Large Economies Research Articles

«STRESS-TEST» OF MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAINS IN EUROPE

The article dissects the relevant trends characterizing the large EU economies participation in global value chains. The response reactions of large European economies’ participation in manufacturing global value chains to the Global Financial crisis are analyzed. This crisis has been chosen for the analysis owing to several reasons related to the economic nature of the crisis and statistics availability. In the paper three parameters of countries’ participation in value chains – sustainability, adaptivity, and self-sufficiency – have been examined. As a result, it has been revealed that the response reaction to the 2008–2009 crisis uncovered an inadequate sustainability of large European economies’ participation in manufacturing value chains. However, all the countries (namely, Germany, Italy, and France) have demonstrated serious adaptability and self-sufficiency during the crisis. At the same time, the latest crisis challenges the positive role of this adaptation in relation to the current conditions. This way, sustainability and self-sufficiency attributes require further verification with an account of the latest crisis specifics.

A Qualitative Game of Interest Rate Adjustments with a Nuisance Agent

A qualitative game describes a situation in which antagonistic players strive to keep the evolutions of their state variables in predetermined constraint sets. We argue that a qualitative game model is a suitable mathematical representation of the struggle between a domestic central bank of a small open economy and a foreign central bank of a large economy to maintain their respective state variables within an acceptable band regardless of the other player’s choices. The actions of the foreign central bank affect the domestic exchange rate and, hence, domestic inflation, output gap and interest rate. However, these actions do not necessarily aim to destabilise the small open economy, nor do they take into account the state of the latter. The domestic bank’s problem, therefore, is similar to that of a game against nature. We refer to this type of qualitative game as a nuisance-agent game (or NA-game). We use viability theory to derive satisficing rules (in the sense of Simon) of nominal interest-rate adjustments for the domestic central bank of a small open economy in a qualitative NA-game against the foreign central bank.

Air quality and health benefits of increasing carbon mitigation tech-innovation in China.

Most studies on the short-term local benefits of carbon mitigation technologies on air quality improvement and health focus on specific technologies such as biofuels or carbon sequestration technologies, while ignoring the overall role of the growing scale of low-carbon technologies. Based on STIRPAT model and EKC hypothesis, this paper takes 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016 as research samples. We builded the panel double fixed effect model to empirical analysis of climate change on carbon mitigation tech-innovation suppressing the influence of haze pollution, on this basis, the mediating effect model was used to explore the mediation function of industrial structure and energy structure. Meanwhile, we drawed on the existing studies on air quality and health benefits, and quantify the co-benefits of carbon mitigation tech-innovation on health through the equivalent substitution formula. It shows that a 1% increase in the number of low-carbon patent applications can reduce haze pollution by 0.066%. According to this estimate, to 2029, China's carbon mitigation tech-innovation could reduce PM2.5 concentration to 15μg/m3 preventing 5.597 million premature deaths. Moreover, carbon mitigation tech-innovation can also indirectly inhibit haze pollution by triggering more systematic economic structure changes such as energy and industrial structure. Additionally, we found that the role of gray tech-innovation (GT) related to improving the efficiency of fossil energy is stronger than that of clean technology (CT) related to the use of renewable energy. This suggests that for a large economy such as China, where coal is still the dominant source of energy consumption, the short-term local benefits of improving air quality and health through the use of gray tech-innovation to improve energy and industrial structure are still important to balance the cost of carbon mitigation.

Pricing and quality decisions in virtual product supply chains with information sharing

This article investigates the retail price and quality effort joint decisions in a virtual product supply chain with information sharing. The virtual product supply chain consists of a supplier, who develops a virtual product, and a distributor, who distributes the product. We model two popular competitions as Stackelberg and Nash games and identify the equilibrium conditions for the pricing and quality effort decisions. In Stackelberg game, the supplier’s profit monotonically increases in the elasticity of quality effort. In Nash game, and a higher elasticity of quality effort does not always benefit the supplier. The distributor will voluntarily share demand information only with a large quality economy. Our analyses reveal that the double marginalisation is weaker when the distributor shares information. However, the distributor’s mark-up decision is independent with the cost of quality effort. With a large quality economy, information sharing benefits both supply chain players under certain conditions. We show that supply chain game structure does not affect the distributor’s decision in information sharing, and the decision only depends on the market structure. In the extension, nonlinear demand functions are investigated, and the results show that most of the results from the main analyses still hold with a few exceptions.

