Large Age Differences Research Articles

Territory acquisition and mate choice in a monogamous mammal, the Eurasian beaver

Territory acquisition and pair compatibility are determining factors for the fitness of territorial animals. Although these aspects are often studied separately, for territorial monogamous species acquiring a territory and obtaining a mate are not mutually exclusive. In this study, we investigated territory acquisition and mate choice characteristics in a saturated population of the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber , by comparing individuals that successfully acquired territories with ones that were available in the study area (potential competitors). We used body mass and familiarity with an area as proxies for competitive ability, and genetic measures of inbreeding and relatedness, as well as age difference between pair members as proxies for mate compatibility. Comparatively older individuals and ones familiar with an area had a higher probability of territory acquisition, indicating that competitive ability was important for territory acquisition, whereas mate compatibility characteristics generally were not. However, in pairs that had a large age difference (between pair members), annual reproductive success decreased in more inbred pairs. These findings indicate that there might be a trade-off between territory acquisition and pair compatibility in saturated populations, that is, individuals accept being paired with a suboptimal mate when acquiring a territory, owing to intense competition. Our study emphasizes the importance of incorporating both factors related to competitive ability and mate compatibility when investigating territory acquisition in animals. • Territory acquisition and mate choice are often linked in monogamous species. • Competitive ability affects territory acquisition in beavers. • Individuals accept being paired with a suboptimal mate when acquiring a territory. • There might be a trade-off between territory acquisition and pair compatibility.

Quality Assessment of Donor Kidneys and the Tendency of Kidney Acceptance: A Single-Center Experience

The increasing age of donors and the increasing tendency of comorbidities requires an extension in acceptance criteria. In this review, the tendency for acceptance and refusal was analyzed by examining reasons for declining donor kidneys at the kidney transplantation center in Debrecen. This analysis aimed to assess the quality of donor kidneys and indicate why two-thirds of donated organs were refused. Our center in Debrecen received 535 kidney offers (based on exclusion criteria) between November 2016 and August 2019, which were retrospectively analyzed. Donor kidneys were evaluated using expanded criteria donor, kidney donor profile index (KDPI), and kidney donor risk index criteria systems. Thirty-five percent (n=189) of the kidneys offered to the center in Debrecen had been approved in advance, and later 63% (n=119) were transplanted. Using the KDPI system, 41% of donors had a KDPI above 85, of which 23% were accepted, while acceptance of kidneys with a KDPI of 0 to 35 was around 70%. When examining causes of donor kidney refusal, 90% of the organs had donor quality problems, 13% had logistical cause (long cold ischemic time, large age difference between donor and recipient), and 10.5% had immunologic cause. In 13% of cases, the refusal of donor organs was due to the coexistence of several problems. Our data showed that high-risk donor organs were being refused in our center; however, they are being transplanted at a higher rate in other Eurotransplant centers. The decision to refuse or accept donor organs depends on several factors, including expected waiting time, patient's clinical characteristics, and quality of life.

Exploring the role of age as a moderator of cognitive remediation for people with schizophrenia

BackgroundWhile Cognitive Remediation (CR) is effective in reducing cognitive and functioning difficulties in people with schizophrenia, there is variability in treatment response. Previous research suggested that participants' age may be a significant moderator of CR response. AimTo examine the impact of participants' age on CR outcomes. MethodIndividual participant data were accessed from fourteen CR randomised controlled trials. We tested the moderating effect of participants' age on cognitive and functioning outcomes using multivariate linear models. ResultsData from 1084 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were considered. Participants had a mean age of 36.6 years (SD 11), with 11.6 years of education (SD 2.8), and an average duration of illness of 13.5 years (SD 10.7). Multivariate models showed that participants' age, when considered as a continuous variable, was not a significant moderator of treatment effect for cognitive and functioning outcomes. However, when participants were split by median age, younger participants showed higher gains in executive functions following CR compared to older participants (p=0.02). ConclusionThese results suggest that participants' age does not moderate most CR outcomes. However, larger age differences may influence the effect of CR on executive function. This may suggest some adaptation of CR practice according to participants' age. These findings inform the CR personalisation agenda.

Age differences in selected measures of physical fitness in young handball players.

