Large Family Research Articles

GBF1 deficiency causes cataracts in human and mouse.

Any opacification of the lens can be defined as cataracts, and lens epithelium cells play a crucial role in guaranteeing lens transparency by maintaining its homeostasis. Although several causative genes of congenital cataracts have been reported, the mechanisms underlying lens opacity remain unclear. In this study, a large family with congenital cataracts was collected and genetic analysis revealed a pathological mutation (c.3857C > T, p.T1287I) in the GBF1 gene; all affected individuals in the family carried this heterozygous mutation, while unaffected family members did not. Functional studies in human lens epithelium cell line revealed that this mutation led to a reduction in GBF1 protein levels. Knockdown of endogenous GBF1 activated XBP1s in the unfolded protein response signal pathway, and enhances autophagy in an mTOR-independent manner. Heterozygous Gbf1 knockout mice also displayed typic cataract phenotype. Together, our study identified GBF1 as a novel causative gene for congenital cataracts. Additionally, we found that GBF1 deficiency activates the unfolded protein response and leads to enhanced autophagy, which may contribute to lens opacity.

Calibrated representations of the double Dyck path algebra

AbstractThe double Dyck path algebra $$\mathbb {A}_{q,t}$$ A q , t and its polynomial representation first arose as a key figure in the proof of the celebrated Shuffle Theorem of Carlsson and Mellit. A geometric formulation for an equivalent algebra $$\mathbb {B}_{q,t}$$ B q , t was then given by the second author and Carlsson and Mellit using the K-theory of parabolic flag Hilbert schemes. In this article, we initiate the systematic study of the representation theory of the double Dyck path algebra $$\mathbb {B}_{q,t}$$ B q , t . We define a natural extension of this algebra and study its calibrated representations. We show that the polynomial representation is calibrated, and place it into a large family of calibrated representations constructed from posets satisfying certain conditions. We also define tensor products and duals of these representations, thus proving (under suitable conditions) the category of calibrated representations is generically monoidal. As an application, we prove that tensor powers of the polynomial representation can be constructed from the equivariant K-theory of parabolic Gieseker moduli spaces.

TRIMming down Flavivirus Infections.

Flaviviruses comprise a large number of arthropod-borne viruses, some of which are associated with life-threatening diseases. Flavivirus infections are rising worldwide, mainly due to the proliferation and geographical expansion of their vectors. The main human pathogens are mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including dengue virus, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, but tick-borne flaviviruses are also emerging. As with any viral infection, the body's first line of defense against flavivirus infections is the innate immune defense, of which type I interferon is the armed wing. This cytokine exerts its antiviral activity by triggering the synthesis of hundreds of interferon-induced genes (ISGs), whose products can prevent infection. Among the ISGs that inhibit flavivirus replication, certain tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been identified. Although involved in other biological processes, TRIMs constitute a large family of antiviral proteins active on a wide range of viruses. Furthermore, whereas some TRIM proteins directly block viral replication, others are positive regulators of the IFN response. Therefore, viruses have developed strategies to evade or counteract TRIM proteins, and some even hijack certain TRIM proteins to their advantage. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the interactions between flaviviruses and TRIM proteins, covering both direct and indirect antiviral mechanisms.

The Causes and Consequences of Child Marriage Among Muslim Community: With Special Reference to the Cases Identified in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka

The age of marriage for women is influenced by various socio-economic and cultural factors and remains a controversial topic in Sri Lanka. Child marriages are highly destructive, violating the fundamental rights of children protected by multiple global and national laws. The Eastern Province of Sri Lanka is particularly affected by this issue, resulting in children abandoning education and facing sexual, physical, and emotional violence, as well as premature motherhood. This study aims to identify the socio-economic and cultural factors driving child marriage in this region and to assess its impacts on the lives of those affected. Utilising a mixed-method approach, data were collected through questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews with young women who experienced early marriage, their parents, community leaders, and other informed individuals. The literature review included research articles, reports, and web publications to construct the theoretical framework. Findings indicate that factors such as parental marriage at a young age, parental death, dowry, poverty, large family sizes, and lack of interest in education significantly contribute to early marriages. Physical and psychological effects were found to be more prevalent than other social and economic impacts. These findings provide a foundation for future research and policy interventions aimed at mitigating child marriage.