Understanding energy use growth: The role of investment-GDP ratio

The aggregate analysis on the relationship between energy use and GDP growth may cloak important decision information. Among them, economic structure such as investment-GDP ratio is also vital to energy use. Employing a panel dataset of 64 large economies over 1972–2019, this study empirically investigates this issue. It finds that a higher ratio of investment to GDP is significantly associated with an increase in the growth rate of energy use, with an average effect size of 0.08. Two candidate mechanisms jointly contribute to such patterns: the growth of energy-intensive product and the changing ratio of industrial value added to GDP. The results show that economic structure transformation can help alleviate the pressure on energy demand.

Compilation of a City-Level & Four-Digit Industry Code MRIO Table Based on Firm-Level Data

Scholars have attempted to compile various multi-region input-output (MRIO) tables for different countries. However, due to city-level data scarcity and methodology constraints, almost no MRIO table covers a large number of cities with more disaggregated sectors in countries with large economies, such as China. Based on two large-scale firm-level datasets, the China Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (CASIF) survey and the China Customs Data (CCD) database, from 2000 to 2013, this paper uses China as a case study and presents a new compilation method to construct an MRIO table covering 284 prefecture-level administrative cities and 334 four-digit sectors, which is by far the most comprehensive MRIO table with the largest number of cities and the most segmented industries in China. Unlike existing MRIO tables constructed based on provincial single-region IO (SRIO) tables, we use information along with various linear constraints implied by sector-level and firm-level statistics. This paper expands on the direct decomposition method by developing auxiliary econometric models necessary for estimations and consistency adjustment. In addition, a comparative analysis shows the reliability of our method, which guarantees better coherence and comparability with the MRIO officially published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS). Therefore, our proposed methodology provides the possibility of producing more disaggregated MRIO tables in other similar contexts.

Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?

The European Union (EU) plans to activate a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) in January 2023. This is meant to secure fair competition for European energy-intensive industries, incentivize countries both inside and outside the EU to cut emissions, and hinder carbon leakage from the EU. Early reactions from some large economies suggest that CBAM will encounter significant international opposition, especially from countries whose industry is dependent on fossil fuels. The purpose of this paper is to identify which countries are likely to resist CBAM most fiercely. This is done by creating a multidimensional CBAM Opposition Index based on the following indicators: trade with the EU, carbon intensity, litigiousness in the World Trade Organization (WTO), domestic public opinion on climate change, and capacity for innovation. The analysis indicates that the following countries are most likely to mount opposition to CBAM: Iran, Ukraine, the USA, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, China, India, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Belarus. How the EU handles opposition from these countries will be decisive for the fate of CBAM. The index can serve as a tool for policymakers inside and outside the EU who need to negotiate over CBAM and want to anticipate the stances of other countries and understand their drivers.

Robotic process automation adoption: contextual factors from service sectors in an emerging economy

PurposeThe study aimed to examine the robotic process automation (RPA) contextual (center of excellence and scalability) and the multidisciplinary (TOE) determinants of RPA adoption in service industries in the emerging economy.Design/methodology/approachTen factors were identified through literature surveys and popular studies grounded in technology, organization and environment. SPSS AMOS SEM is used for scale measurement and hypotheses testing. A sample of 313 respondents was collected from middle to above middle management executives of service industries from India. The authors tested the hidden layers and non-linear relationships using artificial neural network (ANN) analysis.FindingsThe low complexity, center of excellence (CoE), and industry/business partner pressure were significant to the RPA adoption in service industries in emerging economies. Counterintuitively, the scalability showed a negative influence on the RPA adoption, and the process capability did not show influence. The results of SEM and ANN were consistent.Research limitations/implicationsThis research can unfold the RPA adoption scholarly debate to multiple services industries beyond the telecom sector in emerging economies.Practical implicationsRPA is a disruptive technology on the artificial intelligence (AI) continuum. It has the potential to change the ways of working and enable technology-driven transformation. However, despite having thriving service industries that can benefit from RPA, emerging economies lag in adoption compared to the developed nations.Social implicationsThe RPA and automation can bring transformation to human society. Large economies such as India and China have large-scale demand for services, and the waiting lines are a common issue struggled by society. RPA can address the scalability issues of several services.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to examine technology-organization-environment (TOE) with RPA, including RPA contextual variables such as the CoE and scalability. Literature reports TOE applications on several emerging technologies of Industry 4.0 such as cloud, blockchain, big data and 3 Dimensional Printing (3DP), but no or little reported studies around RPA in services industries in emerging markets.

