Large Divergence Research Articles

Magnetic focusing of low-power Hall thruster with a center-mounted hollow cathode

Magnetic focusing with xenon propellant has been verified in orbit from medium-to high-power Hall thrusters but has yet to be achieved in low-power Hall thrusters. A magnetically focused Hall thruster was designed to solve the common issue of large plume divergence angle in low-power Hall thrusters, which realizes the plasma lens magnetic field topography with permanent magnet excitation on the wide channel and adopts the center-mounted cathode layout. Experimental results indicate that the HEP-300CHC thruster exhibits an optimal magnetic focusing mode when operated at 288W with plume divergence half-angle approximately 11.7°. The magnetic focusing range is relatively narrow, concentrated within discharge voltage between 210V and 230V, and anode flowrate between 18sccm and 20sccm.The anode efficiency is higher than 40% at the nominal power, and the maximum anode efficiency reach 52% at the discharge power of 300W. This study provides a reference basis for ion beam control of low-power Hall thrusters.

Ultra-stable and low-divergence high-power antimonide light emitters with on-chip mode filter

Antimonide semiconductor laser diodes with high brightness are ideal light sources for a variety of applications. However, the traditional structure of broad-area (BA) lasers with high-power output is normally accompanied by a multi-lobed far field profile and large lateral divergence. In this paper, we put up an on-chip microstructure for mode filtering. The excellent mode control capability is doubly confirmed by optical field simulations and complete device measurements. The optimized device shows an enhanced continuous-wave output power in exceeding of 1.3 W at room temperature, along with a reduced threshold current and increased peak power conversion efficiency. Moreover, it exhibits an ultra-stable lateral far field with a 45.6% reduction in divergence and a notable 75.5% improvement in current dependence compared with conventional BA diode lasers. The minimum divergence is as low as 5.64° for full width at half maximum definition.

Large latitudinal difference in soil nitrogen limitation on global vegetation response to elevated CO2

This study is the first to evaluate latitudinal characteristics of the coupled impacts of atmospheric-CO2 fertilization and soil nitrogen limitation on global plant photosynthesis for 2001–2019 by using a remote sensing-based light use efficiency model (DTECM-l-CN). It predicted that the global GPP should have increased by 0.40 Pg C a − 2 (PMK < 0.001) from 2001 to 2019. Leaf area index change contributed 55.0% to this predicted increase in the global GPP trend, followed by coupled CO2 and soil nitrogen effects (32.5%) and the effects from the climate forcing (12.5%). Without CO2 fertilization effects, the global GPP trend was predicted lower by 32.5%. With CO2 fertilization effects included but without a nitrogen constraint, the model would predict global GPP trend higher by 67.5%. These contrasting changes strongly imply the need to consider all these effects simultaneously to estimate future GPP. Comparing the annual mean CO2 fertilization factor with and without soil nitrogen stress showed that the fertilization factor under soil nitrogen stress was only 62.5% of that with no soil nitrogen stress.As a result of soil nitrogen stress, annual mean CO2 response metric (RCO2), indicating the CO2 fertilization effect, declined from 2002 to 2019. Soil nitrogen stress was found to attenuate the positive effect of CO2 fertilization on GPP trend with a large latitudinal difference, i.e., the tropics had a weaker CO2 fertilization effect than the extratropics. This study highlights that soil nitrogen has progressively become limiting on plant response to CO2 fertilization with a large latitudinal divergence.

Mode selection and unidirectional emission in multiple-deformed microcavity through dynamic tunneling

