Large Doses Of Irradiation Research Articles

Functional Characteristics of BALB/c T Cell Lines: Suppression in the Mixed Lymphocyte Response and Cell-Mediated Lysis

Previously, 10 BALB/c T cell lines (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) were shown to express different combinations of Ly 1 and Ly 2 antigens. The possible immunologic function(s) of these tumor cells was determined by investigating the effects of these cells on the responses to mitogens, the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR), and the generation of cell-mediated lysis (CML) by normal spleen cells. Five T cell lines, P1798 and BALENTL 3, 5, 8, and 9, continued to synthesize DNA after exposure to large doses of irradiation. Only BALENTL 4, 6, 7, and 14 (Ly 1-(2+)) and BALENTL 13 (Ly 1+(2-)) were radiosensitive and therefore amenable to study. BALENTL 4 and 14 gave significant suppression of the MLR between BALB/c and C57BL/6; BALENTL 14 also inhibited the generation of BALB/c effector cells against C57BL/6 spleen cells. None of these T cell lines had any effect on the proliferative response of BALB/c spleen cells induced by concanavalin A. However, there was approximately 50% suppression of the phytohemagglutinin response of BALB/c spleen cells by BALENTL 14.

Light-ion sputtering yields for molybdenum and gold at low energies

The sputtering yields of molybdenum and gold for H+, D+, 3He+, and 4He+ ion irradiation at normal incidence with large irradiation doses have been measured for energies between 150 eV and 20 keV. The yields were determined from the weight loss of the targets. The sputtering yields are strongly influenced by threshold effects for energies below ∼10 keV. It is found that the experimental yields can be described by a yield formula with an energy parameter E′=E/Eth, where Eth is a theoretical threshold energy.

Radiation stability of AIII2BVI3semiconductors

Abstract The influence of large doses of fast neutron irradiation on some : hysical properties of a number of semiconductor materials has been investigated. It is shown that the physical parameters of In2Te3 and Ga2Te3 semiconducting crystals having loose crystal structure, unlike other semiconductors, possess anomalously high radiation stability. The mechanism of this phenomenon, based on an assumption about large instability zones in the interstitial-vacancy pairs in crystals of In2Te3-type, is discussed.

Swelling of beryllium at high temperatures under large doses of irradiation

Experimental data are presented that characterize the behavior of various grades of beryllium subjected to high integrated neutron fluxes and high irradiation temperatures. Post-irradiation densities and structures of samples were determined. In analyzing the results, it can be concluded that, during high- temperature irradiation, the density of beryllium decreases, the decrease in density being proportional to the integrated neutron flux and the irradiation temperature. Moreover, the change in density depends significantly on the kind of material. For mono- and bicrystal beryllium it is less than for cermet beryllium; the swelling of the latter, in turn, increases with size of initial particles. Results of structural studies indicate that the change in cermet beryllium density is to a great extent determined by the rate of coalescence of pores in boundary regions, and that coalescence increases with size of grains. The results present a picture of density change dose dependence in hot-pressed beryllium for the temperature range of practical interest (600 to 70O deg C). (auth)

Irradiation of the spleen by the intra-arterial administration of 90 yttrium microspheres in patients with malignant lymphoma. A preliminary report.

A technique is described whereby large doses of internal irradiation can be delivered to the spleen. The technique consists of passing a catheter via the femoral artery into the splenic artery and injecting approximately 100 mCi of 90Yttrium microspheres which deliver ± 122,000 rads B to a 150-g spleen. Spleen scans taken before and after the internal irradiation of the spleen presented presumptive evidence that a radiation splenic destruction has been effected. There is a marked diminution and at times absence of pick-up of radioactive chromium-labeled red cells by the spleen. A preliminary report of 13 patients suffering from malignant lymphoma treated by this technique is presented.

Radioiodine therapy of the autonomous functioning thyroid

Radioiodine can be used to destroy thyroid tissue functioning autonomously either as a dominant nodule or as a multinodular goiter with multiple active areas. The required dose is considerably larger than that used in treating the hyperplastic tissue of Graves' disease, and the results are less predictable. If neither of the above are contraindications in a particular patient, the results with radioiodine can be considered satisfactory. It is probable that some of the delay and most of the uncertainty of the singledose results could be eliminated by giving still larger doses of 131I. The effects of such large doses of irradiation in these patients are unknown and must await the same careful scrutiny that has been given to the results of the therapy of Graves' disease with radioiodine.