MIFID II and EMIR impact on Romanian banking system performance

Abstract MIFID II/MiFIR represents comprehensive financial market reforms in trading and settlement of financial instruments. The greatest impact of the new regulatory framework in the banking sector relates to pricing, trading, and reporting of banking products and classification of financial institutions. The new role of the financial market infrastructure provides more protection for bank customers and significantly increases market transparency. Banks are required to show their customers the best execution price on the relevant trading venues, transaction costs and market behavior. The regulation will be aligned with other financial market regulations of over-the-counter markets and market abuse protection to avoid regulatory overlap - European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). The new regulatory framework requires the banking sector to fully comply with the rules governing the banking system of the European Union. Banks must incur significant costs in order to restructure internal processes, acquire new technological support, and forego additional profits in competitive and transparent markets. This study analyses the impact of MiFID II/MiFIR and EMIR implementation on local banks’ performance (credit institutions, Romanian legal persons). Using a unique dataset from banks that have been operating in Romania over the period 2004-2020, it is shown that the implementation of the new regulatory framework did not affect the net trading income ratio of the selected banks. Moreover, the average trading asset ratio in the post-financial crisis period increased in comparison with the average trading asset ratio in the pre-financial crisis period. Local banks that took advantage of the large economies of scale obtained due to branch banking did not reduce their investment banking activities and product offerings to customers in the period following the introduction of the regulatory framework. Most of the costs of implementing the new regulatory framework were borne only by the ultimate parents of the controlled Romanian subsidiaries. All subsidiary banks benefited equally from these economies of scale.

THE POWER OF TURKEY IN TEXTILE EXPORT AND THE DIMENSION OF COMPETITION WITH CHINA

Purpose- The textile and ready-made clothing sector is the leading industry, which dates back to very old times and has a lot of competition. The textile industry, where the competitive environment is increasing day by day, has a key role in global trade, especially in developing countries, both in export potential, employment opportunities and economic development. Turkey has a very important position in the textile and ready-to-wear industry and has reached a competitive level with many countries. Turkey's textile and ready-to-wear industry has become a major competition with its development over time and the added value it provides economically. The purpose of the study is to determine the importance of textile and ready-made clothing exports within Turkey's total exports and the competition size with China. Methodology-For this purpose, Turkey's position in the textile and ready-made clothing sector and export potential were first evaluated. China, which then proved its success in the world trade, was briefly mentioned in the textile and ready-made clothing industry and examined the competition size between Turkey and Turkey.In the study, the trend analysis was used, and with the help of paintings, the export values in the textile and ready-made clothing sector of both countries, their changes over the years, the number of places in the world trade, and what size of competition they are from there. Findings- In the trend analysis, it was found to be the country that exports the most textiles and clothing in China, based on the findings from the tables.Turkey has also been one of China's biggest competitors, but has managed to enter the top 10 of the countries that export the most textiles and ready-made clothing each year.There is also an increase in the export volume of textile and ready-made clothing over the years. Conclusion- Based on the findings, we can say that China is a threat to all countries in the textile and clothing industry.Each year, he was the first in the industry to export the most textiles and ready-made clothing.However, in the developing country against China, which has a very large economy, Turkey has proven itself in this sector with its share of exports in the textile and clothing industry.Turkey has shown that there is a potential competitor in the industry, increasing its exports of textiles and clothing by year-on-year. Anahtar Kelimeler:Textile and ready clothing sector, export, Turkey-China competition, trend analyses. JEL Codes: F10, F19, L67