Assessment of mental well-being and its socio-economic determinants among older adults in the Rohingya refugee camp of Bangladesh

Older adults residing in refugee settlements with unhealthy living environments, inadequate access to health care services, and limited psychosocial support are vulnerable to experience mental health problems jeopardizing their mental well-being. The present study aims to explore the mental well-being status and its socio-economic determinants among the older adults living in the Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥ 60 residing in five sub-camps within the Rohingya refugee camp of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews conducted between November and December 2021. The 14-item Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale was used to assess mental well-being. A cumulated score was derived using the scale ranging from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating greater levels of mental well-being. A generalized linear regression model was used to examine the socio-economic factors associated with the mental well-being of older adults. A total of 864 older adults participated in the study having a mean mental well-being score of 45.4. Regression analysis revealed that the difference in the logs of mental well-being score was expected to be significantly lower among participants aged 70–79 years (β: − 1.661; 95% CI: − 2.750 to − 0.572; p = 0.003), aged ≥ 80 years (β: − 3.198; 95% CI: − 5.114 to − 1.282; p = 0.001), and those with any non-communicable chronic conditions (β: − 2.903; 95% CI: − 3.833 to − 1.974; p < 0.001) when compared to their counterparts. Conversely, the difference in the logs of mental well-being score was expected to be significantly higher among individuals with formal schooling (β: 3.370, 95% CI: 1.855 to 4.886, p < 0.001) and those having additional income besides aid (β: 1.629; 95% CI: 0.642 to 2.615; p = 0.001), compared to their respective counterparts. Our findings highlight the need to provide psychosocial assistance to older individuals, particularly those who live in large families, suffer from chronic diseases, and live in socio-economic deprivation.

Structure and Mechanisms of Assembly-Line Polyketide Synthases.

Three decades of studies on the multifunctional 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase have laid a foundation for understanding the chemistry and evolution of polyketide antibiotic biosynthesis by a large family of versatile enzymatic assembly lines. Recent progress in applying chemical and structural biology tools to this prototypical assembly-line polyketide synthase (PKS) and related systems has highlighted several features of their catalytic cycles and associated protein dynamics. There is compelling evidence that multiple mechanisms have evolved in this enzyme family to channel growing polyketide chains along uniquely defined sequences of 10-100 active sites, each of which is used only once in the overall catalytic cycle of an assembly-line PKS. Looking forward, one anticipates major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which the free energy of a repetitive Claisen-like reaction is harnessed to guide the growing polyketide chain along the assembly line in a manner that is kinetically robust yet evolutionarily adaptable.

Electric vehicle (EV) type choice model: Latent class modelling (LCM) approach

This study develops a flexible Latent Class Model (LCM) to investigate the electric vehicle (EV) type choice decisions of Halifax residents. It utilizes cross-sectional data from the 2022 Halifax Travel Activity (HaliTRAC) survey, which includes questions related to EV adoption. This study also analyzes eight attitude and lifestyle preference related statements using principal component analysis (PCA) technique and finally extracts three components labeled as “EV enthusiasts”, “Sustainable travellers”, and “Remote work arrangement admirers”. This paper explores the heterogeneity between two classes for different alternative vehicle type choice, such as, battery electric vehicle (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and regular internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Based on class membership attributes, class-1 can be identified as those who live in suburban areas, have a large family with high vehicle ownership, and are interested in travelling with their family members, especially with their children and vice-versa for class-2. Results suggest that variables across two classes portray heterogeneity, such as, full-time worker portray positive correlation for class-1 and negative to class-2; high annual household income group (more than $200,000) exhibit high propensity to choose BEV in class-2 and vice-versa for class-1. Sustainable travelers emphasize the adverse connection towards regular vehicles, while EV enthusiasts demonstrate a favorable association with embracing any type of EV (BEV, PHEV, HEV). Furthermore, the findings from this analysis provide guidance for policy measures such as offering purchase incentives, expanding charging infrastructure, and implementing tax rebates to promote the uptake of EV among the residents of Halifax.