Relationship between the ribonucleic acid synthesizing capacity of ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus and its ability to induce interferon.

Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Newcastle disease virus which has lost its infectivity but has the capacity to induce interferon also has the capacity to induce ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis both in vitro and early in infection in vivo. With large doses of UV irradiation, RNA-synthesizing capacity and interferon-inducing capacity are lost in parallel. Limited amounts of base-paired RNA associated with a transcriptive intermediate are involved in this RNA synthesis. These findings suggest the possibility that the single-stranded RNA of the UV-irradiated virus induces interferon by serving as a template for the synthesis of base-paired RNA. UV irradiation of the virus breaks down viral RNA but at a rate which is too slow to be a major cause of the loss of RNA-synthesizing capacity. Evidence is presented which suggests that less of the template RNA of the UV-irradiated virus is copied and that the product which is synthesized is smaller than that synthesized by nonirradiated virus.

Defects induced by electron irradiation ofp-type germanium†

Abstract Illumination with filtered light after electron bombardment at ∼8°K reveals defects produced in p-type germanium. During illumination, the carrier concentration decreases as the sum of two exponentials. Identification of the two time constants with two stages of thermal recovery at about 50°K and 65°K indicates the short time constant is associated with the low temperature recovery and the long time constant with the high temperature recovery. Enhancement of the short time component is accomplished by controlling the illumination time, and of the long time component by heat treatment to 80°K prior to exposure by filtered light. Evidence is presented for nearly complete (98 per cent) annealing of defects by white light illumination both before and after exposure to filtered light. This is in contrast to radiation annealing of the exposed defects by the 1 MeV electron beam which anneals only about 80 per cent of the defects and converts the remainder to their neutral state. The rate of introduction of damage increases from very small values for low doses to ∼0.1–0.2 cm−1 for large doses of irradiation. It is believed that the low rate of damage together with the highly mobile defect constituents preclude the existence of isolated vacancies and interstitials.

Role of preoperative irradiation in prolonging concomitant immunity and preventing metastasis in mice.

As long as a primary allogeneic tumor was present on a mouse's foot it sustained the concomitant immunity of the host and suppressed the growth of implants of the same tumor. A mouse's immunity to reimplantation of the tumor waned perceptibly within 4 days of the time the tumor was removed, and by the seventh day was barely demonstrable. When the primary tumor was treated by a single large dose of irradiation, its cells, though doomed to die, either released large amounts of sensitizing antigens or continued for from 2 to 3 weeks to produce antigens and sustain the host's immunity against reimplantations of the tumor. In an isogeneic tumor system, the incidence of pulmonary metastasis was much less after destruction of a tumor-bearing foot by irradiation than when the foot was amputated. This suggests that even an isogeneic tumor confers some immunity on the host, and that the rapid waning of this immunity after amputation of the tumor-bearing foot renders the host more susceptible to the development of metastases than it is following its destruction by irradiation.

Radiation stimulated incorporation of 3H-thymidine into diplotene oocytes of the guinea-pig.

UNSCHEDULED synthesis of DNA has been observed in the nuclei of HeLa cells at some stage of the cell cycle other than the S-phase when cells are exposed in vitro to ultraviolet light or X-ray irradiation1. It has since been confirmed for several other cell types2–5. Part of the synthesis defined in terms of the uptake of 3H-thymidine—which was detected in HeLa cells as the result of large doses of ultraviolet irradiation—was non-semiconservative (repair replication), corresponding to the insertion of DNA precursors into extant parental DNA strands. Here I present evidence that X-irradiation of a 1 day old female guinea-pig with 5,000 rad is followed by a small but auto-radiographically detectable incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of diplotene oocytes. In the guinea-pig, the mouse and most other mammals the premeiotic DNA synthesis occurs during embryonic life6. After birth the oocytes have all entered prophase of meiosis during which no DNA synthesis is normally observed.

