Large Enterprises Research Articles

BUSINESS CLIMATE INDEX. CALCULATION OF BUSINESS CLIMATE INDEX FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AND LARGE BUSINESSES

The article discusses the use of business activity indicators, based on data from the monthly monitoring of enterprises conducted by the Bank of Russia. It considers the indicators of the business climate, divided into large enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses, as these play an important role in the market economy and are more sensitive to crises but also more adaptive than larger businesses. Small and medium-sized business activity indices are in high demand among the business community, so the article focuses on this group of enterprises. General formulas for calculating the business climate indicator are provided by the Bank of Russia. Seasonally smoothed indicators of the business climate were analyzed and compared separately for large businesses and a group including small and medium-sized enterprises. Indicators were compared separately for small and medium enterprises, as well as within industries of small and medium businesses. The response of different groups and industries to economic changes, such as crises and structural transformations, was revealed. The business climate indicator for small and medium-sized companies was compared with the RSBI Support of Russia index. An alternative index was also created using the RSBI methodology, using monitoring data from the Bank of Russia. All calculated indices were compared, the level of correlation was checked, and they were compared with statistical data on small and medium enterprise turnover growth. The article explored the potential of using enterprise data to monitor and analyze the economy.

Risks of AI Applications Used in Higher Education

As artificial intelligence (AI) tools become more widely used in higher education, we must pay attention to the risks that can emerge. AI projects, whether applied in classroom learning or used for decision-making regarding admissions, financial aid allocation, or hiring, must include attention to governance and compliance issues, regardless of the project’s scope and scale. Concerns highlighted in this work include transparency, user privacy, data confidentiality, data integrity, and system availability, however, we note that this is a non-exhaustive list of risks. In this paper, risk assessment is defined, and two examples of risk management frameworks, namely the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework and the non-profit humanitarian effort ForHumanity’s Independent Audit of AI, Algorithmic, and Autonomous Systems are briefly described. We identify characteristics of AI applications that need to be assessed for vulnerabilities they may present, such as bias and discrimination. This paper aims to facilitate discussion among stakeholders about the risks that may be encountered from using AI in higher education, as well as to suggest ways developers, decision-makers, and users can mitigate these risks. Much discussion and published literature has focused on risk management frameworks designed for large organizations or enterprises or frameworks that do not consider risks specific to AI. We hope that decision-makers carefully consider the risks, perform due diligence when implementing AI applications, and create a plan for mitigating the risks. This research supports e-learning practice because students and faculty are embracing AI applications. Leaders and decision-makers in higher education need to be proactive in protecting their varied stakeholders. The paper asks what risks may be encountered by institutions of higher education when using AI tools and products in the classroom and for various aspects of decision-making and if published frameworks can mitigate these risks.

INFORMATION AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES OF LEADING INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF VOLOGDA REGION

The article is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the development of information and digital technologies in the industrial industry using the example of leading enterprises in the Vologda region - Public Joint Stock Company Severstal and Joint Stock Company Apatit. An analysis was carried out on the composition and effectiveness of the information and digital technologies used. Examples of information and digital technologies used at these enterprises of the Vologda region (PJSC Severstal, JSC Apatit) are given, the technologies used and the economic effect of their use are indicated. The influence of the use of digital technologies on the efficiency of the production process of these enterprises is investigated. According to forecasts, global spending on digital technologies in the chemical industry will reach more than $7 billion by 2031. An analysis was made of the effectiveness of the use of digital technologies in the activities of PJSC Severstal and JSC Apatit, their positive impact on operating and business processes, channels of interaction with consumers. It is emphasized that the digital economy in the Russian Federation is developing at an increasing pace; among the main prerequisites for the formation of the digital economy in the Russian Federation, the following are highlighted: the growth in the number of Internet users, the development of e-commerce, and the expansion of the IT industry. In the metallurgy and chemical industries, the key opportunities for transformation based on digital technologies are: the Internet of things, big data analysis, electronic document flow of companies, augmented reality, robotization, more efficient utilization of production capacity. It is noted that mainly large enterprises in the industry that have the financial capacity for innovative changes are subject to active digital transformation. An important step towards solving the problem will be training relevant specialists in a digital environment and increasing the innovative activity of personnel.

DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISES IN CONDITIONS OF DIVERSIFICATION

The article analyzes the relevance of diversification processes for the modern military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation and the difficulties that domestic enterprises face on the path to their deployment. The relevance of the study is due to the role that the military-industrial complex (MIC) plays for the future of the country in general and for its economic dynamics in particular. The study uses modeling methods when forming a model for constructing the interaction of a large regional defense industry enterprise and the external environment, analysis to substantiate the effectiveness of the development of diversification processes implemented in the defense industry enterprise, a scenario approach, when predicting the development of diversification processes based on the object of study and determining its inertial, optimistic and pessimistic development scenarios. It is noted that increasing the production of civilian and dual-use products can become a guarantor of long-term operation for defense enterprises, as well as a path to ensuring their own technological sovereignty and contribution to the technological sovereignty of the country. The question is raised about the optimal way to build integration interaction between defense industry enterprises and other economic entities along the path of diversification processes. The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is proposed as the basis for such interaction. A model is presented for the formation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in the military-industrial complex with the participation of local development institutions, industrial partners, universities, and small and medium-sized businesses. Using a particular example, a conclusion is drawn about the economic feasibility of introducing this model. The obtained materials can be useful to defense industry enterprises in the process of developing programs for the diversification of military production and the development of dual-use technologies.

IMPROVING APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SUBSIDIZING LARGE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The relevance of this scientific study is determined by the important role of state support in the effective functioning of large agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation and the Udmurt Republic. The purpose of this article: to study theoretical approaches and substantiate practical directions for increasing the efficiency of state support for large agribusiness. In the work on the article, the following research methods were used: analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparison, classification. The authors give the concept of subsidy as the main form of financial support for agricultural producers. Based on the analysis of regulatory and legal documents, the existing types of subsidies for animal husbandry, the procedure for their determination and the conditions for their provision were considered. Based on the analysis, the purpose, object and subject of this scientific research are justified. The article analyzed the existing scientific methods for quantifying the effectiveness of state support, which can be conditionally divided into four groups. Given the limited scope of the article, analytical research and practical calculations are limited to one enterprise - Voskhod Joint-Stock Company, which, in our opinion, did not affect the integrity of the article. The production and financial indicators of the company for 2021-2023 are given. The analysis of subsidies received by the enterprise by areas and by budget sources is given. The calculation of subsidy efficiency indicators according to the methods of E. Mukhina and E. Fedotova is presented in detail. It was concluded that it is necessary to further develop the approaches on which the assessment of the effectiveness of state support in general should be based, as well as auxiliary indicators for assessing the effectiveness of state support for agricultural organizations at the regional level are given.

Environmental protection tax and enterprises’ green technology innovation: Evidence from China

The Environmental Protection Tax Law was officially implemented, marking the initial establishment of China's green tax system. This paper aims to estimate whether the introduction of environmental protection tax will promote enterprises' green technology innovation. Based on data from listed enterprises from 2015 to 2021, this paper takes the implementation of environmental protection tax in 2018 as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the DID method to evaluate the impact of the implementation of environmental protection tax on the technological innovation ability of enterprises. The results show that, after the implementation of environmental protection tax, the quantity of green patents increased significantly, while the quality of green patents decreased significantly. The analysis of mechanism channel reveals that environmental protection tax policy appears to increase the number of green patents putting regulatory pressure on enterprises and increasing R&D investment, while managerial myopia inhibits the improvement of green patent quality. The changes in the quantity and quality of green patents in large enterprises are more significant. It is also found that the quantity in coastal areas decreased significantly, while the quantity in inland areas markedly increased.

Does the ESG rating promote common prosperity within enterprises?

