Large Field Test Research Articles

Cost-effectiveness of lures in attracting mammals: a large scale camera-trapping field test on European species

The cost-effectiveness of different attractants during camera trapping surveys has been seldom evaluated. To contribute in filling this knowledge gap we (1) compare the effectiveness of a suite of attractants in detecting widely distributed mammals in Europe and (2) evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these attractants, by calculating the costs associated to reach a specific monitoring objective. We conducted a large-scale field experiment across four study areas in central and northern Italy, encompassing a variety of environments, from lowland forest to alpine beech forest. We focused on comparing the following low cost and readily available attractants: sardines, peanut butter, a commercial lure and we used a camera with no attractant as control, collecting data on a suite of small to large mammals. We found that for seven of our 13 target species detectability varied with the type of attractant used. Specifically, sardines proved to be the most effective attractant for canids and the porcupine, peanut butter was most effective for mustelids but was avoided by the roe deer, whereas the commercial lure was the most effective with red deer. Through a power analysis combined with a cost function analysis we were able to show striking differences in the cost-effectiveness of the different methods, sometimes in the order of magnitude of tens of thousands of euros, which strongly emphasizes the critical importance played by the choice of whether to use an attractant or not and the type of attractant to be used.

Pengembangan Media Visual “PANJUMBAR” untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Operasi Hitung Penjumlahan pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this research is to describe the process of developing Panjumbar learning media. Testing the effectiveness of the developed Panjumbar learning media. To find out the increase in natural number addition skills through the use of the developed Panjumbar learning media. This research is a type of Research and Development research or development research. Effectiveness analysis was carried out using the pretest-posttest results analysis. The pretest and posttest results were tested by Paired Sample T-Test. The results showed that the validity of panjumbar learning media by media expert validators for learning mathematics in class I of Gugus Sudirman Elementary School, Tirtomoyo District after revision, in terms of the educational aspect was 4.8 (very relevant), the technical aspect was 4.7 (relevant), aesthetics (very relevant). Thus the average validity of the media is 4.8 (very relevant). Material validity in terms of content aspect is 4.75 (relevant), construction aspect is 4.6 (relevant), language is 4.75 (relevant). Thus the average media validity is 4.8 (very relevant), and the average material validity is 4.75 (relevant). The effectiveness of Panjumbar media using the before-after experimental design in small group field trials is known to have an average pretest value of 73, and an average posttest value of 83.75. The average value of the large group pretest field test 71.13, posttest 81.56. This shows that the value of O2 is greater than O1, so the product design used in this study is effectively used as a medium for learning mathematics. Based on the normality test with the One Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, the probability value of the t-statistic > Level of Significant = 0.05, namely the pretest value is 0.769 and the posttest value is 0.620 (> 0.05), thus the research data is normally distributed. The t test results obtained a significance value (2-tailed) 0.000 <0.05.

Development of Student Worksheets (LKPD) Based on Discovery Learning to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability on Movement System and Digestive System Materials in Class XI SMA/MA

The type of research conducted by the researcher is research development ( research development ). The product developed is LKPD based on Discovery Learning (DL). The aim is to improve the critical thinking skills of class XI students of SMAN 1 XI Koto Sungai Lasi The LKPD trial was carried out to obtain data that would be used in revising the product. The development model used in this research is the P lomp model. This model consists of three stages, namely the initial investigation stage ( prelimenary research ), the development or prototyping phase ( development or prototyping phase ) and the assessment phase ( assessment phase ). Evaluation of the prototype is carried out by means of formative evaluation as described in. The trials carried out consisted of a one- to-one evaluation , small group evaluation and large field test. The next step is to revise the product based on the results of a one-on-one evaluation. Then the revised DL-based LKPD product was re-tested in a small group. The results of the revision were tested again on a large group ( field test ) of students in one class. The trial aims to identify product deficiencies if used in actual conditions, see the effectiveness and practicality of the product. Research results The validation results by the validators show that discovery learning -based worksheets on the movement and digestive system material show a very valid category with a value of 84.05%. The results of the practicality test obtained from teachers and students showed that discovery learning -based worksheets on the movement and digestive system material showed a very practical category with a value of 95.00 % from teachers and 90.34 % from students. The results of the effectiveness test of discovery learning -based worksheets on the motion and digestive system material show that it is effective in improving students' critical thinking skills.

AvaLife-A New Multi-Disciplinary Approach Supported by Accident and Field Test Data to Optimize Survival Chances in Rescue and First Aid of Avalanche Patients.