Microcavity holds great promise in demonstrating coherent light sources and photonic circuits due to its superior properties such as high-quality factor, small mode volume, etc. Generally, the rotationally symmetric geometry of microcavity naturally makes its output beams isotropic, which is hard to efficiently collect the emissions. Though several solutions have been proposed to tackle this issue, for instance, boundary deformation, nanoparticle scattering, and mode coupling, at the cost of quality (Q)-factor degradation, large divergence angle of output beams, and complex designs, therefore, which more or less hinders the practical potential of microcavity. Herein, to examine the possibility of simultaneously achieving high-Q and unidirectional emission with narrow angular divergence, we employ a spirally deformed quadrupolar microcavity to manipulate the intracavity physics. Our numerical results show that the chaotic-to-regular tunneling and unstable manifolds synergistically dominate the chirality and the corresponding far-field patterns. The spiral implies sufficient backscattering onto the chaotic modes, which sequently breaks the balance of clockwise and counterclockwise waves and brings such non-equivalence into diamond modes without spoiling their Q-factors. Then strong chirality is formed in the chaotic microcavity that initially reduces the output beams. Meanwhile, the geometry deformation from pristine quadrupolar further alters the unstable manifolds, finally yielding highly unidirectional emission with narrower divergence angle (≤30°). As a result, mode selection and unidirectional emission are constructed simultaneously in the presented microcavity through a simple but robust method. This research is of great significance to the research of microcavity and the practical application of optical sensing and single-photon sources.

Designing a sky-scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer system with a large size integrating sphere

Integrating spheres can be manufactured at sizes ranging from 1 mm to 3 m in diameter. It has been agreed widely by manufacturers that fitting a large-sized integrating sphere as per the customer requirement is a complex process. Thus, these spheres due to its large beam divergence from the exit port, have never been deployed for the calibration of aeronomy applications. In this article a optical system is described to integrate a large-sized integrating sphere with the Fabry–Perot etalon and thus devise a set-up to generate the concentric ring pattern and record it on the detector. The experimental set-up was verified by optical simulation using ZEMAX (OpticStudio) so as to validate the system’s performance in the laboratory. The important parameter finesse is calculated and its accuracy is found to be 80%.

Host-associated genetic differentiation and origin of a recent host shift in the generalist parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa.

Branched broomrape, Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel, is a globally distributed parasitic weed of economic importance. In Europe, where it is native, it can infest several crops, notably tomato, tobacco, and hemp. In western France, it has recently adapted to a new host crop, oilseed rape, causing substantial damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolutionary relationships and genetic differentiation among P. ramosa populations infesting different hosts. We collected 1611 P. ramosa samples from 109 fields cultivated with six different crops (oilseed rape, tobacco, hemp, tomato, lentil, and celery) and distributed among six European countries. All samples were genotyped for ten microsatellite loci and a subset of samples was sequenced for two nuclear genes and two chloroplast genes. Genetic differentiation among populations was high (F ST = 0.807) and mainly driven by differentiation among different host crops, with no significant geographic structure. Genetic structure analysis identified up to seven biologically meaningful clusters that matched with host crops of origin. Reconstructed networks of sequence haplotypes and multilocus SSR genotypes showed a large genetic divergence between samples collected on oilseed rape and samples collected on other crops. The phylogeny inferred from DNA sequences placed samples collected from oilseed rape as a basal lineage. Approximate Bayesian Computations were used to compare different evolutionary scenarios of divergence among the three main genetic clusters, associated, respectively, with oilseed rape, tobacco, and hemp as host crops. The best-supported scenario indicated that P. ramosa infesting oilseed rape derived recently from an ancient, unknown lineage. Our results suggest that a more complete description of the genetic diversity of P. ramosa is still needed to uncover the likely source of the recent adaptation to oilseed rape and to anticipate future new host shifts.

Religious diversity and public health: Lessons from COVID-19.