Prediction of Rural Tourist number in Guangdong Province Based on Prophet-LSTM in the Context of Blockchain

Guangdong, as a province with large population and economy, has huge tourists market demand. The paper predicts people's preference for the development of "blockchain + rural tourists" under blockchain technology, and then applies the characteristics of blockchain itself to rural tourists in a more targeted way. The paper establishes a vector autoregressive VAR model and a Prophet-LSTM-based prediction model for the number of tourists based on the data of tourist reception in Guangdong Province from April 2000 to November 2020. The VAR model is used to empirically prove the impact of blockchain background on the number of rural tourists; a combined Prophet-LSTM-based prediction model is established to forecast the number of rural tourists in the next two years. The results show that blockchain technology has influenced the number of rural tourists in Guangdong Province to a certain extent; n addition, in the market in the next two years, the number of travelers will show a fluctuating upward trend, for which the demand will continue to expand, and blockchain + rural tourists has market potential.

Environmental risk of Covid-19 recovery

During Covid-19 pandemic world economy experienced negative growth rate, therefore energy consumption and consequently emission pollution decreased. According to Environmental Kuznets Curve, it is expected that energy consumption and emission pollution increase in response to Covid-19 economic recovery, even higher than its pre-pandemic level. The goal of this paper is to study the environmental risk of Covid-19 economic recovery. We use an Environmentally-Augmented Global Vector Autoregressive Model (E-GVAR) to trace dynamic effects of Covid-19 economic recovery on pollution emission. Using generalized impulse response functions (GIRFs), we investigated the effect of positive economic shocks in real per capita income in China and USA economies on total equivalent emission pollution. The results show that positive economic recovery affects emission pollution significantly. China and emerging economies may experience high risk while Europe region is moderately affected by this positive shock. A positive Economic Shock in China decrease pollution emission in USA over time. It can be attributed to substitution effect of Chinese product in global market. Generally, our results demonstrate spillover effect of transition shocks from large economies to the rest of world and highlights the importance of linkages in the world economy.

Tax Evasion Attitudes of Small Firms in Low‐ and Middle‐income Countries: Evidence from Nigeria

SummaryMotivationThe need to tax small firms for revenue generation alongside the aim of establishing a sustainable tax system for such firms that encourages economic growth has long been a challenge for lower‐middle income countries, especially those with large informal economies, such as Nigeria. This article explores the drivers of tax morale of small firms in lower‐middle income countries.PurposeThis article investigates what determines the attitudes of small firms on their potential evasion of taxes on profits, defined here as tax morale. Our objective is to use a new, dedicated small firm survey in Nigeria with high power to construct regressions that can help explore, and contribute to, hypotheses about tax evasion attitudes of small firms.Methods and approachWe use a new nationally representative dataset of 8000 small firms in Africa’s largest economy, Nigeria, based on in‐person interviews conducted in the summer of 2018. To investigate key factors shaping tax morale of small firms in Nigeria, we estimate an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model using a comprehensive set of explanatory variables based on the large‐N power of our survey.FindingsWe find that in Nigeria the normative dimension and business development dimension appear more important. Small firms that have a higher trust in the government seem to have better tax morale. But firms that believe corruption is relatively frequent have notably worse morale. Firms that are registered and have positive expectations of their own growth also appear to have better tax morale.Policy implicationsSmall companies play an important role in Nigerian society as both employers and drivers of economic growth. Yet, tax compliance among small companies in Nigeria remains very low, as evidenced through our survey. Investigating tax morale and compliance of small firms is critical to design strategies to incorporate them in the tax base to the benefit of the entire country. In particular, the findings suggest that building trust in government and business development policies is important to improve tax morale.

PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF G20 GROUP COUNTRIES: AN APPLICATION WITH ENTROPY BASED TOPSIS METHOD

Özellikle büyük ekonomilere sahip ülkeler üretim kapasitelerini iyileştirerek küresel ekonomiye katkılarını artırabilmektedirler. Bunun için ülkelerin üretim kapasitesi performansları konusunda farkındalık kazanması ve mevcut üretim kapasitesine göre stratejiler oluşturması için ülkelerin üretim kapasitesi performanslarının ölçümü büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın amacı, dünyanın en büyük ekonomilerine sahip olan G20 grubunda yer alan 19 ülkenin en son ve güncel olan 2000-2018 yıl aralığındaki Birleşmiş Milletler Ticaret ve Kalkınma Konferansı Üretim Kapasitesi Endeksi (PCI) bileşenlerine ait değerler üzerinden üretim kapasitesi performanslarını ENTROPİ tabanlı TOPSIS yöntemi ile ölçmektir. Bulgulara göre, ülkeler açısından ENTROPİ yöntemi kapsamında en önemli üretim kapasitesi bileşeninin ‘‘ulaşım’’ olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Devamında ülkelerin ENTROPİ tabanlı TOPSIS yöntemine göre üretim kapasitesi performansları en fazla olan ilk üç ülkenin Almanya, ABD ve Güney Kore olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca ülkelerin ortalama üretim performans değeri hesaplanarak söz konusu değerden düşük olan ülkelerin küresel ekonomiye katkılarının daha fazla olması için üretim kapasite performanslarını artırması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunların dışında, yöntem kapsamında ülkelerin üretim kapasite performans değerleri ENTROPİ tabanlı bazı Çok Kriterli Karar Verme yöntemleri (ÇKKV: ARAS, COPRAS, EDAS, WASPAS, ROV, Gri İlişkisel Analiz) ile ölçülerek söz konusu değerler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ile ölçülmüştür. Bu ölçüme göre, PCI’nın başta ENTROPİ tabanlı TOPSIS yöntemi olmak üzere diğer ENTROPİ tabanlı ÇKKV yöntemleri ile açıklanabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.

Competitiveness and Flow of Indonesian Paper Trade in The Global Market

Indonesia has the opportunity to increase the share of paper exports in the world due to the declining dominance of NORSCAN (North America and Scandinavia). The momentum is not only an opportunity for Indonesia, but also other paper exporters in Asia and Latin America. This research aims to analyze the competitiveness and determinants of Indonesia’s paper trade flow using secondary data in 2001- 2020 with 11 main export destination countries as objects using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD) and Gravity models. The RCA analysis showed Indonesia’s paper has competitiveness in 11 export destination countries with diverse growth rates. This is in line with Indonesia’s paper market position as Rising Star in 5 countries which means that Indonesian paper commodities are in a market with high demand growth and market share. Gravity model estimates show that Indonesia and importers real GDP per capita, as well as the level of competitiveness positively affects Indonesia’s paper exports, inversely, export prices and dummy Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) give negative impact. Based on these results, efforts to increase exports should be done by promoting paper to market with Rising Star and large economies such as China and USA as the priority choices.

Supporting Paths for the Development of New Urbanization in Shaanxi Province Based on Fast Fourier Transform

Since the advent of modern society, urbanization has developed significantly all over the world, especially in developing countries with large scale and good economy. However, urbanization research is often not well executed due to problems such as unpredictable and difficult to capture due to the huge amount of data. In order to be able to adapt measures to local conditions and provide classified guidance when implementing the urbanization strategy, this study takes China’s Shaanxi Province as an example to deeply explore the new problems and countermeasures faced by urbanization in the context of entering an urban society. It adopts the method of fast Fourier transform and analyzes the urbanization of Shaanxi Province. It also conducts experimental research on the industrial factors that promote its urbanization, and the results show that when the proportion of nonagricultural industry added value increases by 1 percentage point, the urbanization level of Shaanxi will increase by about 0.24 percentage points. When other factors remain unchanged, when the per capita income gap between urban and rural residents increases by 100 yuan, the urbanization level of Shaanxi will increase by 0.152 percentage points. Therefore, in order to promote the development of new urbanization in Shaanxi, Shaanxi should focus on the development of nonagricultural industries, especially the tertiary industry.