This article analyzes the effect of ESG ratings on fostering common prosperity within companies in China's capital market, focusing on non-financial and insurance sectors. The study finds that higher corporate ESG ratings significantly enhance common prosperity within firms, primarily by easing corporate debt financing constraints. Furthermore, the positive impact of ESG ratings on common prosperity is stronger in non-state-owned and larger enterprises. This research broadens the understanding of corporate ESG's role from a micro perspective and offers evidence on advancing common prosperity in the modern era.

Entrepreneurs’ Spirit and Corporate Green Development: The Mediating Role of New-Quality Productivity

Abstract: As a fundamental unit of sustainable economic development, corporate green development is significantly influenced by entrepreneurs’ spirit and new-quality productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the intrinsic connections among entrepreneurs’ spirit, new-quality productivity, and corporate green development. This study leverages data from 17,079 A-share manufacturing companies from 2012 to 2022. It employs a dual-dimensional fixed-effects model to investigate the mechanisms, pathways, and effects of entrepreneurs’ spirit on corporate green development, with new-quality productivity serving as a mediating variable. The findings reveal that (1) stability tests using the IV method and Heckman’s two-step method indicate that entrepreneurs’ spirit significantly promotes corporate green development; (2) mediation-effect tests show that new-quality productivity partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurs’ spirit and corporate green development; and (3) heterogeneity-effect tests demonstrate that the promoting effect of entrepreneurs’ spirit on corporate green development is more pronounced in large enterprises compared to small- and medium-sized enterprises, in eastern enterprises compared to those in central and western regions, and in less competitive enterprises compared to more competitive ones. These conclusions not only enrich the research on corporate green development but also aid in the formulation of corporate-green-development strategies, thereby contributing to sustainable economic development.

Interdependencies in industry 4.0 maturity: Fuzzy MCDA analysis for open innovation in developing countries

The emergence of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is reshaping industries worldwide, driven by rapid technological progress and the need for open innovation. This study focuses on understanding the interdependencies of driving factors of I4.0 maturity in developing countries using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. By analyzing Indonesia, Pakistan, and Venezuela, the research aims to foster open innovation and address the unique challenges these nations face in adopting I4.0 technologies. I4.0 maturity models are essential for evaluating current maturity levels and identifying areas for improvement. However, the complexity and interdependence of various factors—ranging from data science and technology to policy, governance, and open innovation dynamics, such as social open innovation and the role of SMEs—complicate this process. This study employs Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy DEMATEL to identify the critical factors influencing I4.0 maturity and analyze their interdependencies and prioritization. The results indicate that 'Data and Information' and 'Willingness to Change' are crucial across all countries, while strategic differences between large enterprises and SMEs highlight the need for tailored approaches. This research highlights the importance of continuous IT investment, digital leadership, collaborative ecosystems, and agile strategies in fostering open innovation and driving I4.0 adoption. This research contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of I4.0 maturity, offering valuable insights for practitioners and academics to explore the dynamic interactions of I4.0 factors and their impact on operational efficiency.

PaaS Solutions for Scalable Social Media Engagement and Brand Loyalty Programs

Abstract: This research paper is a systematic analysis of how PaaS solutions can revolutionize the approach to increasing social network presence and improving brand reward programs. Based on the literature survey, comparison with current practices, and case study investigations, we study how, benefiting from PaaS, organizations deliver enhanced, efficient, and customer-centric experiences. This paper explores the attributes of PaaS that Microsoft especially targets for such applications the ability to perform real time analysis, omnichannel support and superior personalization. Based on the analysis of successful stories in different industries, we illustrate how, with the help of PaaS, Starbucks, Nike and Sephora were able to significantly enhance the specifics of customer interactions. It also focuses on the implementation issues that can be tackled. Some of the problems that may conflict with the research are data privacy, the complexity of integration, and sometimes, the use of the system by the targeted users. In addition, we analyze such innovative tendencies and tools as artificial intelligence, blockchain, augmented reality, and other future aspects concerning the development of PaaS-based loyalty and engagement solutions. The results reveal that PaaS provides definite top-line and bottom-line benefits for scalability, cost, and flexibility; it provides enterprises of all sizes with complex engagement solutions that were earlier only available to large enterprises. The study benefits both the academic and business worlds by offering theoretical and practical insights into the adoption of PaaS within businesses that desire to improve their app-based presence and connections with clients. The article ends with implementation suggestions and propositions for further research, focusing on the developments and trends related to cloud solutions concerning the future of customer engagement and their loyalty schemes..

