollen vector, these visitors can act as occasional pollinators. On the other hand, nectar robbing by wasps was not correlated with flower size but was associated with premature wilting. Pollinator assemblages varied geographically, but the presence and frequency of non-pollinator visitors did not, and instead they were species-specific. Finally, our results suggest that non-pollinator visitors have a detrimental effect on flower appearance from the pollinators' perspective.

Heteromorphism of normal and abnormal flowers of date palm cv. “Barhee” and comparison of green and red Ghanami pollens as dominant pollen

A major limitation to the use of tissue culture techniques for propagating date palms cv. "Barhee" is the production of plants with abnormal phenotypes (low fruit set and multi-carple fruits) as a result of somaclonal diversity. In addition, pollination with specific of male date palm pollen results in better fruit set and thus higher fruit production. So, this study was conducted to compare the anatomical and morphological characteristics, investigate the possible abnormalities of off-shoot and tissue culture-derived trees, and compare the pollen grain characteristics of Green Ghanami and Red Ghanami male date palm cultivars as the dominant Pollinator of "Barhee" during the growing season of 2019–2020 at Date palm and Tropical Research Center and Shahid Chamran Univeristy of Ahvaz, Iran. This experiment was laid out as a randomized complete blocks design with nine replications. The results revealed that the pollen grain of Green Ghanami had higher polar and equatorial axis than those of Red Ghanami, while the P/E ratio index and inter-edge distance of pollen grains of Red Ghanami were significantly higher than those of Green Ghanami. On the other hand, off-shoot-derived trees of cv. "Barhee" had larger flowers with lower flower density per strand than the tissue culture-derived trees. The stigma characteristics of the upper and lower flowers strands of the offshoot-derived trees were similar to each other and had three completely intact stigmas capable of receiving pollen grains. In tissue culture-derived trees, the lower flowers of the strand had wrinkled and dried stigmas, whereas the three stigmas of the upper flowers were completely undamaged. In addition, the flower of the tissue culture-derived trees had three carpels, one of which had an ovary with an aborted egg. In contrast, in the flower of off shoot-derived trees, only one carpel had a healthy ovary and the other two carpels were without ovaries and degenerated.Generally, it can be concluded that heteromorphic self-incompatibility and abnormality of the atypical flower stigma of tissue culture-derived trees cause the pollen grain not to germinate and grow inside the style.

PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUSTOMA L. IN CLOSED SOIL BY CUT

The article presents the results of research on the cultivation of Eustoma L. plants in closed soil on various substrates. As a result of cultivation, their influence on the passage of the main phenological phases of plant growth and development was established, and data on the effect of substrates on plant height and flower diameter of different varieties were also given. Four substrates were used in the study, namely: Domoflor; Compo; Peatfield; Generous land and studied seven varieties of Eustoma: Aurora, Echo, Heidi, Flamenco, Mermaid, LittleBell, Florida Pink. It was established that growing Eystoma L. plants on substrates increases the duration of flowering from 3.39% to 8.96%, and accelerates flowering by several days. Flower size is a characteristic feature of Eustoma species. The larger its size, the more optimal are the growing conditions. Most varieties of Eustoma were characterized by the formation of flowers with a relatively large diameter. As a result of growing the Echo and Florida Pink varieties, the diameter of the flower was the smallest and was only 5 cm, which was inferior to the diameter of the flower of the Aurora variety by 3 cm, or by 37%. Insignificant increase in flower diameter relative to the Echo and Florida Pink varieties, but smaller than the Aurora variety, was found in the Echo, Heidi, Mermaid and LittleBell varieties. In the indicated variants, the flower diameter was at the level of 6-7 cm. The Flamenco variety was characterized by a large flower size and a similar diameter relative to the control. The flower diameter of this variety was 8 cm. The use of the Compo substrate for growing tall flowers gave the highest plant height indicator, which was 98 cm (+18.8%), and in low plants 15.3 cm (+15%) compared to the substrates: Domoflor - 89.5 cm (+8, 5 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for short varieties, Peatfield - 91.2 cm (+10.6 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for low-growing varieties, and on the Shchedra Zemlya substrate, the plant height index was 88 cm (+6.6%) for tall flowers and 14.3 cm (+7.5%) for low-growing varieties. Experiments have established that the substrate does not have a significant effect on the diameter of the flower, with the exception of the Compo substrate. In the specified variant, in general, an increase of the investigated indicator was established by +2.1%, in other substrates, the indicator increased only by +0.76%. Despite the different plant heights, the number of peduncles and buds on the recorded plants was almost the same. Their total number was in the range of 25-34 pcs. Eustoma Echo and Heidi varieties were characterized by the largest number of buds. In these variants, the total number of buds was 33 pcs. Flamenco, Mermaid and LittleBell varieties were characterized by the same number of buds. As a result of the cultivation of Floridfa Pink variety, the number of buds was the smallest and amounted to only 25 pcs. For the use of substrates, the Compo substrate was characterized by the best indicators, in which, on average, 1 more bud was established on the plants than in the control (+3.5%), other substrates had slightly lower indicators of an increase in the number of buds, where their value ranged from (1- 2%).

PeCIN8 expression correlates with flower size and resistance to yellow leaf disease in Phalaenopsis orchids

BackgroundThe orchid industry has seen a recent surge in export values due to the floral morphology and versatile applications of orchids in various markets for medicinal, food additive, and cosmetic usages. However, plant-related diseases, including the yellow leaf disease caused by Fusarium solani, have caused significant losses in the production value of Phalaenopsis (up to 30%).ResultsIn this study, 203 Phalaenopsis cultivars were collected from 10 local orchid nurseries, and their disease severity index and correlation with flower size were evaluated. Larger flowers had weaker resistance to yellow leaf disease, and smaller flowers had stronger resistance. For the genetic relationship of disease resistance to flower size, the genetic background of all cultivars was assessed using OrchidWiz Orchid Database Software and principal component analysis. In addition, we identified the orthologous genes of BraTCP4, namely PeIN6, PeCIN7, and PeCIN8, which are involved in resistance to pathogens, and analyzed their gene expression. The expression of PeCIN8 was significantly higher in the most resistant cultivars (A7403, A11294, and A2945) relative to the most susceptible cultivars (A10670, A6390, and A10746).ConclusionsWe identified a correlation between flower size and resistance to yellow leaf disease in Phalaenopsis orchids. The expression of PeCIN8 may regulate the two traits in the disease-resistant cultivars. These findings can be applied to Phalaenopsis breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars against yellow leaf disease.