ObjectiveThe aims of the present study were: 1) to calculate the change of direction (COD) deficit (using a modified version of the 505 test and 10 m sprint time), and (2) to examine the differences in linear sprint, jump and COD performances, as well as COD deficit, between under-13 (U13) and under-15 (U15) male handball players.MethodsOne hundred and nineteen young male handball players (under-13 [U13; n = 82] and under-15 [U15; n = 37]). Tests included anthropometric measurements, countermovement jump (CMJ), triple leg-hop for distance, linear sprint test (5, 10 and 20 m), and a modified version of the 505 COD test.ResultsResults showed moderate to very large differences (P < 0.05) in age, predicted age at peak height velocity (APHV), distance from PHV (DPHV), height, and body mass between the age categories. Moreover, U15 players demonstrated higher performances in all jump tests and lower sprint times in 10- (ES = 0.84) and 20-m (ES = 0.51) and a higher 505 deficit (ES = 0.38) than the U13 players (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for the 505 COD test between groups (ES = 0.12; P > 0.05).ConclusionsOur results suggest that during the transition from pre- to post-puberty, young handball players should focus on transferring their progressive improvements in strength, speed, and power capacities to COD performance.

Deep-learning based descriptors in application to aging problem in face recognition

Nowadays, “aging” becomes a challenging problem for face recognition systems. The challenge is particularly due to age-related biological changes, which can lead to significant variations in facial characteristics between two images taken at different ages of the same person. As the face is the most heavily part affected by aging, there is a growing need to extracting robust face features for age-invariant face recognition, particularly, in the presence of large age differences of the same person face images. The aim of this paper is to examine effectiveness of deep-learning based methods as features extraction tool for age-invariant face recognition. In this study, we evaluate five popular pre-trained deep-convolutional neural network (CNN) models that are AlexNet, GoogleNet, Inception V3, ResNet50 and SqueezeNet, on a widely used face-aging database, namely FG-NET, using K-nearest neighbors (K-NN), discriminant analysis, and support vector machines (SVM) classifiers. Further, a statistical analysis test is performed to confirm the statistical significance of the obtained results. Experimental results on this database show the promise of using Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) for face recognition across age progression. Also the AlexNet model appears to be most promising for age-invariant face recognition, as highest mean accuracy rate is always achieved with feature extraction using the AlexNet model. These results are more significant, according to a 95% confidence level hypothesis test.

Holding On to the Past: Older Adults Show Lingering Neural Activation of No-Longer-Relevant Items in Working Memory

Goal-relevant information can be maintained in working memory over a brief delay interval to guide an upcoming decision. There is also evidence suggesting the existence of a complementary process: namely, the ability to suppress information that is no longer relevant to ongoing task goals. Moreover, this ability to suppress or inhibit irrelevant information appears to decline with age. In this study, we compared younger and older adults undergoing fMRI on a working memory task designed to address whether the modulation of neural representations of relevant and no-longer-relevant items during a delay interval is related to age and overall task performance. Following from the theoretical predictions of the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging, we hypothesized that older adults would show higher activation of no-longer-relevant items during a retention delay compared to young adults and that higher activation of these no-longer-relevant items would predict worse recognition memory accuracy for relevant items. Our results support this prediction and more generally demonstrate the importance of goal-driven modulation of neural activity in successful working memory maintenance. Furthermore, we showed that the largest age differences in the regulation of category-specific pattern activity during working memory maintenance were seen throughout the medial temporal lobe and prominently in the hippocampus, further establishing the importance of "long-term memory" retrieval mechanisms in the context of high-load working memory tasks that place large demands on attentional selection mechanisms.

Cross-Age Identity Difference Analysis Model Based on Image Pairs for Age Invariant Face Verification

Face recognition (FR) is a widely studied topic in the field of computer vision research. Although promising results are achieved, FR researches still face challenges of age variations. Most existing FR networks conduct classification based on the feature similarity, which may be misled by large intra class difference under age variations. Instead of calculating feature similarity, in this paper, we derive a novel cross-age face verification framework named Cross-Age Identity Difference Analysis (CIDA) model, which analyzes the identity difference between image pairs under age variations. Specifically, our framework includes two cascading networks. Firstly, an Identity Difference Feature Extractor (IDFE) is proposed to extract the difference information between the input image pair, where the identity discriminant features are effectively extracted, while other interference factors such as age, illumination, posture are suppressed. Secondly, the Direct Cross-age Verification Network (DCVN) is proposed to directly decide whether the input image pair is from the same individual. We derive a novel loss function, where the classification loss with larger age difference is assigned larger weights, which urges the classifier to pay attention to the classification process of the samples with large age gap. Besides, the loss of DCVN are integrated with the loss function of IDFE as a feedback of the final classification performance, improving the discriminant power of IDFE. Through synchronous training of the two networks, we can finally achieve end-to-end network architecture. Compared with the existing cross-age face recognition (CAFR) methods, we do not need to consider feature similarity comparison, which provides a new insight for cross-age face recognition task. Extensive experiments have been performed on the benchmark CAFR datasets which verify the effectiveness of our model.