Scholars have identified a range of variables that predict public health compliance during COVID-19, including: psychological, institutional and situational variables as well as demographic characteristics, such as gender, location and age. In this paper, we argue that religious affiliation is also a clear predictor for compliance with public health guidelines. Based on a sample representative survey (N = 800) of Haredi Jews in Israel, we found that Haredi Jews mostly followed COVID-19 health regulations. Among the respondents who were non-compliant, however, we found large divergences which mostly reflected religious affiliation. While members of Lithuanian and Sephardi communities reported following guidelines, Hasidim, a more charismatic sub-group, were 12% and 14% more likely to flout public health guidelines than their Lithuanian and Sephardi counterparts, respectively. Despite this inner diversity, all Haredim were portrayed in Israeli media as one homogeneous group that was blamed for flouting public health guidelines and spreading COVID-19. Based on these findings, we argue for the importance of public health messaging that attends to diverse aspects of religious dogma, practice and observance by creating partnerships and sustainable relationships between different actors and stakeholders. In addition, we found that compliance was also shaped by knowledge about COVID-19 and public concern. Taking these findings together, health communication that acknowledges religious diversity while providing critical knowledge about the pandemic is key to developing and implementing community-focused interventions and public health programs. Practically, these insights help to improve pandemic governance as well as contributing theoretically to the study of public health relations and religion by highlighting how discourses around health vary and how differently positioned actors shape representations of responsiveness and health compliance.

A novel seminar learning framework for weakly supervised salient object detection

Weakly supervised salient object detection (SOD) is a challenging task and has drawn much attention from several research perspectives, it has revealed two problems while driving the rapid development of saliency detection. (1) Large divergence in the characteristics of saliency regions in terms of location, shape and size makes them difficult to recognize. (2) The properties of convolutional neural networks dictate that it is insensitive to various transformations, which will lead to hardly balance the application of various disturbances. To tackle these limitations, this paper proposes a novel seminar learning framework with consistent transformation ensembling (SLF-CT) for scribble supervised SOD. The framework consists of the teacher–student model and the student–student model for segmenting the salient objects. Specifically, we first design a cross attention guided network (CAGNet) as a baseline model for saliency prediction. Then we assign CAGNet to the teacher–student model, where the teacher network is based on the exponential moving average and guides the training of the student network. Moreover, we adopt multiple pseudo labels to transfer the information among students from different conditions. To further enhance the regularization of the network, a consistency transformation mechanism is also incorporated, which encourages the saliency prediction and input image of the network to be consistent. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach performs favorably comparable with the state-of-the-art weakly supervised methods. As far as we know, the proposed approach is the first application of seminar learning in the SOD area.

Large Eddy Simulation of Cavitation Jets from an Organ-Pipe Nozzle: The Influence of Cavitation on the Vortex Coherent Structure

High-speed water jets are widely used in deep mining and the in-depth study of jet characteristics helps to improve drilling efficiency. Three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulation is used to simulate turbulent flows generated by an organ-pipe nozzle. The simulation is validated with existing experimental data and is focused on the evolution and interaction of cavitation bubbles and vortices. Dynamic mode decomposition is performed to extract structural information about the different motion modes and their stability. Results show that the dominant fluid frequency is positively correlated with inlet pressure while unrelated to the divergence angle. Meanwhile, jets’ oscillation is amplified by a large divergence angle, which facilitates the occurrence of cavitation. Results about the flow field outside of an organ-pipe nozzle advance the understanding of the basic mechanism of cavitation jets.

The Rise of Star Firms: Intangible Capital and Competition

Abstract The large divergence in the returns of top-performing star firms and the rest of the economy is substantially reduced when we account for the mismeasurement of intangible capital. Star firms produce and invest more per dollar in invested capital, have more valuable innovations as measured by the market value of patents, and are as exposed to competitive shocks as nonstars. Star firms have higher markups that are predicted early in their life cycle at a time when they are small. Overall, after we correct for the mismeasurement of intangibles, the evidence points to the superior ability of star firms.

Novel B2 mitogenomes from Continental southern Patagonia's Late Holocene: New insights into the peopling of the Southern Cone.