EFFECT OF LARGE DOSES OF RADIOIODINE ON THYROID FUNCTION

ABSTRACT The pathological iodoprotein which appears in the blood of rats after the administration of a large dose of radioiodine was investigated. For the separation and identification of this iodoprotein gel filtration, sucrose density gradient and analytical ultracentrifugation were used. It was established that this iodoprotein in the blood represents thyroglobulin 19S which is leaving the thyroid gland damaged by the large dose of irradiation. In rats treated with Na131I (a single dose of 150 μc/100 g body weight) thyroglobulin was found in the blood 24 hours after the administration of the radioisotope. The concentration increased up to the fifth day and then decreased, while on the 11th day the thyroglobulin could no longer be detected. The dynamics of the appearance of the thyroglobulin, and its concentration in the blood serum could possibly serve as an indicator of the radiation effect of high doses of radioiodine, both in experimental conditions and in medical therapeutic.

術前短期濃縮照射に対する庇護的対策としての自家骨髄移植療法

The present paper deals with study on protective measures against irradiation malaise after a large dose and short term of irradiation. More than a thousand patients undertaken esophagoectomy have been experienced in our clinic and most of them have almost been irradiated before the operation to secure and promote the curability of the patients. However, preoperative irradiation has been followed by various kinds of complications; lassitude, anorexia, headache, leucopenia and liver damage.With this in mind, autologous bone marrow transplantation has been studied experimentally in our clinic.The method is as follows, about 17.1×106-22.9×106 of myelocytes aspirated from the bone marrow of the rabbits and kept at 4°C, transfused into them through the right ear vein which 1500 r of 60Co had been irradiated before.Then, good results have been obtained: First, survival time has been prolonged. Secondly, tendency of body weight and white cell count has been improved. Thirdly, histologic aspects of liver, adrenal glands and especially bone marrow damaged with irradiation have been alive and parenchymatous.

The effect of total-brain irradiation on cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

After fifty years of clinical and experi-A mental brain irradiation the etiology of its complications is still not well understood. Headache, vomiting, coma, respiratory arrest, and death after irradiation are commonly attributed to increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure (1). As a result, large doses of therapeutic irradiation are fractionated to small daily doses“to avoid increasing the intracranial pressure” (4, 7, 15, 18). While this practice is almost universal, experimental documentation of the pressure increases is scarce and inconclusive (10, 13, 16, 17). The impracticality and presumed dangers of high single-dose irradiation studies in patients have led to extensive animal experimentation on the effects of brain irradiation. Most researchers have concentrated on histological, biochemical, morphological, and functional effects of irradiation while merely assuming that pressure increases occurred. Specific investigation of irradiation-induced pressure changes in animals, however, is not recorded in the literature. The absence of such basic data prompted the following study of the effect of total brain x irradiation on the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pressure of normal dogs. Materials and Methods Permanent cervical subarachnoid catheters were placed in healthy mongrel dogs to facilitate numerous pressure readings without the disadvantages of multiple punctures (9). Each dog was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and an 18-gauge, thin-walled Tuohy spinal needle was inserted through the atlanto-occipital membrane. When fluid appeared in the needle, a 0.020-in. vinyl catheter was inserted and advanced caudally for approximately 12 cm in the subarachnoid space (6). The tubing was closed with a three-way stopcock attached to a protective device taped around the dog's neck. The procedure was accomplished without signs or symptoms of spinal cord damage, and the dog's postsurgical activities were not impaired. Measurements of CSF pressure were obtainable repeatedly without anesthesia or struggling, using a spinal manometer or a strain gauge (Fig. 1). Sensitivity of the apparatus to pressure changes within the CSF system was verified by recordings of normal variations of 4–10 mm H2O with each respiration (2, 5) (Fig. 2). Increased venous pressure from abdominal compression and flexion of the head produced expected increases in CSF pressures (2, 3, 9, 17). The large variability in CSF pressures, even in the same animal, was minimized by identical physical conditions and pressure measurement by the same individual.