Repeated occurrence of surface-sediment remobilization along the landward slope of the Japan Trench by great earthquakes

Deep-sea turbidites have been utilized to understand the history of past large earthquakes. Surface-sediment remobilization is considered to be a mechanism for the initiation of earthquake-induced turbidity currents, based on the studies on the event deposits formed by recent great earthquakes, such as the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, although submarine slope failure has been considered to be a major contributor. However, it is still unclear that the surface-sediment remobilization has actually occurred in past great earthquakes. We examined a sediment core recovered from the mid-slope terrace (MST) along the Japan Trench to find evidence of past earthquake-induced surface-sediment remobilization. Coupled radiocarbon dates for turbidite and hemipelagic muds in the core show small age differences (less than a few 100 years) and suggest that initiation of turbidity currents caused by the earthquake-induced surface-sediment remobilization has occurred repeatedly during the last 2300 years. On the other hand, two turbidites among the examined 11 turbidites show relatively large age differences (~ 5000 years) that indicate the occurrence of large sea-floor disturbances such as submarine slope failures. The sedimentological (i.e., of diatomaceous nature and high sedimentation rates) and tectonic (i.e., continuous subsidence and isolated small basins) settings of the MST sedimentary basins provide favorable conditions for the repeated initiation of turbidity currents and for deposition and preservation of fine-grained turbidites. The MST small basin is a suitable site for examining deep-sea turbidite paleoseismology.

Using a sibling-adoption design to parse genetic and environmental influences on children's body mass index (BMI).

Dietary and physical activity behaviors formed early in life can increase risk for childhood obesity and have continued negative consequences for lifelong health. Previous research has highlighted the importance of both genetic and environmental (e.g., cultural environment or parental lifestyle) contributions to obesity risk, although these studies typically involve genetically-related individuals residing in the same household, where genetic similarity and rearing environment are inextricably linked. Here we utilize a sibling-adoption design to independently estimate genetic and environmental contributions to obesity risk in childhood and describe how these influences might vary as children age. As part of a prospective adoption study, the current investigation used data from biological siblings reared either apart or together, and nonbiological siblings reared together to estimate the contributions of genetics and environment to body mass indices (BMI) in a large cohort of children (N = 711). We used a variance partitioning model to allocate variation in BMI to that which is due to shared genetics, common environment, or unique environment in this cohort during middle childhood and adolescence. We found 63% of the total variance in BMI could be attributed to heritable factors in middle childhood sibling pairs (age 5–11.99; 95% CI [0.41,0.85]). Additionally, we observed that common environment explained 31% of variation in BMI in this group (95% CI [0.11,0.5]), with unique environment and error explaining the remaining variance. We failed to detect an influence of genetics or common environment in older sibling pairs (12–18) or pairs spanning childhood and adolescence (large sibling age difference), but home type (adoptive versus birth) was an important predictor of BMI in adolescence. The presence of strong common environment effects during childhood suggests that early interventions at the family level in middle childhood could be effective in mitigating obesity risk in later childhood and adolescence.

Neural processing of arousing emotional information is associated with executive functioning in older adults.

Evidence suggests that reduced bottom-up processing due to aging-related brain deterioration needs to be considered when trying to understand how cognitive resources and processing arousing emotional information are associated in old age. Moreover, cognitive resources have been shown to decrease in older adults while high interindividual variability in cognitive functioning at higher ages is one of the hallmarks of cognitive aging research. It has been suggested that individual variations of biological aging trajectories contribute to described large interindividual differences in old age. Using fMRI, we investigated the relationship between executive functioning and bottom-up processing of arousing emotional information in 77 older participants (57 female) between 62 and 79 years (M = 68.7 years., SD = 3.7 years.). As expected, in older adults with low levels of executive functioning, for both negative and positive emotional stimuli we found reduced arousal-modulated BOLD signals in different brain areas, including bilateral premotor area (BA 6), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and left putamen, as well as reduced functional connectivity of amygdala and visual cortex with various other brain regions. Our results further indicate, that processing of negative and positive valence items might be affected in different ways. We conclude that attenuated bottom-up processing of arousing information in older adults with low levels of executive functioning might be the result of impaired pathways rather than of an impaired specific structure like the amygdala. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Registration-free analysis of diffusion MRI tractography data across subjects through the human lifespan