Wave equation on general noncompact symmetric spaces

abstract: We establish sharp pointwise kernel estimates and dispersive properties for the wave equation on noncompact symmetric spaces of general rank. This is achieved by combining the stationary phase method and the Hadamard parametrix, and in particular, by introducing a subtle spectral decomposition, which allows us to overcome a well-known difficulty in higher rank analysis, namely the fact that the Plancherel density is not a differential symbol in general. Consequently, we deduce the Strichartz inequality for a large family of admissible pairs and prove global well-posedness results for the corresponding semi-linear equation with low regularity data as on hyperbolic spaces.

Gender Perceptions in Multi-child Families: The Structure of Family Affecting Gender Stereotypes among Chinese College Students

This paper focuses on gender stereotypes in Chinese multi-child and one-child families to examine whether siblings influence gender stereotypes in College students. In this work, 141 questionnaires (M = 67, F = 74) on gender stereotype representations were collected. The t-test was used to detect gender stereotypes between groups from different families. This study demonstrates that large families influence gender stereotypes among college students, with females from large families showing significantly different feedback on gender stereotypes than males with siblings. Due to son preference, more resources for survival and education in the family will be invested in boys, which implies injustice and oppression of girls. China has already enacted the three-child policy, and the impact of gender inequality ideology on children's gender stereotypes in multi-child families, as reflected in this study, has theoretical value for the future promotion of gender equality education in Chinese families.

Chemical Antiquity in Metabolism.

ConspectusLife is an exergonic chemical reaction. The same was true when the very first cells emerged at life's origin. In order to live, all cells need a source of carbon, energy, and electrons to drive their overall reaction network (metabolism). In most cells, these are separate pathways. There is only one biochemical pathway that serves all three needs simultaneously: the acetyl-CoA pathway of CO2 fixation. In the acetyl-CoA pathway, electrons from H2 reduce CO2 to pyruvate for carbon supply, while methane or acetate synthesis are coupled to energy conservation as ATP. This simplicity and thermodynamic favorability prompted Georg Fuchs and Erhard Stupperich to propose in 1985 that the acetyl-CoA pathway might mark the origin of metabolism, at the same time that Steve Ragsdale and Harland Wood were uncovering catalytic roles for Fe, Co, and Ni in the enzymes of the pathway. Subsequent work has provided strong support for those proposals.In the presence of Fe, Co, and Ni in their native metallic state as catalysts, aqueous H2 and CO2 react specifically to formate, acetate, methane, and pyruvate overnight at 100 °C. These metals (and their alloys) thus replace the function of over 120 enzymes required for the conversion of H2 and CO2 to pyruvate via the pathway and its cofactors, an unprecedented set of findings in the study of biochemical evolution. The reactions require alkaline conditions, which promote hydrogen oxidation by proton removal and are naturally generated in serpentinizing (H2-producing) hydrothermal vents. Serpentinizing hydrothermal vents furthermore produce natural deposits of native Fe, Co, Ni, and their alloys. These are precisely the metals that reduce CO2 with H2 in the laboratory; they are also the metals found at the active sites of enzymes in the acetyl-CoA pathway. Iron, cobalt and nickel are relicts of the environments in which metabolism arose, environments that still harbor ancient methane- and acetate-producing autotrophs today. This convergence indicates bedrock-level antiquity for the acetyl-CoA pathway. In acetogens and methanogens growing on H2 as reductant, the acetyl-CoA pathway requires flavin-based electron bifurcation as a source of reduced ferredoxin (a 4Fe4S cluster-containing protein) in order to function. Recent findings show that H2 can reduce the 4Fe4S clusters of ferredoxin in the presence of native iron, uncovering an evolutionary precursor of flavin-based electron bifurcation and suggesting an origin of FeS-dependent electron transfer in proteins. Traditionally discussed as catalysts in early evolution, the most common function of FeS clusters in metabolism is one-electron transfer, also in radical SAM enzymes, a large and ancient enzyme family. The cofactors and active sites in enzymes of the acetyl-CoA pathway uncover chemical antiquity in metabolism involving metals, methyl groups, methyl transfer reactions, cobamides, pterins, GTP, S-adenosylmethionine, radical SAM enzymes, and carbon-metal bonds. The reaction sequence from H2 and CO2 to pyruvate on naturally deposited native metals is maximally simple. It requires neither nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, RNA, ion gradients, nor light. Solid-state metal catalysts tether the origin of metabolism to a H2-producing, serpentinizing hydrothermal vent.