Snow sports in the backcountry have seen a steep increase in popularity, and therefore preparedness for efficient companion and organized rescue is important. While technical rescue skills are widely taught, there is a lack of knowledge regarding first aid for avalanche patients. The stressful and time-critical situation for first responders requires a rule-based decision support tool. AvaLife has been designed from scratch, applying mathematical and statistical approaches including Monte Carlo simulations. New analysis of retrospective data and large prospective field test datasets were used to develop evidence-based algorithms exclusively for the avalanche rescue environment. AvaLife differs from other algorithms as it is not just a general-purpose CPR algorithm which has been slightly adapted for the avalanche patient. The sequence of actions, inclusion of the ≥150 cm burial depth triage criterion, advice to limit CPR duration for normothermic patients to 6 min in case of multiple burials and shortage of resources, criteria for using recovered subjects as a resource in the ongoing rescue, the adapted definition of “injuries incompatible with life”, reasoning behind the utmost importance of rescue breaths, as well as the updated BLS-iCPR algorithm make AvaLife useful in single and multiple burial rescue. AvaLife is available as a companion rescue basic life support (BLS) version for the recreational user and an advanced companion and organized rescue BLS version for guides, ski patrols and mountain rescuers. AvaLife allows seamless interoperability with advanced life support (ALS) qualified medical personnel arriving on site.

Comparison of thermal comfort between radiant and convective systems using field test data from the Chinese Thermal Comfort Database

This paper compares indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort between radiant and convective systems in continuous operating mode using large field test samples from the Chinese Thermal Comfort Database. Hypothesis tests are performed to compare thermal environment parameters and human subjective responses. We are concerned not only with statistical significance (P-value), but also with the effect size (d), since a small size effect would not have any practical significance. There is evidence of overheating of radiant systems due to high air temperature during heating season. There is no practical difference in air temperature between the two systems during cooling season. Indexes of radiant temperature asymmetry, vertical air temperature difference, air velocity and floor surface temperature are analyzed and compared. There is little practical difference in thermal comfort vote between the two systems at the same PMV interval. The neutral temperature difference is within 1.1 °C during heating season and is within 0.3 °C during cooling season between the two systems, which are narrower than the GB50376-2012 (2 °C during heating season and 0.5–1.5 °C during cooling season). This paper can provide reference for thermal environment design and thermal comfort evaluation under different HVAC systems.

Large scaled field tests on soft Bangkok clay

In this lecture the interpretations of fully instrumented tests embankments and their role in the development of appropriate ground improvement techniques for highways, motorways and airfields on soft clay deposits is illustrated through well documented case studies in Bangkok, Thailand and Muar Flat Site in Kuala Lumpur. For the Bangkok Plain and with sand backfills the performance of embankments with different schemes of vertical drains was evaluated over a period of 25 years. Aspects such as recharging effects due to the drains, inadequate measures in maintaining vacuum during vacuum applications and possible hydraulic connections with large diameter drains are discussed. For the Muar test embankments, the role of fill strength in residual soil embankment and the field deformation analysis in separating consolidation settlement from immediate settlement and creep settlements is presented. Novel interpretations of settlement from pore pressure dissipations, secondary settlement from field measurements and decay of lateral deformation rate with time were also made.

Optimizing Emergency Stroke Transport Strategies Using Physiological Models.

The criteria for choosing between drip and ship and mothership transport strategies in emergency stroke care is widely debated. Although existing data-driven probability models can inform transport decision-making at an epidemiological level, we propose a novel mathematical, physiologically derived framework that provides insight into how patient characteristics underlying infarct core growth influence these decisions. We represent the physiology of time-dependent infarct core growth within an ischemic penumbra as an exponential function with consideration to rate-determining collateral blood flow. Monte Carlo methods generate distributions of infarct core volumes, which are translated to distributions of 90-day modified Rankin Scale scores. We apply the model to a stroke network that serves rural Bastrop County and urban Travis County by simulating transport strategies from thousands of potential patient pickup locations. In every pickup location, the simulation yields a distribution of outcomes corresponding to each transport strategy. A 2-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Student t test determine which transport strategy provides a significantly better probability of a good outcome for a given pickup location in each respective county (P<0.01). In Travis County, drip and ship provides significantly better probabilities of a good outcome in 24.0% of the pickup locations, while 59.8% favor mothership. In Bastrop County, 11.3% of the pickup locations favor drip and ship, while only 7.1% favor mothership. The remaining pickup locations in each county are not statistically significant in either direction. We also reveal how differing rates of infarct core growth, the application of bypass policies, and the use of large vessel occlusion field tests impact these results. Modeling stroke physiology enables the use of clinically relevant metrics for determining comparative significance between drip and ship and mothership in a given geography. This formalism can help understand and inform emergency medical service transport decision-making, as well as regional bypass policies.

