Large Cup Research Articles

Coexisting Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Deficiencies of Folic Acid and Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal)

A 43-year-old man presented with bilateral visual field defect. Large disc cupping, retinal nerve fiber layer defect, and normal intraocular pressure were found in both eyes. Although the patient was prescribed an anti-glaucoma eye drop, the visual field defect deteriorated after two months of treatment. The patient was diagnosed with sensory, taste, and hearing impairments, as well as depression, caused by folic acid and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) deficiencies at an internal medicine department.

Diagnostic Consistency and Relation Between Optical Coherence Tomography and Standard Automated Perimetry in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To assess diagnostic consistency and relation between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study comprised 51 eyes of 51 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of POAG. The qualitative and quantitative SD-OCT parameters (retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses [RNFL; average, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal], RNFL symmetry, rim area, disc area, average and vertical cup/disc [C/D] ratio and cup volume) were compared with parameters of SAP (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, visual field index, and glaucoma hemifield test reports). Results: Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with POAG were recruited. Twenty-nine eyes (56.9%) had consistent RNFL and visual field (VF) damage. However, nine patients (17.6%) showed isolated RNFL damage on SD-OCT and 13 patients (25.5%) had abnormal VF test with normal RNFL. In patients with VF defect, age, average C/D ratio, vertical C/D ratio, and cup volume were significantly higher and rim area was lower when compared to those of the patients with normal VF. In addition to these parameters, worsening in average, superior, inferior, and temporal RNFL thicknesses and RNFL symmetry was significantly associated with consistent SD-OCT and SAP outcomes. Conclusions: In routine practice, patients with POAG can be manifested with inconsistent reports between SD-OCT and SAP. An older age, higher C/D ratio, larger cup volume, and lower rim area on SD-OCT appears to be associated with detectable VF damage. Moreover, additional worsening in RNFL parameters might reinforce diagnostic consistency between SD-OCT and SAP.

Posology in children oral liquid medication studies in Liberia

The determination and implementation of appropriate dose(s) and dosing in children for effective therapeutic outcome devoid of medication errors is a concern to health practitioners and regulatory authorities. This study surveyed children oral medications on the Liberian pharmaceutical market for appropriate dose, dosing and delivery devices. In the qualitative work, caregivers were interviewed and surveys were conducted in pharmacies for oral medications and the quantitative phase involved the evaluation of the delivery devices. The result of the survey showed that 95.7% of caregivers followed instructions provided at the point of dispensing or as on label of product. Survey result showed that 56% of the oral medicinal products have specific direction for usage while 73% have the inscription “as directed by the physician”, either alone or in combination with specific direction for use. Medicines with delivery device as cup were 80.94% and those with teaspoons were 1.79%, while 17.28% do not have any form of delivery device. And 53.11% of the medicinal products provided instruction for delivery of the medicines in “teaspoonful”, though they did not contain teaspoon neither were the cups graduated in “teaspoonful” format. Volume calibration of the various “5.0 ml” teaspoons showed statistically significant differences (P< 0.05), while the cups volume capacities at 5.0 ml was found to be 5.200 ± 0.326 ml. The large volume cups showed significant differences (P<0.05) at the 5.0 ml graduation and only 25.5% of the mothers were able to accurately measure out 5.0 ml in the cups. Keywords : Medication error, posology, delivery devices, medical error, children oral medication.

Motor interference in interactive contexts.

Action observation and execution share overlapping neural substrates, so that simultaneous activation by observation and execution modulates motor performance. Previous literature on simple prehension tasks has revealed that motor influence can be two-sided: facilitation for observed and performed congruent actions and interference for incongruent actions. But little is known of the specific modulations of motor performance in complex forms of interaction. Is it possible that the very same observed movement can lead either to interference or facilitation effects on a temporally overlapping congruent executed action, depending on the context? To answer this question participants were asked to perform a reach-to-grasp movement adopting a precision grip (PG) while: (i) observing a fixation cross, (ii) observing an actor performing a PG with interactive purposes, (iii) observing an actor performing a PG without interactive purposes. In particular, in the interactive condition the actor was shown trying to pour some sugar on a large cup located out of her reach but close to the participant watching the video, thus eliciting in reaction a complementary whole-hand grasp. Notably, fine-grained kinematic analysis for this condition revealed a specific delay in the grasping and reaching components and an increased trajectory deviation despite the observed and executed movement’s congruency. Moreover, early peaks of trajectory deviation seem to indicate that socially relevant stimuli are acknowledged by the motor system very early. These data suggest that interactive contexts can determine a prompt modulation of stimulus–response compatibility effects.