Plastic Waste in India: overview, impact, and measures to mitigate: Review

India is one of the world’s large and fastest-growing economies. With the expanding development, the usage of plastic for anthropogenic activities has expanded many folds and India alone generated around 3.3 million metric tonnes of plastic in the financial year 2019. 79 percent of the plastic generated worldwide enters our land, water, and environment as waste; part of it also enters our bodies through the food chain. The industry in India states that 60 percent of what is generated is recycled and we had assumed that we had solved the problem of plastic waste by recycling, or burying it in landfills. But we were incorrect. Plastic garbage is omnipresent today. It is filling up our oceans and harming marine life and affecting all organisms in the food chain. With the development of economic growth of the country per capita consumption of plastic will only increase in the coming years and we will end up generating more plastic waste The review paper aimed to examine the major impact of plastic waste in India and how to reduce plastic consumption, considering measures such as phasing out or banning multilayered plastics that cannot be recycled, contemplating renewable raw materials, promoting the use of bioplastics, incentivizing the recycling business, and making the rules and guidelines for Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) simple and enforceable.

CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY: WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE ITS ADOPTION?

This paper attempts to explain the differences in Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) adoption across emerging and advanced countries using an ordered probit model. Based on a cross-country dataset, we show that wholesale CBDC is more advanced in countries with developed financial markets and greater cross-border transactions. Retail CBDC is more advanced in countries with lower financial inclusion and a large informal economy. We further show that different factors affect retail CBDC adoption across emerging and advanced countries. However, cross-border transactions are the most crucial factor influencing wholesale CBDC adoption across emerging and advanced countries.

FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF SUPER-CYCLES IN WORLD COMMODITY MARKETS

Over the past few years, the world’s leading commodity markets have seen an upward trend in prices, which may indicate the beginning of a new super-cycle or may be of a short-term nature, driven by current changes in demand and supply. Commodity super-cycles are important for the global economy, especially for macroeconomic policies in commodity-exporting countries, and are also reflected in the dynamics of international financial markets. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence and features of super-cycles in world commodity markets as well as to identify the factors that led to the increase in commodity prices in 2020-2022. To solve the objectives set in the article, a number of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition are used, namely the method of theoretical generalization, historical and logical methods, descriptive-analytical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstractlogical method and method of economic-statistical analysis. The article outlines the mechanism of deployment of the conjunctural cycle in commodity markets and its connection with long cycles of business activity, which are conditioned by the implementation of revolutionary technological innovations. It discusses the dynamics of the main composite commodity indices. The factors influencing the growth of prices for commodity assets at the micro and macro levels are identified. The article traces changes in the course of commodity super-cycles during the 20th and early 21st centuries and investigates their causes. It is revealed that global inflationary processes, the dynamics of the US dollar index as well as the disruption of supply chains in international trade due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the global growth of commodity prices in 2020-2022. At the same time, forecasts about the recession of the global economy caused by the large-scale military aggression of russia in Ukraine and the long-term consequences of the pandemic as well as macroeconomic policies of large economies aimed at overcoming excessive inflation may somewhat cool the prices of commodity assets. To assess the sentiments and expectations of economic entities, the dynamics of the basis for WTI oil is analyzed, which gives grounds to conclude that the price fluctuations in global commodity markets in 2020-2022 are short-term in nature as well as to question the beginning of a new super-cycle. Identification and forecasts of conjunctural fluctuations in global commodity markets are important without any exaggeration for all economic entities – both for producers in making strategic as well as tactical management decisions on the development of production and in the formation of structural and macroeconomic policies of the country in order to increase the export potential of the national economy and to ensure its competitiveness.

Strategic minerals: Global challenges post-COVID-19

In 2020, many countries endorsed lockdown measures, closed their borders, and practiced social distancing in a bid to contain COVID-19. These moves, however, disrupted global production and supply chains; no economic sector remained fully intact. The pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of supply chains in a globalized world, perhaps none more so than those linked to the distribution of essential raw materials. Minerals are considered raw materials, the extraction of which has important implications for a country's sovereignty and economic autonomy. They are found in abundance in consumer goods such as smartphones, cell phone batteries, computer monitors, cards, and other electrical and electronic products whose useful life has ended. In response to the health and economic problems arising from the current crisis, several countries have moved ahead and outlined post-COVID-19 strategies for the supply of critical metals, over the medium and long term, to reduce their dependence on other states for these commodities. This paper reflects critically on the positioning of the world's large economies, in the face of the COVID-19 crisis, on strategic minerals.