Optimizing network performance in large financial enterprises using BGP and VRF-lite

This paper reviews network performance optimization in large financial enterprises using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Virtual Routing and Forwarding Lite (VRF-Lite). It explores the theoretical framework of these technologies, highlighting their role in enhancing network efficiency, security, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The challenges of complex financial networks, including scalability issues, security concerns, and regulatory compliance, are examined. The integration of BGP and VRF-Lite is presented as a robust solution for addressing these challenges. Implications for financial enterprises and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the importance of adopting advanced network optimization strategies to maintain high performance and reliability in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.

Особливості управлінського обліку витрат на маркетинг та збут в сільськогосподарських підприємствах

The study is particularly relevant as it aims to highlight the crucial role of management accounting in agricultural enterprises. The study involved the use of a set of the following methods: bibliographic (collection and analysis of existing literature in the direction of the study); analysis and synthesis (analysis of existing approaches to the methodology and classification of marketing costs and sales costs); logical generalization (regarding proposals for improvement of account 93 “Sales expenses” and item 50 of the current year). Management accounting, a key component of the accounting system, plays a vital role, with the share of accounting information in the management accounting system being about a third. The costing process involves using a set of tools for collecting, analyzing and making recommendations on marketing and sales costs, so the following methodological approaches for the management process should be applied: marketing management and sales management. These methodical approaches enable us to determine the disadvantages and advantages faced by management. Moreover, marketing management can be detailed according to various aspects, and more in-depth work can be carried out in their section. However, this is likely only for large agricultural enterprises (primarily agricultural holdings) with numerous staff and departments. It is suggested to use a system of indicators to determine the effectiveness of marketing and sales of products: the cost of attracting a customer, the lifetime value of a customer, the average revenue from one user, the value of a customer for the entire period, the return on investment in marketing and the return on product sales. Accounting for management needs according to the indicator “Costs for sales” is kept on the account of the same name 93. This account is intended only partially to disclose marketing costs regarding customer product delivery, promotions, fairs, exhibitions, etc. Therefore, based on today’s needs, many scientists recommend making corrections to account 93 not only in terms of its name, but also in its contents. For improvement, the following name of account 93, “Marketing and sales expenses,” is proposed with the following analytical accounts: 931, “Marketing expenses,” 932, “Sales expenses,” and 933, “Other expenses.” It is recommended, if necessary, that the proposed sub-accounts be detailed by spending areas for the needs of the accounting staff. It is also suggested to add to f. 50 s.g. new indicators, in addition to sales costs (column 14), included in the cost of goods sold: marketing costs (column 13) and other costs (column 15). Keywords: management accounting, management, marketing costs, sales costs, agricultural enterprise.

SpecRep: Adversary Emulation Based on Attack Objective Specification in Heterogeneous Infrastructures.

Cybercriminals have become an imperative threat because they target the most valuable resource on earth, data. Organizations prepare against cyber attacks by creating Cyber Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) that use various technologies to monitor and detect threats and to help perform forensics on machines and networks. Testing the limits of defense technologies and the skill of a CSIRT can be performed through adversary emulation performed by so-called "red teams". The red team's work is primarily manual and requires high skill. We propose SpecRep, a system to ease the testing of the detection capabilities of defenses in complex, heterogeneous infrastructures. SpecRep uses previously known attack specifications to construct attack scenarios based on attacker objectives instead of the traditional attack graphs or a list of actions. We create a metalanguage to describe objectives to be achieved in an attack together with a compiler that can build multiple attack scenarios that achieve the objectives. We use text processing tools aided by large language models to extract information from freely available white papers and convert them to plausible attack specifications that can then be emulated by SpecRep. We show how our system can emulate attacks against a smart home, a large enterprise, and an industrial control system.