Kaitan Gender dan Struktur Keluarga dengan Pemberian Intervensi Gizi Spesifik pada Anak Usia 6-23 Bulan

This study aimed to explore the relationship between gender and family structure by providing specific nutritional interventions to children aged 6-23 months. The method used was analytical observational with a cross-sectional approach. The research results from chi-square analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the child's gender and family type and the provision of specific nutrition (p value &lt;0.05). The majority of male children received positive specific nutrition, namely 52.2%, and girls received positive specific nutrition, namely 64.9%. The nuclear family type provided specific nutrition positively by 63.1% and the large family type provided specific nutrition negatively by 52.8%. In conclusion, the child's gender and family type have a significant influence on the provision of specific nutrition and nuclear families are more likely to provide better nutrition. Keyword: Child's Gender, Provision of Specific Nutrition, Stunting, Family Type

Connecting the Dots between GmPERK-1 and Enhanced Grain Weight in Glycine max

Large and distinct families of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play elemental roles in many fundamental processes of plants. The proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinase (PERK) family is one of the most pivotal classes of RLKs. To date, there have been no comprehensive or published studies conducted on the PERK gene family in Glycine max. This research aimed to characterize the role of the PERK gene family in cultivated soybean using a systematic array of bioinformatic and experimental approaches. We identified 16 PERK members in G. max through local BLASTp, using PERK members from Arabidopsis thaliana as a query. Tissue expression of genes, predicted via tissue specific expression analysis from the soybean database “SoyBase”, revealed that these PERK genes exhibit differentiated expression patterns in various plant organs. The gene structure was predicted via Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS). Phylogeny was demonstrated through an evolutionary tree employing the neighbor-joining method. Subcellular localization of proteins was identified via “Softberry” and cis-acting elements were identified through PlantCARE. The KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP)) marker was developed for the GmPERK-1-C and GmPERK-1-T allele, targeting position 167 nt in the CDS region. Genotyping results indicated that GmPERK-1 exhibits promising potential for utilization in molecular breeding programs for soybean to increase crop yield. Collectively, our findings indicate that G. max accessions harboring the GmPERK-1-C allele exhibit significantly higher thousand grain weight compared to accessions carrying the GmPERK-1-T allele. This research enhances the understanding of the molecular roles of PERK genes in G. max, providing valuable insights for the utilization of favorable genetic variations in soybean molecular breeding programs.

Accurate Prediction of Children's Target Height from Their Mid-Parental Height.

Background: For the past 50 years, standard guidelines have recommended the use of sex-adjusted mid-parental height to predict a child's final height. Here, we studied the accuracy of this procedure. Methods: We used height data in a cohort of 23 very large nuclear families (mean = 11 adult children per family). We compared the actual final height of the children to their height predicted by the standard procedure, as well as to alternative height predictions that incorporate corrections of mid-parental height for age, sex, and regression to the mean. Results: Standard mid-parental height explained 36% of the variance in children's heights, with a heritability of 74%, and children were on average 2.7 cm taller than predicted by their target heights. When we introduced a nonlinear correction for the age of the parents, employed a multiplicative (rather than additive) correction for sex, and accounted for regression to the mean, the variance explained increased to 40%, heritability increased to 80%, and prediction bias was reduced from 2.7 cm to 0.14 cm (representing an improvement in prediction by half a standard deviation of the height distribution). We further measured the empirical distribution of the heights of adult children around their predicted height. We describe how this distribution can be used to estimate the probability that a child's height is within the normal expected range. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on these observations, we propose an improved method for predicting children's target heights. Our procedure for determining whether the deviation of a child's projected height from the target height is in the normal range can be used to assess whether the child should be tested further for potential medical abnormalities.

A critical role of a plant-specific TFIIB-related protein, BRP1, in salicylic acid-mediated immune response.