P065. Comparison of radial margins in therapeutic mammoplasty and wide local excisions for invasive breast cancer

P065. Comparison of radial margins in therapeutic mammoplasty and wide local excisions for invasive breast cancer

Aseptic loosening of cobalt chromium monoblock sockets after hip resurfacing.

Acetabular component loosening is a leading cause for revision after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty (MMHRA). We aimed to identify potential risk factors and determine radiographic signs associated with this mode of failure. From a series of 1375 hips treated with MMHRA, 21 (20 patients) underwent revision surgery secondary to aseptic loosening of the acetabular component and 6 patients had a radiographically loose acetabular component. A control group of 27 hips (26 patients) was selected among the patients that did not have a revision, and was matched for age, gender, component size and diagnosis. Mean time to revision in the loosening group was 103.0 months and the mean time of follow-up in the control group was 161.4 months. We found greater activity levels, range of motion scores, and cup abduction angles in the loosening group. The centre-edge (CE) angle of Wiberg was 10° lower in the loosening group compared with the control group. In addition, 11 of the hips from the study group presented a sclerotic halo superior to the cup on the last radiograph vs. none in the control group. There was no difference in the prevalence of postoperative reaming gaps or radiographic signs of neck-cup impingement between the 2 groups. Risk factors for acetabular loosening included hip dysplasia with low CE angle, and a large cup abduction angle. The patient's level of activity influences the appearance of symptoms and the time to revision. We recommend selecting patients with a sufficient CE angle and properly orienting the cup.

Evaluation of factors impacting cosmetic outcome of breast conservative surgery--a study in Iran.

Breast conservative surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy is the standard approach in management of stage I-II breast cancer. Several factors can affect cosmetic outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic results of BCS and influencing factors in the Iranian Breast Cancer Research Center. Patients who had undergone BCS were included. Photographs were taken of both breasts of the patients in three aspects and were evaluated by three specialists. The cosmetic scores were calculated based on a standard questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression for relationships between cosmetic scores and clinical data. A total number of 103 patients were included in the study. Mean age and BMI of the patients were 46.8±8.9 and 28.1±3.9, respectively. Breast cup sizes C and D accounted for 74.7% of the study group. The mean cosmetic score obtained from three referees was 5.72+2.06, consisting of 35.9% excellent-good, 35% moderate, and 29.1% unsatisfactory results. Patient BMI, volume of the resected tissue and breast cup size (D) showed significant correlation with the cosmetic score. On multivariate regression analysis, cosmetic score and BMI (p=0.022,) as well as breast cup size (p=0.040), remained significant. Immediate or delayed symmetrization of the breasts is suggested during breast conservative surgery, meanwhile performing oncoplastic techniques to improve the results significantly. Also it is suggested to discuss anticipation of less satisfactory results with patients having higher BMI and large breast cup size.

Description of the nest, eggs, and nestling of Rufous-bellied Bush-Tyrants (Myiotheretes fuscorufus)

The Myiotheretes bush-tyrants are a small clade of Neotropical flycatchers (family: Tyrannidae) localized to narrow elevational strips in the Andes Mountains. Here, we describe the first reported nest of Rufous-bellied Bush-Tyrants (Myiotheretes fuscorufus). It was a large cup nest lined with Usnea lichen and elevated on a sheltered rock ledge behind a flowering Puya bromeliad at 2,985 m asl in the buffer zone of Manu National Park, Peru. We provide a near-complete history of the nest from eggs through fledging, and compare data with previous nesting reports for other Myiotheretes species.