Diffusion MRI tractography produces massive sets of streamlines that need to be clustered into anatomically meaningful white-matter bundles. Conventional clustering techniques group streamlines based on their proximity in Euclidean space. We have developed AnatomiCuts, an unsupervised method for clustering tractography streamlines based on their neighboring anatomical structures, rather than their coordinates in Euclidean space. In this work, we show that the anatomical similarity metric used in AnatomiCuts can be extended to find corresponding clusters across subjects and across hemispheres, without inter-subject or inter-hemispheric registration. Our proposed approach enables group-wise tract cluster analysis, as well as studies of hemispheric asymmetry. We evaluate our approach on data from the pilot MGH-Harvard-USC Lifespan Human Connectome project, showing improved correspondence in tract clusters across 184 subjects aged 8–90. Our method shows up to 38% improvement in the overlap of corresponding clusters when comparing subjects with large age differences. The techniques presented here do not require registration to a template and can thus be applied to populations with large inter-subject variability, e.g., due to brain development, aging, or neurological disorders.

Analysis on net primary productivity change of forests and its multi–level driving mechanism – A case study in Changbai Mountains in Northeast China

It is significant to clarify the driving mechanism of the forest ecosystem changes at different scales in Northeast China with serious forest degradation. With Changbai Mountains in Northeast China as the study area, this study integrated multi–source data to explore the spatio–temporal changes of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and its spatial agglomeration patterns, and probed its multi–level driving mechanism based on the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM). The results showed the overall NPP in the study area had a gradual declining trend from southeast to northwest from 2001 to 2015. Besides, the ecological risk regions, including Low-Low (L–L) and High–Low (H–L) cluster types, expanded from 27.56% during 2001–2008 to 28.21% during 2008–2015, suggesting the local departments should focus on optimizing these regions and strengthen the construction of complex forests with large age differences to make the ecological environment healthier. In addition, results from the HLM suggested that key driving factors, e.g., the precipitation and vegetation coverage rate, had significant promoting effects on NPP at the grid scale. Whereas the soil organic matter content, distance to the highway, irrigation rate, percentage of the disaster area had significant inhibitory effects (p<0.01) on ecological environment at the watershed scale. Finally, the increase of the total investment in ecological engineering might directly promote the ecological recovery at the county scale. Those results could provide a reasonable scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of regional forest resources, and sustainable socio–economic development.

Distinguishing the Impact of Age on Semantic and Nonsemantic Associations in Episodic Memory.

Refreshing, or the act of briefly foregrounding recently presented but now perceptually absent representations, has been identified as a possible source of age differences in working memory and episodic memory. We investigated whether the refreshing deficit contributes to the well-known age-related deficit for retrieving nonsemantic associations, but has no impact on existing semantic associations. Younger and older adults judged the relatedness of stimulus word pairs (e.g., pink-blue or pink-cop) after repeating or refreshing one of the words. During a later source recognition memory test, participants determined whether each item recognized as old was presented on the left or right (nonsemantic source memory) and presented in a related or unrelated pair (semantic source memory). The data were analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of a multinomial model of multidimensional source memory. Neither age group exhibited a refreshing benefit to nonsemantic or semantic source memory parameters. There was a large age difference in nonsemantic source memory, but no age difference in semantic source memory. The study suggests that the nature of the association is most important to episodic memory performance in older age, irrespective of refreshing, such that source memory is unimpaired for semantically meaningful information.