Effects of Whole-Body Irradiation on the Transfer Capacity of Rat Small Intestine

It is now well established that X-irradiation of the whole animal produces damage to the intestine. Indeed the resulting from large doses of irradiation is probably due to the intestinal damage and has been called acute intestinal death by Quastler (1). The characteristic pathology is the denudation of the intestinal lining, so it is scarcely surprising that irradiation produces serious interference with absorption. The effect on absorption has been studied by many workers, and recently well reviewed (2), but the interesting question which still remains unsettled is how far damage to specific functions can occur in irradiated animals as distinct from general damage to the cells. In the present paper the problem has been approached by studying different transport functions in the intestine, and comparing the extent to which changes in these are related to metabolic and histological changes in the gut. As the object is to demonstrate functional changes, nonlethal doses of irradiation were used, and the functional capacity was observed at varying times after irradiation.

Intra-arterial chemotherapy for cancer metastatic to liver.

PATIENTS suffering from inoperable cancer of the liver usually die within an average of six months after diagnosis.¹This is particularly true of cancer metastatic to the liver, regardless of the type of therapy. Some beneficial results have been obtained by the surgical excision of the metastases in the liver. However, the overall results leave much to be desired, and 21 of 28 patients so treated have ultimately died from their cancers.² The liver tolerates large doses of external irradiation, and such therapy sometimes can be beneficial in those patients with localized metastases. Unfortunately, metastases to the liver generally constitute a focus for the intrahepatic dissemination of additional metastases within the liver; consequently the liver is often studded with numerous metastatic deposits, making it impossible to deliver a cancerocidal dose of irradiation to the entire organ. Metastases usually reach the liver via the portal system; less frequently via

RELATIVE RADIOSENSITIVITIES OF THE MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND THE FERTILIZED OVUM.

THE loss of pregnancy which occurs when an animal is subjected to large doses of irradiation has generally been ascribed to the radiosensitivity of the ova. However, an indication that the reproductive tract of the mother may be injured has been provided by Chang and Hunt1, who showed that pseudopregnant rabbits subjected to 400 r. had an increased incidence of embryonic mortality when ova which had not been irradiated were transferred to them. Further, Glasser2 has presented evidence that placental dysfunction is a major cause of pregnancy wastage in irradiated rats. The present experiments were designed to determine whether or not the lethal effects on ova resulting from irradiation of a pregnant animal might occur as a result of harm to the maternal reproductive tract.

VARIABLE REWARDS AND PERIPHERAL CUES IN DISCRIMINATIONS BY IRRADIATED AND NONIRRADIATED MONKEYS.

It has been reponted thnt nonirradinted monkeys associated peripherally placed stimuli with stimuli that were available for problem solving, and monkeys that had survived large doses of whole-body radiation with mixed source of radiation did not. This was interpreted as indicating that the response threshold of irradiated monkeys is displaced and their attention is narrowed. The present study was designed to determine whether the effect previously reported was related to changes in preferences of irradiated and nonirradiated monkeys for foods. Raisins and celery were selected as rewards, and it was hypothesized that a strong incentive (raisin) would cause the animals to attend to the problem at hand and ignore peripheral cues, whereas a weak incentive (celery) would favor the use of peripheral cues. Also, if groups differ in their preference for the incentives, this should be reflected in their ability to use peripheral cues. The test monkeys had survived three large doses of whole-body irradiation which were given 6, 7, and 8 yr earlier and totaled 1100 r. The results revealed three significant effects. One, which occurred with raisin rewards, was the tendency for irradiated monkeys to do less well on the second problem than on the first. This wasmore » the effect that had been reported under the same condition of reward. The effect was also significant during the second and third, but not during the first time the condition using raisins was presented. More striking was the effect produced by giving two different incentives. Every subject made a higher percentage of errors under celery than under raisin reward. Also, the effect disappeared under celery reward and there was a decline in errors between the first and second problems with celery rewards. Thus, the effect disappears under a weak incentive. This supponts the hypothesis that differences in food preferences of irradiated and nonirradiated monkeys explain the phenomenon of a narrowing of attention to stimuli. (BBB)« less