Optic Disk Size Assessment Techniques: Photo Essay

Measuring optic disc size is an essential part of the optic nerve head for evaluation for glaucoma. Large discs that appearing to have large cups may in fact be physiologic because of normal neuroretinal rim area. Small discs may appear to have a normal cup to disc ratio, but have decreased neuroretinal rim area in association with glaucoma. We illustrate relevance of these points with respect to glaucoma diagnosis in two case examples. We then present clinically relevant techniques to assess disc size including direct ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp biomicroscopy, disc macula: disc diameter ratio, planimetric assessment of fundus photographs, and imaging modalities such as OCT as well as HRT.

Evaluation of large cupping in children with anemia

Introduction In adults, large optic disc cups are often a sign of glaucoma. Children, however, show a lower prevalence of glaucoma than adults, but may present with optic disc cupping of nonglaucomatous origin. Aim of the work The purpose of this study is to evaluate with large cupping in children having anemia. Patients and methods This is a prospective analysis of patients attending the ophthalmology outpatient clinic in Beni Suef, Fayoum, and Misr universities. All patients were subjected to standard ophthalmological examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, complete blood count (CBC), and stool analysis to diagnose the cause of anemia. Results In this study examination cupping of greater than 0.4 was detected in 236 patients out of 3361 patients examined within the same age. The mean age of the selected patients (236 patients) was 11.48 ± 3.2 ranging from 6 to 18 years of which 137 (58.05%) were girls and 99 (41.95%) boys. The mean best corrected visual acuity converted to logMAR is 0.093 ± 0.109 ranging from 0.301 (6/12) in 53 eyes to 0 (6/6) in 260, whereas the rest best-corrected visual acuity 0.176 (6/9). The mean intraocular pressure was 11.75 ± 1.539.The mean cup disc ratio was 0.498 ± 0.0934 (0.497 ± 0.095 for females and 0.501 ± 0.090 for males). The majority of patients (females more than males) had C/D ratio similarity between both eyes, whereas very few had 0.2 differences (males more than females). The mean Hb concentration was 10.79 ± 0.89 g/dl in females and 11.04 ± 1.09 g/dl in males. It was as low as 7.2 in males and 7.8 in females. The stool analysis for the patients showed that 126 patients (74 females, 52 males) were infected with Entamoeba histolytica, whereas 31 patients (22 females, nine males) were infected with Giardia lamblia and 79 patients did not have parasitic manifestations. Conclusion In conclusion to our work we found that functional optic nerve damage is a possibility in children with anemia and cupping and with normal intraocular pressure and that there is very high incidence of parasitic infestation in those children and young adolescents that warns for state intervention to deal with this problem. A larger scanning by the ministry of health may be needed to verify these results.

Diagnostic Ability of Spectral Domain OCT: Comparision between Preperimetric Glaucoma and Large Physiologic Cupping

Purpose: To assess the distinction ability for differentiating glaucoma patients based on optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐ OCT). Additionally, the diagnostic ability of these parameters was evaluated by comparing preperimetic glaucoma patients who frequently visited the clinic and normal patients with and without a large physiologic cup/disc (C/D) ratio. Methods: Using SD-OCT, the optic disc, RNFL and GCIPL of preperimetic glaucoma patients were compared with normal people with and without a large C/D ratio from March, 2011 to December, 2014 at Department of Ophthalmology, Inha University Hospital. Preperimetic glaucoma was defined using the normal standard automated perimetry for glaucomatous optic nerve changes such as asymmetry of vertical C/D ratio, rim thinning, notching, excavation and RNFL defect. Results: When comparing preperimetic glaucoma patients to normal people without large disc cupping, the most reliable parameter for optic disc parameters, vertical C/D ratio (0.89), showed more reliable diagnostic ability than the most reliable parameter for retinal nerve fiber, inferior RNFL thickness (0.79) and superonasal and inferonasal GCIPL thickness were the most reliable GCIPL parameters (p = 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). When comparing preperimetic glaucoma patients to normal people having a large physiologic disc cupping, average C/D ratio among optic nerve parameters, inferior RNFL thickness among RNFL thickness parameters and inferior GCIPL thickness among GCIPL parameters showed highly reliable diagnostic abilities. These 3 parameters were not statistically different (all p > 0.05) and had lower distinction ability than reported in previous studies. Conclusions: Diagnostic abilities of SD-OCT for distinguishing preperimetric glaucoma from normal people having large physiologic disc cupping were similar for optic disc, RNFL and GCIPL and showed low diagnostic ability than compared to normal people without large disc cupping. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(9):1400-1407