The role of TLR4 rs1927911 gene polymorphism and toll-like receptor expression in the formation of allergy and its features in children under conditions of destabilization of the environment

Introduction. Anthropogenic chemical environmental factors modify the immune response, participate in the formation of immunodeficiency in children, and contribute to the occurrence of pathological conditions associated with allergies and autoimmunity. Purpose of the study. To analyze changes in the immunological and genetic profile in the children population living in an industrial area and suffering from allergic diseases. Materials and methods. An immunological and genetic examination was carried out on one hundred forty six 7–9 years children, permanently residing in the zone affected by emissions of a large non-ferrous metallurgy enterprise. The number of subpopulations and populations of lymphocytes (CD25, CD284) was determined by the cytofluorometric method. The content of IgE specific to nickel and formaldehyde was studied using the allergosorbent method. TLR4 rs1927911 and GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphisms were determined by real-time PCR. Results. There was obtained data indicating an imbalance of CD284 cell differentiation clusters, general IgE by 1.8 times and tobacco-specific by more than 2 times, as well as IgE specific to nickel and formaldehyde by 1.7 and 1.8 times, respectively. In children with allergy pathology the frequency of the A allele of the TLR4 rs1927911 gene has been established to be significantly increased. Research limitations. Children living near large industrial sources for at least three years. Conclusion. Children with allergies living in the zone influenced by emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have an increased expression of cell clusters and excessive sensitization to haptens. Allergic manifestations are associated with polymorphism of the detoxification gene GSTP1 and the congenital atopy gene TLR4.

Determinants affecting the current state and perspectives of development of textile and clothing industry clusters within the European Union

The textile and clothing industry is one of the oldest industries ever, as the need for clothing is as old as human existence itself. Of course, the challenges and problems it faces are connected with this, currently primarily the environmental burden, the need for digitization, low wages for workers as well as the protection of brands and the development of the grey economy. With its positions, the European Union declares its interest in solving these issues. Many traditional companies are undergoing changes and there is a natural need for innovation, thus the textile and clothing industry is interfering with the creative industry. The barriers to innovation in this area are frequently small and medium-sized enterprises, which cannot solve many things and be competitive compared to large enterprises, but their flexibility and quick response to the changing needs of customers and the market give them advantages compared to the big ones. The possibilities of how smaller businesses can succeed and compete even in the long term are through clusters, which will provide them with the necessary scope, strength, and research, but at the same time keep them independent. In our contribution, we tried to find out the perspective of the development of textile and clothing industry clusters in Europe given the existing market situation and consumer expectations.

Modelling the productivity and economic feasibility for bioenergy production in a Mediterranean oak coppice

The possibility of further exploiting the national bioenergy supply chain in Italy is hindered by a lack of economically sustainable mechanization. Large enterprises can rely on brand-new and advanced machinery to improve productivity and maximize revenue. On the other hand, small enterprises often resort to custom-built machinery to accomplish the same tasks. The performance of an excavator equipped with forest shears was used to model its productivity and economic feasibility in an oak coppice in central Italy. The oak coppice harvesting operations required 29, 19, 22, 20 and 10% of total time respectively for clearing, moving, felling, bunching and delay. The linear model highlighted a strong influence of diameter at breast height (DBH) on the total productivity, with a p value lower than 0.001 and an adjusted R2 of 0.64. Felling and bunching operation costs ranged from 10.89 to 31.45 EUR t-1, the latter one corresponding to a DBH value of 9 cm. Hence, our findings indicate the minimum stand requirements necessary to ensure the economic sustainability of excavator-based harvesting in these specific conditions.