40Ar/39Ar systematics of melt lithologies and target rocks from the Gow Lake impact structure, Canada

The age of the Gow Lake impact structure (Saskatchewan, Canada) is poorly constrained, with previous estimates ranging from 100 to 250 Ma. Using a combination of step-heating and UV laser in situ40Ar/39Ar analyses we have sought to understand the 40Ar/39Ar systematics of this small impact crater and obtain a more precise and accurate age. This structure is challenging for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology due to its small size (∼5 km diameter), the silicic composition of the target rock, and the large difference in age between the impact event and the target rock (∼1.2 Ga). These factors can serve to inhibit argon mobility in impact melts, leading to retention of ‘extraneous’ 40Ar and anomalously older measured ages. We mitigated the undesirable effects of extraneous 40Ar retention by analysing small volume aliquots of impact glass using step-heating and even smaller volumes via the UV laser in situ40Ar/39Ar technique. Although primary hydration of impact-generated glasses enhanced the diffusivity of 40Ar inherited from silica-rich melts, data still had to be corrected for extraneous 40Ar by using isotope correlation plots to define the initial trapped 40Ar/36Ar components. Our inverse isochron age of 196.8 ± 9.6/9.9 Ma (2σ, analytical/external precision) demonstrates that the Gow Lake event occurred within uncertainty of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, but there is no evidence that it was part of an impact cluster.

Female Assamese macaques bias their affiliation to paternal and maternal kin

Abstract Forming strong social bonds can lead to higher reproductive success, increased longevity, and/or increased infant survival in several mammal species. Given these adaptive benefits, understanding what determines partner preferences in social bonding is important. Maternal relatedness strongly predicts partner preference across many mammalian taxa. The role of paternal relatedness, however, has received relatively little attention, even though paternal and maternal kin share the same number of genes, and theoretically similar preferences would therefore be expected for paternal kin. Here, we investigate the role of maternal and paternal relatedness in female affiliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis), a species characterized by a relatively low male reproductive skew. We studied a wild population under natural conditions using extensive behavioral data and relatedness analyses based on pedigree reconstruction. We found stronger affiliative relationships and more time spent grooming between maternal kin and paternal half-sisters compared with nonkin, with no preference of maternal over paternal kin. Paternally related and nonrelated dyads did not form stronger relationships when they had less close maternal kin available, but we would need a bigger sample size to confirm this. As expected given the low reproductive skew, affiliative relationships between paternal half-sisters closer in age were not stronger than between paternal half-sisters with larger age differences, suggesting that the kin bias toward paternal kin was not mediated by age similarity. An alternative way through which paternal kin could get familiarized is mother- and/or father-mediated familiarity.

Geographic proximity is associated with transmission of suicidal behaviour among siblings.

The aim of this study was to clarify the role of 'contagion', or social transmission, in risk of suicidal behaviour (SB) among siblings. We followed Swedish sibling pairs until one of them (S1; N=111,848) was registered for a suicide attempt or completion. We tested the effect of geographic proximity between siblings on risk of a first SB registration of S1's sibling (S2). To control for familial confounding, we conducted complementary analyses of sibling trios (N=701), comparing risk in different siblings as a function of their respective proximity to S1. The best-fitting model across sibling pairs included an effect of distance between siblings (HR=0.96, 95% CI=0.93-0.99). Hazard ratios declined quickly up to 25km and largely stabilized beyond 150km. Across all pairs, a larger age difference between siblings was associated with reduced SB risk (HR=0.96 95% CI=0.93-0.98). Findings were consistent within the sibling trios. Consistent with the concept of suicide contagion, risk of suicidal behaviour subsequent to a sibling's suicide completion or attempt is higher as a function of sibling closeness. These findings are robust to potentially confounding familial factors.

Problem Gambling and Psychiatric Comorbidity\u2014Risk and Temporal Sequencing Among Women and Men: Results from the Swelogs Case\u2013Control Study

It is well known that many problem gamblers also suffer from other psychiatric conditions. However, knowledge regarding the temporal sequencing of the conditions is lacking, as well as insight in possible gender specific patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the risk for psychiatric comorbidity among problem gamblers compared to non-problem gamblers in the general Swedish population, as well as the age of onset and the temporal sequencing of problem gambling and the comorbid psychiatric conditions among lifetime problem gamblers. A case–control study nested in the Swelogs cohort was used. For both the female and the male problem gamblers, the risk for having had a lifetime psychiatric condition was double or more than double compared to the controls. Having experienced anxiety or depression before gambling onset, constituted a risk for developing problem gambling for the women but not for the men. Further, the female cases initiated gambling after their first period of anxiety, depression and problems with substances, and problem gambling was the last condition to evolve. Opposite this, the male cases initiated gambling before any condition evolved, and depression and suicidal events emerged after problem gambling onset. There were large differences in mean age of onset between the female cases and their controls, this was not the case for the males. Gender specific patterns in the association between problem gambling and psychiatric comorbidity, as well as in the development of problem gambling needs to be considered in treatment planning as well as by the industry in their advertising.

Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination

Arguably among the most globally impactful climate changes in Earth’s past million years are the glacial terminations that punctuated the Pleistocene epoch. With the acquisition and analysis of marine and continental records, including ice cores, it is now clear that the Earth’s climate was responding profoundly to changes in greenhouse gases that accompanied those glacial terminations. But the ultimate forcing responsible for the greenhouse gas variability remains elusive. The oceans must play a central role in any hypothesis that attempt to explain the systematic variations in pCO2 because the Ocean is a giant carbon capacitor, regulating carbon entering and leaving the atmosphere. For a long time, geological processes that regulate fluxes of carbon to and from the oceans were thought to operate too slowly to account for any of the systematic variations in atmospheric pCO2 that accompanied glacial cycles during the Pleistocene. Here we investigate the role that Earth’s hydrothermal systems had in affecting the flux of carbon to the ocean and ultimately, the atmosphere during the last glacial termination. We document late glacial and deglacial intervals of anomalously old 14C reservoir ages, large benthic-planktic foraminifera 14C age differences, and increased deposition of hydrothermal metals in marine sediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) that indicate a significant release of hydrothermal fluids entered the ocean at the last glacial termination. The large 14C anomaly was accompanied by a ∼4-fold increase in Zn/Ca in both benthic and planktic foraminifera that reflects an increase in dissolved [Zn] throughout the water column. Foraminiferal B/Ca and Li/Ca results from these sites document deglacial declines in [] throughout the water column; these were accompanied by carbonate dissolution at water depths that today lie well above the calcite lysocline. Taken together, these results are strong evidence for an increased flux of hydrothermally-derived carbon through the EEP upwelling system at the last glacial termination that would have exchanged with the atmosphere and affected both Δ14C and pCO2. These data do not quantify the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere through the EEP upwelling system but indicate that geologic forcing must be incorporated into models that attempt to simulate the cyclic nature of glacial/interglacial climate variability. Importantly, these results underscore the need to put better constraints on the flux of carbon from geologic reservoirs that affect the global carbon budget.

Predictors of Sexual Violence Across Young Women's Relationship Histories.

The goal of the current study was to identify risk factors that predict sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization across young women's relationship histories, within a socioeconomically diverse sample recruited from a university, a 2-year college, and community organizations serving low-income young women. We interviewed 148 young women aged 18 to 24 years about partner victimization (physical IPV, coercive control, and sexual IPV) within each of their relationships (up to four relationships, beginning with their first; 388 in total). We used the life history calendar to structure the interviews and obtain detailed information about each relationship, including age difference between participants and their partners, and relationship length. We used multilevel modeling to examine primary caregiver highest grade completed (an indicator of socioeconomic status [SES]), participant age, age difference, relationship length, setting, and physical IPV/coercive control as predictors of sexual IPV during their first relationship and across Relationships 1 to 4. Sexual IPV during participants' first relationship was inversely associated with SES and age, and positively associated with physical IPV/coercive control; 2-year college and community participants reported lower rates of sexual IPV during the first relationship, compared with university participants. The trajectory of sexual IPV across Relationships 1 to 4 declined among university participants and increased among 2-year college participants; age difference and physical IPV/coercive control positively covaried with sexual IPV across Relationships 1 to 4. Low SES, young age, large age difference, and the presence of physical IPV and coercive control may be risk factors for sexual IPV victimization within adolescent relationships. Sexual violence prevention and intervention approaches should incorporate these risk factors, and be designed to reach an increasingly socioeconomically diverse population across a variety of settings, to be effective.

Retirement coordination in opposite-sex and same-sex married couples: Evidence from Swedish registers

Abstract This study examines how married couples’ age differences and gender dynamics influence retirement coordination in Sweden. High-quality longitudinal administrative registers allow us to study the labor market outcomes of all marital couples in Sweden. Using regression analysis, we find that the likelihood of couples retiring close in time decreases as their age difference increases but that age differences have a similar effect on retirement coordination for couples with larger age differences. Additionally, retirement coordination is largely gender-neutral in opposite-sex couples with age differences regardless of whether the male spouse is older. Additionally, male same-sex couples retire closer in time than both opposite-sex couples and female same-sex couples. The definition of retirement coordination as the number of years between retirements contributes to the literature on couples’ retirement behavior and allows us to study the degree of retirement coordination among all couples, including those with larger age differences.