Tomography findings in optic nerve head and retina in differential diagnosis between normal-tension glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathies

to determine tomography findings in optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RFNL) that may be valuable for differential diagnosis between normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) outcome. Group 1 consisted of 17 patients (32 eyes) with NTG, group 2--17 patients (24 eyes) with ION outcome. The control group included 22 patients (22 eyes) with no sighs of optic neuropathy. Optic nerve head and retina assessment included scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT 111) and optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT 3000). Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 10 software suite. Statistically significant changes in HRT parameters, namely, the mean RNFL thickness, retinal height variation along the contour line, and RB discriminant function, were observed in both study groups as compared to the controls. NTG patients also showed lower rim indices, larger cups, smaller values of the FSM discriminant function, and lower GPS (glaucoma probability score) than both ION patients and the controls. OCT findings included a statistically significant decrease in RNFL thickness in both study groups as compared to the controls. As for the difference between the groups, it was unreliable. Quadrant comparisons of RNFL thicknesses revealed that lower quadrant RNFL thinning was more significant in NTG patients, while temporal quadrant RNFL thinning--in ION patients. Both conditions are associated with a similar degree of RNFL thinning, as confirmed by OCT, however, HRT changes are much more pronounced in NTG than in ION patients.

Parameters measurement of the optic nerve head and macular ganglion cell complex in patients with preperimetric glaucoma

Objective To observe the changes of glaucoma optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) structure in preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) patients.Methods Eighteen PPG patients (18 eyes,PPG group),22 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (22 eyes,POAG group),and 20 patients (20 eyes) with physiologic large optic cup (physiological big optic cup group) were included in this study.Seventeen healthy volunteers (17 eyes) were the normal control.The optic nerve head and macular was scanned by fourier-domain optic coherence tomography (FD-OCT) for all subjects.The following 15 parameters,including nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL),the optic disk rim volume (RV),optic nerve head volume (NHV),optic disc area (ODA),rim area (RA),cup volume (CV),cup/disc area ratio (CDAR),vertical cup/disc ratio (VCDR),horizontal cup/disc ratio (HCDR) and optic cup area (CA),macular GCC,superior GCC,inferior GCC thickness,focal loss of volume (FLV) and global loss of volume (GLV),were measured at 10 different quadrants.The relationship between macular GCC thickness or optic disc RNFL thickness and RA was analyzed by simple linear regression analysis.Results The RNFL thickness of PPG patients was (99.29±19.93) μm (superior quadrant),(97.29±22.86) μm (inferior),(114.61±15.64) μm (superior temporal,ST),(119.22±26.19) μm (inferior temporal,IT),(116.11±39.32) μm (superior nasal,SN),(111.33±37.65) μm (inferior nasal,IN),(77.56±17.22) μm (temporal upper,TU),(76.78±10.34) μm (temporal lower,TL),(88.94± 42.54) μm (nasal upper,NU),and (82.33±43.83) μm (nasal lower,NL) respectively,which was thinner than normal control group and physiologic large cup group,but thicker than POAG patients.Compared to normal controls and physiologic large cup patients,PPG patients also had 4 parameters reduced (RV,NHV,ODA and RA),and 5 parameters increased (CV,CDAR,VCDR,HCDR and CA),the differences are statistically significant (P＜0.05).However,these parameters were similar to POAG patients (P＞ 0.05).For macular GCC parameters,PPG patients also had 3 parameters reduced (average GCC,superior and inferior GCC thickness),and 2 parameters increased (GLV and FLV) compared to normal control group and physiologic large cup patients (P＜0.05).However,these parameters were similar to POAG patients (P＞0.05).Simple linear regression analysis showed that,with the GCC macular thinning,reducing the number of ganglion cells reduced,optic disc RNFL thickness became thinner (regression coefficient=1.25,P=0.00) and RV reduced (regression coefficient =0.037,P =0.00).Conclusions PPG patients and normal control had a similar distribution of optic disc RNFL.Five parameters (RV,NHV,ODA,RA,macular GCC thickness) were less than normal control and physiological big optic cup group,but had no significant differences compared with POAG group. Key words: Glaucoma/diagnosis; Retinal ganglion cells; Macula lutea; Optic disk; Tomography, optical coherence