SMALL BUSINESS IN THE ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE DURING 2012 – 2022

The article analyzes the dynamics of formation and use of small business potential in promotion of socio-economic development of Ukraine. The novelty of the author's approach lies, first, in the focus on the characteristics of the functioning of small and micro-businesses, which allows to reflect the presence of specific trends that qualitatively distinguish the processes of adaptation and development of small business and require differentiation of approaches and theoretical foundations of their regulatory policy. Secondly, by taking into account the ratio of socio-economic efficiency achieved by small and large business, which is interpreted by the authors as a crucial sign of the potential for accelerating economic development that can be ensured by rationalizing the forms of interaction between large, medium and small business. Using the methods of comparative analysis of the dynamics of the contribution of micro, small, medium and large enterprises to the creation of added value and assessing the changes in the ratio of labor productivity at enterprises of different scales of economic activity, the authors substantiate the conclusion about the leading role of small enterprises in ensuring the expansion of factor income creation: it is small enterprises that have increased the scale of value creation, in fact, have become the only center of growth against the background of ten years of stagnation in the groups of large and medium enterprises. The authors also substantiate the dominance of the trend of convergence of the basic indicator of economic efficiency of enterprises of different sizes and interpret this trend as a critically important feature of the small business functioning in Ukraine: in an extremely unstable macroeconomic environment, small businesses are able not only to maintain and even expand their resource potential, but also to approach medium and large enterprises in terms of economic efficiency, in the first place, with the higher competitiveness inherent in this segment of the domestic economy and, accordingly, with more incentives to increase efficiency as a leading factor in the realization of the tasks of business owners

The State of Public-Private Partnerships in Times of Global Economic Disruption

Growth in large private business enterprises in the 20th century established an environment that enabled a competitive relationship through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) with the public sector, which historically suffered from inefficiencies and an over-reliance on projects and services, especially in emerging economies. PPPs can positively impact public safety, quality of life, new economic opportunities, poverty reduction, and benefit from long-term private capital and outside expertise. However, PPP investment is sensitive to critical factors such as: the macroeconomic environment, institutional and regulatory conditions, market size, rule of law, and enforceable contracts, among others. Thus, managing PPP projects is a very complex task, due to its multidisciplinary characteristics and the involvement of multiple stakeholders. In times of global economic disruption, this task becomes even more challenging. This study presents threats and opportunities for the execution of PPPs in times of global crises and their relationship with globalization trends.

Falsification of financial statements in Russian manufacturing enterprises in 2012–2019

This paper considers the falsification of financial reports at Russian manufacturing enterprises in the period from 2012 to 2019. The factors are associated with the heterogeneity of estimates of falsified financial statements. We examine the evolution of corporate fraud during the period under review with a special focus on the correlation between false reporting and sanctions crisis of 2014. We identify two main lines of corporate behavior in relation to falsified corporate reporting: a consistently «honest» strategy characteristic of no more than 30–60% of enterprises, or situational behavior, when an enterprise provides either reliable or questionable data in certain years depending on the circumstances. For large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, the quality of reporting provided has generally improved in the sanction period of 2015–2019 compared to the pre-sanction period. Drawing on econometric calculations, we demonstrate that the main factors associated with provision of inaccurate reporting are the size of an enterprise, and the growth rate of accounts receivable in previous years.

The impact of board capital on open innovation with the moderating effect of executive equity incentives

As a predominant global innovation paradigm, open innovation constitutes a pivotal means of enhancing firms’ innovation performance. Scholars and practitioners are increasingly concerned about strategies to strengthen open innovation, but previous research has overlooked corporate governance factors. This study empirically investigates the impact of board capital on corporate open innovation using data from Chinese listed firms (1999–2009) within the resource dependence and upper echelons theory framework, employing the fixed effects model for panel data and the hierarchical regression method. Findings reveal that the breadth and depth of board capital positively affect the breadth of open innovation, though not significantly the depth. Additionally, executive equity incentives enhance the relationship between board capital and open innovation breadth. Robustness checks support these findings. Notably, board capital’s impact is more pronounced in large enterprises and high-technology industries. This study offers practical insights for firms to prioritize board capital considerations in fostering open innovation initiatives.