The main aim of this study is to discuss the migratory processes and peopling dynamics that shaped the genetic variability of populations during the settlement of the Southern Cone, through the analysis of complete mitogenomes of individuals from southern Patagonia. Complete mitogenomes were sequenced through massively parallel sequencing from two late Holocene individuals (SAC 1-1-3 and SAC 1-1-4) buried in the same chenque at Salitroso Lake Basin (Santa Cruz province, Argentina). To evaluate matrilineal phylogenetic affinities with other haplotypes, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions were performed, as well as a haplotype median-joining network. The mitogenomes were assigned to haplogroups B2 and B2b, exhibiting an average depth of 54X and 89X (≥1X coverage of 98.6% and 100%), and a high number of nucleotide differences among them. The phylogenetic analyses showed a relatively close relationship between the haplotype found in SAC 1-1-4 and those retrieved from a Middle Holocene individual from Laguna Chica (Buenos Aires province), and from a group of individuals from the Peruvian coast. For the SAC 1-1-3, no clear affiliations to any other haplotype were established. The large divergence between the haplotypes presented in this study suggests either a highly variable founder gene pool, or a later enrichment by frequent biological contact with other populations. Our results underline the persistence of genetic signals related to the first waves of peopling in South America, suggesting that the regional settlement of the southern end of the continent has been much more complex than initially thought.

Design of multi-shell nested fully annular quasi-ellipsoidal focusing mirrors for small-angle neutron scattering

The neutron flux is a crucial factor for neutron scattering measurements, especially for compact sources. Among various neutron optics, grazing-incidence focusing mirrors have been developed to give a significant increase in the neutron flux on a sample owing to their great potential for collecting neutrons in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instruments. Focusing mirrors with a supermirror coating can be nested to collect a neutron beam with large divergence. Nested conical integrated assembly technology is employed to manufacture nested focusing mirrors. This study describes the design of ten-shell nested fully annular quasi-ellipsoidal focusing mirrors with an m = 3 Ni/Ti supermirror coating to produce enough neutrons on a sample under the premise of satisfying the specified minimum wavevector transfer Q. For fully annular focusing mirrors, the neutron current received by a sample from the entire annular focusing neutron beam is more relevant. A ray-tracing method and current gain calculation are used to evaluate the performance of the designed mirrors. The ray-tracing result shows that the ideal resolution of quasi-ellipsoidal mirrors with four-segment conical approximation is 1.354 mm. As the source radius decreases from 20 mm, the neutron current with the designed focusing mirrors can be enhanced by a factor of 13 to over 100 compared with that without focusing mirrors in the same detected area. The effective collecting area is 186 cm2 when the source radius is the optimal 15 mm. An 83-fold current gain can be obtained for cold neutrons. The proposed mirrors can reach 90.7 and 87.3% of the maximum current of the corresponding optimal mirror structure when the source radii are 10 and 20 mm, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed mirrors are adaptable for instruments with changeable sources.

Genome-wide mapping of regulatory variants for temperature- and salinity-adaptive genes reveals genetic basis of genotype-by-environment interaction in Crassostrea ariakensis

Regulatory variants in gene expression serve as bridges linking genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. Environmental conditions typically influence the effects of regulatory variants on phenotypic plasticity; however, such genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E) are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the genetic basis of G × E in estuarine oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), which is an important model animal for studying environmental adaption owing to its high plasticity and large intraspecific divergence. Genome-wide mapping of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for 23 environmental adaptive genes was performed for 256 estuarine oysters. We identified 1194 eQTL single nucleotide polymorphisms (eSNPs), including 433 cis-eSNPs in four genes and 722 trans-eSNPs in eight genes. The expression variation explanation of cis-eSNPs (9.95%) was significantly higher than that of trans-eSNPs (9.15%). We specifically showed cis- and trans-eSNPs with high linkage disequilibrium (LD) for Traf7, Slc6a5, Ggt, and Dap3. For example, we identified a cis-regulatory LD block containing 68 cis-eSNP and a trans-regulatory LD block, including 20 trans-eSNPs in Traf7. A high proportion (85%) of 40 vital eSNPs exhibited significant G × E effects. We identified crossing and nonparallel interactions of G × E, with the tag cis-eSNPs of Baat and Slc6a5 as representatives. Our results indicated that cis-eQTLs are highly conserved. This study provides insights into the understanding of adaptive evolutionary mechanisms and phenotypic response prediction to variable environments, as well as the genetic improvement for superior adaptive traits for genetic resource conservation and aquaculture.

Cross-Kingdom Interactions Between Plant and Fungal Viruses.