Ophthalmologic correlates of disease severity in children and adolescents with Wolfram syndrome

To describe an ophthalmic phenotype in children at relatively early stages of Wolfram syndrome. Quantitative ophthalmic testing of visual acuity, color vision, automated visual field sensitivity, optic nerve pallor and cupping, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in 18 subjects 5-25 years of age. Subjects were also examined for presence or absence of afferent pupillary defects, cataracts, nystagmus, and strabismus. Subnormal visual acuity was detected in 89% of subjects, color vision deficits in 94%, visual field defects in 100%, optic disk pallor in 94%, abnormally large optic nerve cup:disk ratio in 33%, thinned RNFL in 100%, afferent pupillary defects in 61%, cataracts in 22%, nystagmus in 39%, and strabismus in 39% of subjects. RNFL thinning (P < 0.001), afferent pupillary defects (P = 0.01), strabismus (P = 0.04), and nystagmus (P = 0.04) were associated with more severe disease using the Wolfram United Rating Scale. Children and adolescents with Wolfram syndrome have multiple ophthalmic markers that correlate with overall disease severity. RNFL thickness measured by OCT may be the most reliable early marker.

Effect of cup inclination on predicted contact stress-induced volumetric wear in total hip replacement

In order to increase the lifetime of the total hip endoprosthesis, it is necessary to understand mechanisms leading to its failure. In this work, we address volumetric wear of the artificial cup, in particular the effect of its inclination with respect to the vertical. Volumetric wear was calculated by using mathematical models for resultant hip force, contact stress and penetration of the prosthesis head into the cup. Relevance of the dependence of volumetric wear on inclination of the cup (its abduction angle ϑA) was assessed by the results of 95 hips with implanted endoprosthesis. Geometrical parameters obtained from standard antero-posterior radiographs were taken as input data. Volumetric wear decreases with increasing cup abduction angle ϑA. The correlation within the population of 95 hips was statistically significant (P = 0.006). Large cup abduction angle minimises predicted volumetric wear but may increase the risk for dislocation of the artificial head from the cup in the one-legged stance. Cup abduction angle and direction of the resultant hip force may compensate each other to achieve optimal position of the cup with respect to wear and dislocation in the one-legged stance for a particular patient.

Do jumbo cups cause hip center elevation in revision THA? A radiographic evaluation.

Acetabular revision THA with use of a large (jumbo) cup is an effective treatment for many cavitary and segmental peripheral bone defects. However, hip center elevation may occur with use of a jumbo cup owing to reaming superiorly and/or because of the increased diameter of the jumbo cup compared with the native acetabulum. In our jumbo cup revision THAs, we attempted to avoid hip center elevation by placing the inferior edge of the cup at the inferior acetabulum. In this study, we asked (1) how much of an elevation in the hip center is observed radiographically with use of jumbo cups, and (2) how effective was our technique in minimizing hip center elevation during revision THA in clinical practice? We retrospectively reviewed radiographic data for all patients, from one surgeon's practice, who received a jumbo cup (defined as cup size ≥ 66 mm in men, ≥ 62 mm in women) during an acetabular revision between 1998 and 2012 and who had an anatomically placed THA or no THA on the contralateral side (so as to be able to make comparisons); 98 patients were identified and included. The height of the revised hip center was measured relative to the contralateral normal hip. Cup elevation resulting from superior reaming was determined by measuring the distance from the inferior cup edge to the interteardrop line. The mean hip center elevation and cup position relative to the interteardrop line in male and female patients were compared using unpaired t-tests. Radiographic analysis showed a mean hip center elevation of 11 mm. On average, 1 mm of the measured hip center elevation was the result of cup placement superior to its planned position at the interteardop line. Our results indicate that revision THA with a jumbo cup is associated with hip center elevation despite placement of the cup at the inferior acetabulum. An increase in femoral head length may be needed to compensate for hip center elevation with use of a jumbo cup. Level III, therapeutic study. See the Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Differentiation of Compressive from Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