A Study of the Late Effects of Total Body Irradiation

THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION of autologous marrow will prevent death following irradiation exposure which would be lethal in untreated animals. 1,2 The early effects of marrow transplants are well documented, but there is little information concerning the physiologic status in the late postirradiation period of large animals so treated. We have utilized fresh marrow, frozen marrow, and spleen as autologous transplants in the dog with success. The present report consists of physiologic studies in dogs surviving large doses of total body irradiation. Materials and Methods Mongrel dogs were irradiated with a 2 mv Van de Graaff x-ray generator. The half-value layer of the x-ray beam was 8 mm lead. The exposure dose was measured at the treating distance of 217 cm. Half of the exposure was delivered to the left side of the animal and half to the right. The dose rate was 15 to 17 roentgens/min so that treatment

Triploidy induced by gamma irradiation during meiosis in sunflower

1. Under effect of a large dose (20 Kr) of gamma irradiation performed during the microsporogenesis of sunflower the formation of tetrads is affected by ray injury which not unfrequently results in production of triads. 2. Also a nucleus with diploid chromosome number takes place among the triads. Under the first and second maturity divisions a synchronous divergence can be demonstrated which becomes only stronger towards the final phase of microsporogenesis. 3. As a result of fecundation caused by diploid pollen a possibility exists also for the production of triploid progenies. According to examinations the number of triploid progenies (3n=51) varies at about 4 per cent. 4. In a large part of progenies with triploid chromosome number the chromosomes are thinned and weakly stainable which may be regarded as a symptom of ray-injury.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND IRRADIATION DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

On the basis of previous studies it appeared that irradiation damage to the nervous system might be more severe and more easily produced in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. This hypothesis was investigated by studying the frequency of neurological complications and vascular lesions in the spinal cord after x irradiation of the cord in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Two weeks before irradiation of the spinal cord, a clip was applied to the right renal artery of the animals to produce hypertension. Single doses of 1500, 2000, or 3000 r were administered to the spinal cord in the cervical and upper thoracic region of hypertensive rats (systolic blood pressure higher than 145 mm Hg) and normotensive rats. After 1500 r to spinal cord, no abnormalities were noted in the normotensive controls during the period of observation. Some hypertensive animaIs showed transient abnormalities of gait, and during the following week died suddenly. Those remaining died unexpectedly 35-259 days after irradiation without apparent preceding neurological manifestations, although acute vascular lesions were found in the irradiated regions of the spinal cord. The normotensive controls of the 2000-r group showed no abnormalities of gait or of tail sensation, but the hypertensive rats died 67-243 daysmore » after irradiation, and ntaxic episodes preceding these unexpected deaths in one animal. Ristologically, the irradiated segments of the cords showed multiple focal acute vascular necrosis. The smaller arteries in irradiated segments of the cords showed hyaline thickening; some of the smaller vessels were widely dilated and filled with blood, and their walls were necrotic. The white matter of the irradiated parts of these cords showed numerous holes (status spongiosus) in the lateral and dorsal columns. The anterior-horn cells in the irradiated zones were swollen, their nuclei pyknotic and cytoplasm devoid of Nissl granules. No abnormalities, besides thickening of the meninges in the irradiated areas, were found in the cords of the normotensive controls. After 3000 r the normotensive animals of this group showed no abnormalities of gait and Survived normally; no vascular lesions were found in their spinal cords. The hypentensive animals died suddenly 43-70 days after irradiation of the cord, and in all, death was preceded by ataxic episodes. Postmortem, numerous foci of acute vascular necrosis were found in the irradiated cord. These experiments suggest that moderate arterial hypertension seriously modifies the effect of x irradiation of the spinal cord. The transience of the ataxia in irradiated hypertensive rats suggests a possible origin in reversible vasoconstriction. When such episodes were followed by sudden death, arterial necrosis was invariably present in the irradiated region of the cord. Moreover, in hypertensive animals in which paraplegia developed, there was widespread necrosis of nerve tissue as well as organized vascular necrosis. A search of hospital records revealed three cases in which high blood pressure was recorded along with necrosis of the brain or spinal cord following therapeutic irradiation. In two of these, large doses of irradiation had been administered, and the necrosis might have been due to irradiation alone. In the third case, however, necrosis of the spinal cord occurred artd one factor which may have determined this individual sensitivity was high blood pressure. (BBB)« less