Sex differences in the elevated plus-maze test and large open field test in adult Wistar rats

There is a growing need for a better understanding of sex differences in animal models of psychiatric disorders. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) test and large open field (LOF) test are widely used to study anxiety-like behavior in rodents. Our studies explored sex differences in anxiety and activity parameters in the LOF and EPM and determined whether these parameters correlate within and between tests. Drug naïve adult male and female Wistar rats (n = 47/sex) were used for the studies, and the rats were tested for 5 min in the EPM and 10 min in the LOF. The females spent more time on the open arms of the EPM and made more open arms entries than the males. The females also spent more time in the center zone of the LOF and made more center zone entries. The females traveled a greater distance in the LOF and EPM. There was a moderate positive correlation between time on the open arms of the EPM and time in the center zone of the LOF. There was also a moderate positive correlation between open arms entries in the EPM and center zone entries in the LOF. A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed one cluster with LOF parameters, one cluster with EPM parameters, and one cluster with parameters related to the avoidance of open spaces. In conclusion, these findings indicate that female rats display less anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and LOF. Furthermore, there are sex differences for almost all behavioral parameters in these anxiety tests.

Design of Invention-Based Student Activity Sheets Technology to Improve Learning Outcomes of Cube and Block Volume

This study aims to describe the characteristics of discovery learning activity sheet design for students, especially in class V SD Negeri Sukoharjo 01. The design of student activity sheets to improve student learning outcomes This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method. describes the ten steps of conducting the research. However, in this study, due to time and cost limitations, the researcher simplified it into 7 steps, stage (1) potential and problems; (2) data collection; (3) product design; (4) design validation; (5) design revision; (6) product testing; (7) product revision. The design characteristics are based on the needs analysis of students ′worksheets. The analysis of the needs of students’ worksheets will be carried out on 50 students in grade 5 as the experimental class and 40 students in the control class. Collecting data using a questionnaire on student activity sheets and student learning outcomes tests. Based on the validator test, the material expert team and discovery learning activity sheet media of students were feasible to use in learning. The next stage is to determine the effectiveness of the student activity sheet by conducting a large group field test of the experimental class in class V SDN Sukoharjo 01 and SDN Sukoharjo 03.

Seepage Analysis for Construction, with Applications to Some Projects in Hong Kong

Deep excavations are intensively carried out in many cities in China and other countries. One of the major loadings in such construction work is the water pressure, and great effort is required to assess the seepage problem and the corresponding water pressure on the retaining wall for a good design and construction. Different methods used for the seepage analysis are discussed in this paper through a series of projects in Hong Kong. Some interesting phenomena from the seepage analysis will also be discussed. Two large scale seepage field tests in Hong Kong are also used for the illustration of the back analysis in seepage problems which are seldom carried out. The comparative studies demonstrate that a realistic seepage analysis is very important for deep excavation works, but it was not seriously considered in the past.

Brightness of Microtrench Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Visual Detection of Intermediate Wetting States.

For a superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface under water, the dewetted or wetted states are easily distinguishable by the bright silvery plastron or lack of it, respectively. However, to detect an intermediate state between the two, where water partially intrudes the surface roughness, a special visualization technique has been needed. Focusing on SHPo surfaces of parallel microtrenches and considering drag reduction as a prominent application, we (i) show the reliance on surface brightness alone may seriously mislead the wetting state, (ii) theorize how the brightness is determined by water intrusion depth and viewing direction, (iii) support the theory experimentally with confocal microscopy and CCD cameras, (iv) present how to estimate the intrusion depth using optical images taken from different angles, and (v) showcase how to detect intermediate states slightly off the properly dewetted state by simply looking. The proposed method would allow monitoring SHPo trench surfaces without bulky instruments-especially useful for large samples and field tests.

Development and Validation of Questionnaire to Assess Knowledge about Cervical Cancer among Women Aged 20 to 65 years in Oman.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess awareness of cervical cancer, its risk factors, and methods of prevention among Arabic-speaking women aged 20 years and over. Methods: The study took place at primary healthcare institutions, Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman, between November 2018 to February 2019. In phase I, seventy items concerning cervical cancer and its prevention were generated through a literature review. In phase 2, the questionnaire was validated through calculating the content validity index (CVI) for both item level (I-CVI) and the scale level (S-CVI), in this phase a shortened English questionnaire of 55 items was formed, then rigorously translated to the Arabic language in phase III. The questionnaire was tested for reliability in two stages: A pilot and a large field test in phase IV. Results: A total of 55 out of 70 items formed the final version of the questionnaire. The final instrument had an S-CVI/Ave of 0.92. The questionnaire called the Knowledge in Cervical Cancer and Prevention Methods 55-items (KCCPM-55). The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.940 for the whole questionnaire, and ranged between 0.57 to 0.93 for each of the domains. Test-retest reliability was examined in a subsample of the total participants sample (r = 0.769, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The KCCPM-55 has been successfully developed in the Arabic language and found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of knowledge about cervical cancer and prevention methods among women aged 20 to 65 years in Oman.