To compare optic disc topography in eyes with compressive optic neuropathy (CON) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) using spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Heidelberg retinal tomograph (HRT) (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Cross-sectional, observational study. A total of 200 eyes from 123 patients with CON (69 eyes) or OAG (58 eyes) and controls (73 eyes). Univariate and multivariate analyses of HRT parameters, SD-OCT circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters. Circumpapillary RNFL, OCT ONH parameters, and HRT parameters. The univariate analysis of OCT parameters demonstrated significant differences between the temporal and nasal quadrants; clock hours 3 (55 vs. 73 μm), 4, 8 (93.9 vs. 70.7 μm), 9, and 10; vertical cup-to-disc ratio (C:D) (0.6 vs. 0.8) and cup volume (0.2 vs. 0.5) (P<0.001) between patients with CON and OAG, respectively. The CON discs were significantly different from normal discs for all OCT parameters except cup volume. The CON discs were not significantly different from normal discs for HRT parameters, except for mean RNFL thickness and cup shape measure. The OAG discs were significantly different from normal discs in all HRT and OCT parameters (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the OCT 3 o'clock temporal sector, average C:D ratio, vertical C:D ratio, and cup volume measurements were able to differentiate OAG from CON. Compressive optic neuropathy is associated with significantly thinner nasal and temporal sectors compared with OAG, whereas OAG results in larger cups and cup volume with OCT measurements. The Heidelberg retinal tomograph is not able to differentiate CON from normal discs.

Enhanced performance large volume dissolution-DNP

A systematic study of the performance of the dissolution process in dissolution-DNP is presented. A relatively simple set of modifications is made to the standard Hypersense dissolution system to enable polarization of large volume samples. These consist of a large volume sample cup along with supporting modifications to the dissolution head and related components. Additional modifications were made to support the mapping of the temperature/pressure space of the dissolution process as well as enabling the use of large volumes of solvent and improving the robustness of the system. No loss of polarization was observed as sample size was increased to the 1g capacity of the large volume cup and for a dilution factor as low as 1:10.

Size of cup affects the anterior capsular distance in total hip arthroplasty, as measured with ultrasound

BackgroundPreviously was found that sonography is a reliable method to measure a capsular distance in total hip arthroplasty hips. The aim of our current study was to investigate the relation between the implanted size of the cup and the anterior capsular distance, as measured with ultrasound one year after THA.Methods50 osteoarthritis (OA) patients operated on with total hip arthroplasty one year before were included in the study and the anterior capsular distance was measured sonographically. Patients were grouped with respect to cup size. The correlation between the implanted cup size and capsular distance was determined.ResultsThe mean capsular distance in the whole group was 1.37 (SD 0.19) cm. The mean capsular distance in the group with small cups was 1.27 (SD 0.13) cm, in large cups it was 1.45 (SD 0.20) cm, p = 0.02. Spearman correlation analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between a greater capsular distance and the larger size of the cup (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe greater capsular distance in successful THA hips is affected by cup size. We propose that this should be considered when evaluating sonography of the anterior capsular distance after THA.

The Effects of Gallium Additions on Microstructures and Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Sn-9Zn Solder Alloys

The effects of gallium additions on microstructures and thermal and mechanical properties of the Sn-9Zn solder alloys are investigated in this study. The results show that the melting temperature of the alloys decreases with the increase in the Ga concentration, while the pasty ranges of the alloys are simultaneously enlarged. By adding a 0.25–0.5 wt.% Ga element, the Sn-matrix region is slightly increased and the Zn-rich phase becomes slightly coarser; however, the overall microstructure is still very similar to that of the Sn-9Zn alloy. It is found that, when the Ga concentration is less than 0.50 wt.%, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation are maintained at the same values. The addition of a 0.25–0.50 wt.% Ga to the Sn-9Zn alloy also leads to small cup and cone fracture surfaces which exhibit near-complete ductile fracturing. With the addition being increased to 0.75 wt.%, larger cup and cone fractures are observed. The 1.00 wt.% Ga alloy has lower strength and ductility due to the coarser and nonuniform microstructures. However, the fracture surfaces of the 1.00 wt.% Ga alloy show partial cleavage and a partially dimpled fracture.