The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent accumulating evidence from virus phylogenetic analyses and the discovery of naturally occurring virus cross-infection suggest the occurrence of past and current transmissions of viruses between plants and plant-associated fungi. Moreover, artificial virus inoculation experiments showed that diverse plant viruses can multiply in fungi and vice versa. Thus, virus cross-infection between plants and fungi may play an important role in the spread, emergence, and evolution of both plant and fungal viruses and facilitate the interaction between them. In this review, we summarize current knowledge related to cross-kingdom virus infection in plants and fungi and further discuss the relevance of this new virological topic in the context of understanding virus spread and transmission in nature as well as developing control strategies for crop plant diseases.

Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Region and VP1 Gene in Human Norovirus Genotypes GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6.

To understand the evolution of GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 strains, the prevalent human norovirus genotypes, we analysed both the RdRp region and VP1 gene in globally collected strains using authentic bioinformatics technologies. A common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type RdRp region emerged approximately 50 years ago and a common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type VP1 gene emerged approximately 110 years ago. Subsequently, the RdRp region and VP1 gene evolved. Moreover, the evolutionary rates were significantly faster for the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene than for the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 genes. Large genetic divergence was observed in the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 gene compared with the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene. The phylodynamics of the RdRp region and VP1 gene fluctuated after the year 2000. Positive selection sites in VP1 proteins were located in the antigenicity-related protruding 2 domain, and these sites overlapped with conformational epitopes. These results suggest that the GII.6 VP1 gene and VP1 proteins evolved uniquely due to recombination between the P6- and P7-type RdRp regions in the HuNoV GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 virus strains.

Evaluation of the effect of leaf spatial aggregation on chlorophyll content retrieval in open-canopy apple orchards

The real-world crowns of broadleaf tree species feature green leaves surrounding branches, resulting in leaf spatial aggregation effect in the crown. However, the impact of such leaf spatial aggregation on chlorophyll content retrieval has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effect of leaf spatial aggregation on chlorophyll content retrieval in two distinct apple orchards with open canopies. The “PROSPECT + LESS” model was used for canopy reflectance simulation, and 25 hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) were analyzed to identify universal VIs for various leaf aggregations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of leaf aggregation on the relationships between VIs and chlorophyll content. An artificial neural network regression algorithm was used to retrieve chlorophyll content by reversing the radiative transfer model (RTMs). The results show that leaf aggregation significantly affects the relationships between VIs and chlorophyll content as a result of the variability in the ratio of photosynthetic vegetation pixels to background pixels captured by the sensor at the top of the canopy. TCARI/OSAVI was found to be resistant to confounding factors (e.g., leaf area index and dry matter content) and maintained stable relationships with chlorophyll content. Leaf spatial aggregation had a significant impact on chlorophyll content retrieval, especially when leaves were highly aggregated. In such cases, the spectral variation driven by the photosynthetic vegetation was masked by the background, leading to a large divergence between simulated and observed spectra. Low to moderate levels of leaf aggregation, on the other hand, provided accurate chlorophyll content retrieval in both apple orchards (R2 = 0.49 to 0.67). In conclusion, when using 3D RTMs to retrieve chlorophyll content, it is recommended to configure low to moderate levels of leaf aggregation to ensure high accuracy and efficiency.