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Menulis Cerita Pendek dengan Media Adobe Flash

This development aims to develop teaching materials for writing short stories with adobe flash SMP Class IX. The scope of this development is limited only to planning, material and evaluation in the learning process. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&amp;D), using a development research design using the Brog &amp; Gall model. Teaching material development results obtained material expert test results 82% were declared feasible, media expert test 86% were declared feasible, small group field test 80% declared good, a large group field test 82.3% was declared good. So overall the data obtained from the development of instructional materials with adobe flash media is declared feasible, teaching materials with adobe flash media are effective in increasing motivation, focus and responsiveness while the evaluation results provide increased student ability in writing short stories.

Bee foraging preferences on three willow (Salix) species: Effects of species, plant sex, sampling day and time of day

AbstractOur objective was to examine how bee foraging preferences on dioecious willows are influenced by plant sex, time of day, by sampling date on multiple sites and across different willow species. In a common garden experiment examining diurnal pollinator visitation patterns of Andrena bees (andrenids), there was a strong preference for male willow plants: 87% of visitations on male plants of Salix eriocephala (ERI) and 71% on males of S. interior (INT). The significant plant sex × time of day interaction was not a result of a change in bee preference for a certain plant sex during a certain part of the day but rather the result of diurnal changes in the magnitude of the preference of andrenid bees for male willow plants. Visits to male flower catkins were highest in the morning and early afternoon, peaking at midday. Visits to female catkins showed a more uniform, lower frequency visitation pattern throughout the day. In a larger field test at a reclaimed former coal mine site, which included S. cordata (COR) as well as ERI and INT, there were no sampling date × plant sex or sampling date × plant sex × willow species interactions. This indicates no plant sex switching behaviour by sampling date for the three willow species. Preference for male plants was greatest on the first sampling day and the proportion of male preference continued to decline until the fourth and final sampling day. On the mine site, 17 of the 25 Apoidea bee species identified were andrenids, and they represented 92% of the 744 individual bees collected while foraging on willow catkins. In addition, the overall number of observed and collected Apoidea bees visiting available flowering willow plants showed that the preference for male plants was 83%, 72% and 91%, for ERI, INT and COR, respectively. We discuss possibilities for promoting populations of native bees to increase commercial fruit and berry crop pollination by using willows as natural sources of pollen and nectar, thereby reducing costs of production associated with the annual importation of commercial bees.

Pengembangan E-Modul dengan Pendekatan Problem Based Learning untuk Peserta Didik SMA/MA Kelas XI Materi Gejala Gelombang

This research aims to: (1) development of e-module with problem based learning approach, (2) obtaining the quality of e-module with problem based learning approach based on material expert, media expert and physics teacher assessment, (3) Obtaining the response from student and enforceability of e-module with problem based learning approach. This research belongs to Research and Development (R&amp;D). Development is done by referring to the procedural model. This development research procedure is based on 4-D model which includes 4 steps, namely (1) Define, (2) Design, (3) Develop, (4) Disseminate. This research is done until Development steps. The research instrument are criticism and validator suggestion sheet, e-module quality assessment sheet, student response sheet and enforceability observastion sheet. The result of this research is e-module with problem based learning approach. The e-module quality based on assessment of material expert, media expert and physics teacher has average score 3,62; 3,80; and 3,92 with a very good category. Student’s responses on small field test have average score 0,88 with agree category. Result from the enforceability of e-module on 3th and 4th problem based learning steps in e-module has not been implemented. Other steps as a whole have been well implemented on the large field test.

PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI BERBASIS PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DAN BERORIENTASI KEMAMPUAN METAKOGNITIF

Problem-based learning (PBL) in biology has been considered as one of the innovative contextual teaching designs, since students learn biology from problems (cases) of real life and it potentially encourage students’ metacognition. This research was aimed at developing biology teaching devices, grounded in problem-based learning approaches and metacognition habits, and identifying their effect on students’ learning achievement and metacognition. The large field testing was implemented on 33 students, using pre-experimental design group single pre-test – post test design. Experimental data was analysed quantitatively. The findings showed that (1) there was a significant effect of the use of the innovative lesson devices on student learning achievement and metacognition which is measured using questionnaire metacognitive (MAI). Metacognition scores were more likely to be improved, before and after treatment (0.36 middle). High metecognition scores were on planning aspects (0.42 middle) and the lowest score of metecognition was on executing aspects (0,29); (2) learning achievement was also improved, before and after treatment. N-gain score was 0.52 (middle). The total contribution of the lesson design on learning achievement and metacognition was classfied ‘highly effective’. Biology teachers could use the product to improve the quality of their teaching learning processes

Detection of Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin Secreted by Clostridium perfringens Using Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a devastating enteric disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A/G, which affects global poultry industry by compromising the performance, health, and welfare of chickens. The causative main virulent factor responsible for NE pathogenesis has been shifted from a phospholipase C portion of an α-toxin, to an NE B-like (NetB) toxin, a plasmid-encoded pore-forming heptameric protein, in NE development. Therefore, the ability to detect NetB toxin will enable early diagnosis of field NE. Because the NetB protein can only be detected by western blot analysis with polyclonal anti-NetB antiserum, we developed a NetB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty mAbs reacting with Escherichia coli-expressed NetB protein were selected, isotyped, and conjugated with horseradish peroxidase for antibody pair tests. Multiple mAb pairs were found to detect E. coli NetB protein and native NetB protein secreted by netB-positive C. perfringens isolates. The developed capture (sandwich) ELISA could be useful to identify in vitro production of native NetB protein secreted from netB-positive field C. perfringens isolates and to conduct a large field test of commercial chickens undergoing NE infection. Here, we first report that native NetB toxin can be detected in C. perfringens NetB-specific mAb-based capture ELISA.

Study on large tonnage pile foundation load test system and field test of long rock-socketed pile

Large tonnage pile foundation load test system is designed in this paper by using pre-stressed technique to optimize the design of anchor pile reaction beam system, in which project pile can be successfully taken as anchor pile. The test results show that the cracks and excessive deformations of the prestressed anti-force device designed in this study have not occurred, and the prestressed tendons of the anchor pile ensure that the anchor pile will not be pulled and fractured, and the prestressed tendons can be reused, thus ensuring the safety and reliability of the test. This test method can directly test bearing capacity of long rock-socketed piles, and analysis bearing behaviors from test results of sensors which embedded in the pile. Through test studied, authors summarized the vertical bearing characteristics of long rock-socketed piles and the main problems that should be paid attention to during design and construction, and provided reliable solutions.

Online Estimation of Power System Inertia Constant Under Normal Operating Conditions

An online estimation method for the power system inertia constant under normal operating conditions is proposed. First of all, a dynamic model relating the active power to the bus frequency at the generation node is identified in the frequency domain using ambient data measured with the phasor measurement units (PMUs). Then, the inertia constant at the generation node is extracted from the unit step response of the identified model in the time domain using the swing equation. Finally, with the sliding window method and the exponential smoothing method, the estimated inertia constant is updated in real-time. Compared to the conventional methods using large disturbance data or field test data, the proposed method can estimate the inertia constant under normal operating conditions, and therefore, can provide the tracking trajectory of the power system inertia constant in real-time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in the IEEE 39-bus system. The results show that the relative error of the identified inertia constant is below 5% and the identified inertia constant can be updated within 1s.

Development of Digital Information Management Learning Media Based on Adobe Flash in Grade X of Digital Simulation Subject

This study aims to produce learning media in the form of interactive multimedia that is valid, practical and effective for basic competencies in managing digital information on digital information management subjects. This research is motivated by low learning outcomes and conventional learning on basic competencies in the application and management of digital information in the Department of Software Engineering at Ibnu Sina Vocational School in Batam. The type of this research is development research using the IDI (Instructional Development Insttitude) model. This model was developed in three stages, namely difine, develop and evaluate to see whether Interactive Multimedia is valid, practical and effective, this study conducted a one-to-one / individual evaluation expert, large group evaluation and field testing by looking at learning activities and learning outcomes of students. The results of this study indicate that Interactive Multimedia in the design / media aspect was 91.67% with very valid categories, 91.11% digital content / material management aspects with very valid categories, teacher practices were 92.08% with practical categories, practicalities of students are 91% with very practical categories. Interactive Multimedia effectively improves student learning outcomes is 81.25% (24) gets a value of ⩾ KKM and 18.17% (4) students have not reached KKM.