An integral part of plant immunity is transcription reprogramming by concerted action of specific transcription factors that activate or repress genes through recruitment or release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Pol II is assembled into Pol II holoenzyme at the promoters through association with a group of general transcription factors including transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) to activate transcription. Unlike other eukaryotic organisms, plants have a large family of TFIIB-related proteins with 15 members in Arabidopsis including several plant-specific TFIIB-related proteins (BRPs). Molecular genetic analysis has revealed important roles of some BRPs in plant reproductive processes. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis knockout mutants for BRP1, the founding member of the BRP protein family, were normal in growth and development, but were hypersusceptible to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae. The enhanced susceptibility of the brp1 mutants was associated with reduced expression of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (ICS1) and SA-responsive PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes. Pathogen-induced SA accumulation was reduced in the brp1 mutants and exogenous SA rescued the brp1 mutants for resistance to the bacterial pathogen. In uninfected plants, BRP1 was primarily associated with the plastids but pathogen infection induced its accumulation in the nucleus. BRP1 acted as a transcription activator in plant cells and binded to the promoter of ICS1. These results collectively indicate that BRP1 is a functionally specialized transcription factor that increasingly accumulates in the nucleus in response to pathogen infection to promote defense gene expression.

A naturally appearing family of Cantorvals

The aim of this note is to show the existence of a large family of Cantorvals arising in the projection description of primitive two-letter substitutions. This provides a common and naturally occurring class of Cantorvals.

Related type 2C protein phosphatases Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate immunity in tomato to Pseudomonas syringae.

Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) constitute a large family in most plant species but relatively few of them have been implicated in immunity. To identify and characterize PP2C phosphatases that affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate loss-of-function mutations in 11 PP2C-encoding genes whose expression is altered in response to immune elicitors or pathogens. We report that two closely related PP2C phosphatases, Pic3 (PP2C immunity-associated candidate 3) and Pic12, are involved in regulating resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3 led to enhanced resistance to Pst in older but not younger leaves, whereas such mutations in Pic12 resulted in enhanced resistance in both older and younger leaves. Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst, and this effect was dependent on Pic3/12 phosphatase activity and an N-terminal palmitoylation motif associated with localization to the cell periphery. Pic3, but not Pic12, had a slight negative effect on flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generation, although their involvement in the response to Pst appeared independent of flagellin. RNA-sequencing analysis of Rio Grande (RG)-PtoR wild-type plants and two independent RG-pic3 mutants revealed that the enhanced disease resistance in RG-pic3 older leaves is associated with increased transcript abundance of multiple defense related genes. RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double mutant plants exhibited stronger disease resistance than RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutants. Together, our results reveal that Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity in an additive manner through flagellin-independent pathways.

Phonon-mediated unconventional superconductivity in rhombohedral stacked multilayer graphene

Understanding the origin of superconductivity in correlated two-dimensional materials is a key step in leveraging material engineering techniques for next-generation nanoscale devices. While it is widely accepted that phonons fluctuations only mediate conventional (s-wave) superconductivity, the common phenomenology of superconductivity in Bernal bilayer and rhombohedral trilayer graphene, as well as in a large family of graphene-based moiré systems, suggests a common superconducting mechanism across these platforms. In particular, in all these platforms some superconducting regions violate the Pauli limit, indicating unconventional superconductivity, naively ruling out conventional phonon-mediated pairing as the underlying mechanism. Here we combine first principles simulations with effective low-energy theories to investigate the superconducting mechanism and pairing symmetry in rhombohedral stacked graphene multilayers. We find that phonon-mediated superconductivity explains the main experimental findings, namely the displacement field and doping level dependence of the critical temperature, and the presence of two superconducting regions with different pairing symmetries that depend on the parent normal state. In particular, we find that intra-valley phonon scattering favors a triplet f-wave pairing when combined with electronic correlations stabilizing a spin- and valley-polarized normal state. We also propose a so far unexplored superconducting region at higher hole doping densities nh ≈ 4 × 1012 cm−2, and demonstrate how this highly hole-doped regime can be reached in heterostructures consisting of monolayer α-RuCl3 and rhombohedral trilayer graphene. Our findings promote phonon-mediated pairing as a strong contender to explain superconductivity across a wide range of graphene platforms, and demonstrate that phonons can, in fact, stabilize unconventional superconducting orders.