Uncertainty in land use obscures global soil organic carbon stock estimates

The impact of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is one of the most uncertain items in estimating the global C budget. Despite the improvements in satellite monitoring techniques and inventory data in recent decades, the uncertainty in modeled LULCC-induced SOC changes stemming from the choice of land use datasets remains largely unknown. Using a process-based model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), we investigated global SOC changes during 1900–2018 driven by six LULCC datasets (i.e., LUH2-GCB2019, ESA CCI-LC, MODIS, GLASS-GLC, HH, and RF), which were generated by varied data sources and methodologies. The simulated global SOC stock was negatively affected by land conversions in all the LULCC datasets; however, the corresponding SOC loss was highly different ranging from 33.11 Pg C to 106.20 Pg C. Such significant differences in the global SOC stock estimates due to LULCC uncertainty were mainly located in boreal and temperate forests of the northern high latitudes and were most likely attributed to the LULCC-induced changes in vegetation net primary production. Meanwhile, regions exhibiting large divergence in relative changes of LULCC-induced SOC loss were mainly located in the low latitudes. When considering the interactive effects of LULCC with other environmental factors, the simulated SOC showed divergent trends, increasing in MODIS-, ESA CCI-LC-, and GLASS-GLC-based estimations, but decreasing in LUH2-GCB2019-, HH-, and RF-based estimations. These results highlight the importance of the accuracy of LULCC data in determining the global carbon budget. Future efforts are required for harmonizing satellite observations and inventory data both spatially and temporally to better represent the land conversion processes in terrestrial ecosystem modeling.

Conserved Evolution of MHC Supertypes among Japanese Frogs Suggests Selection for Bd Resistance.

The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a major threat to amphibians, yet there are no reports of major disease impacts in East Asian frogs. Genetic variation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been associated with resistance to Bd in frogs from East Asia and worldwide. Using transcriptomic data collated from 11 Japanese frog species (one individual per species), we isolated MHC class I and IIb sequences and validated using molecular cloning. We then compared MHC from Japanese frogs and other species worldwide, with varying Bd susceptibility. Supertyping analysis, which groups MHC alleles based on physicochemical properties of peptide binding sites, identified that all examined East Asian frogs contained at least one MHC-IIb allele belonging to supertype ST-1. This indicates that, despite the large divergence times between some Japanese frogs (up to 145 million years), particular functional properties in the peptide binding sites of MHC-II are conserved among East Asian frogs. Furthermore, preliminary analysis using NetMHCIIpan-4.0, which predicts potential Bd-peptide binding ability, suggests that MHC-IIb ST-1 and ST-2 have higher overall peptide binding ability than other supertypes, irrespective of whether the peptides are derived from Bd, other fungi, or bacteria. Our findings suggest that MHC-IIb among East Asian frogs may have co-evolved under the same selective pressure. Given that Bd originated in this region, it may be a major driver of MHC evolution in East Asian frogs.

Compact structured light generation based on meta-hologram PCSEL integration

Metasurfaces, a catalog of optical components, offer numerous novel functions on demand. They have been integrated with vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in previous studies. However, the performance has been limited by the features of the VCSELs such as low output power and large divergence angle. Although the solution of the module of VCSEL array could solve these issues, the practical application is limited by extra lens and large size. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate reconstruction of a holographic images using a compact integration of a photonic crystal surface-emitting laser and metasurface holograms designed for structured light generation. This research showcases the flexible design capabilities of metasurfaces, high output power (on the order of milliwatts), and the ability to produce well-uniformed images with a wide field of view without the need for a collection lens, making it suitable for 3D imaging and sensing.

Characterization, Recombinant Production, and Bioactivity of a Novel Immunomodulatory Protein from Hypsizygus marmoreus.

A novel fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP), identified as FIP-hma, was discovered in the genome of an edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. Bioinformatics analysis suggested FIP-hma contained the cerato-platanin (CP) conserved domain and was categorized into Cerato-type FIP. In phylogenetic analysis, FIP-hma was clustered into a new branch of the FIP family, displaying large system divergence from most of the other FIPs. The higher gene expression of FIP-hma was observed during the vegetative growth stages than that during the reproductive growth stages. In addition, the cDNA sequence of FIP-hma was cloned and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein of FIP-hma (rFIP-hma) was neatly purified and isolated by Ni-NTA and SUMO-Protease. The iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels of RAW 264.7 macrophages were upregulated by rFIP-hma, indicating its activation of an immune response by regulating central cytokines. No cytotoxic effects were observed in an MTT test. The findings of this work discovered a novel immunoregulatory protein from H. marmoreus, provided a systematic bioinformatic profile, suggested an effective approach for its heterologous recombinant production, and reported its potent immunoregulatory activity in macrophages. This study sheds light on the physiological function research of FIPs and their further industrial utilization.