Bioinformatic, Enzymatic, and Structural Characterization of Trichuris suis Hexosaminidase HEX-2.

Hexosaminidases are key enzymes in glycoconjugate metabolism and occur in all kingdoms of life. Here, we have investigated the phylogeny of the GH20 glycosyl hydrolase family in nematodes and identified a β-hexosaminidase subclade present only in the Dorylaimia. We have expressed one of these, HEX-2 from Trichuris suis, a porcine parasite, and shown that it prefers an aryl β-N-acetylgalactosaminide in vitro. HEX-2 has an almost neutral pH optimum and is best inhibited by GalNAc-isofagomine. Toward N-glycan substrates, it displays a preference for the removal of GalNAc residues from LacdiNAc motifs as well as the GlcNAc attached to the α1,3-linked core mannose. Therefore, it has a broader specificity than insect fused lobe (FDL) hexosaminidases but one narrower than distant homologues from plants. Its X-ray crystal structure, the first of any subfamily 1 GH20 hexosaminidase to be determined, is closest to Streptococcus pneumoniae GH20C and the active site is predicted to be compatible with accommodating both GalNAc and GlcNAc. The new structure extends our knowledge about this large enzyme family, particularly as T. suis HEX-2 also possesses the key glutamate residue found in human hexosaminidases of either GH20 subfamily, including HEXD whose biological function remains elusive.

Communicating the diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy in endogamous vs. non-endogamous regions

IntroductionThe high prevalence of endogamy, or inbreeding, in northeastern Brazil, is due to historical and cultural factors, with large families living in cities far from the coast and subject to low socioeconomic and infrastructure levels. This breeding practice results in low genetic variability with an increased prevalence of rare autosomal recessive and neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).ObjectiveUnderstanding the impact of communicating the diagnosis of SMA on the mental health of patients and their families and the differences between the Northeast (endogamous region) and the other regions of Brazil (non-endogamous ones).MethodsCross-sectional study obtained through a structured questionnaire about the moment of receiving the SMA diagnosis, containing the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.Results and discussionThe sample consisted of 100 volunteers from all regions of Brazil, 47 patients diagnosed with SMA and 53 family members present at the time of the diagnosis. There was a predominance of females (83%) and homogeneity between the groups for the variables gender, age, color, education, religion, and SMA subtype (1, 2, 3, and 4). The Northeast region, representing 43% of the sample, despite being less economically favored, showed greater satisfaction with medical care and inclusion in health services, with less self-reported psychological trauma and fewer signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to the moment of receiving the diagnosis. The non-endogamous regions, in turn, reported the presence of strong waves of emotion, sleep problems, feelings of irritability, anger, and the presence of bad thoughts related to this situation.ConclusionThe feeling of inclusion in health services and satisfaction with medical care in the endogamous region had a positive impact on the mental health of those involved, reducing psychological trauma and signs of PTSD arising from the communication of the SMA diagnosis.

Signaling by Neutrophil G Protein-Coupled Receptors that Regulate the Release of Superoxide Anions.

In human peripheral blood, the neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) are the most-abundant white blood cells. These professional phagocytes are rapidly recruited from the bloodstream to inflamed tissues by chemotactic factors that signal danger. Neutrophils, which express many receptors that are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are critical for the elimination of pathogens and inflammatory insults, as well as for the resolution of inflammation leading to tissue repair. Danger-signaling molecular patterns such as the N-formylated peptides that are formed during bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis and recognized by formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) and free fatty acids recognized by free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) regulate neutrophil functions. Short peptides and short chain fatty acids activate FPR1 and FFA2R, respectively, while longer peptides and fatty acids activate FPR2 and GPR84, respectively. The activation profiles of these receptors include the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the NADPH oxidase. Activation of the oxidase and the production of ROS are processes that are regulated by proinflammatory mediators, including TNFα and GM-CSF. The receptors have signaling and functional similarities, although there are also important differences, not only between the two closely related neutrophil FPRs, but also between the FPRs and the FFARs. In neutrophils, these receptors never walk alone, and additional mechanistic insights into the regulation of the GPCRs and the novel regulatory mechanisms underlying the activation of NADPH oxidase advance our understanding of the role of receptor transactivation in the regulation of inflammatory reactions.