Largest Country Research Articles

China’s commuting-based metropolitan areas

Using commuting flows derived from cellphone location data at fine geographical levels, this paper presents the first delineation of China’s commuting-based metropolitan areas (MAs). The size distribution of those MAs follows a power law, with larger MAs hosting more skilled workers, more productive firms, and offering higher wage premiums. China’s commuting-based MAs exhibit a few notable features compared to several other large countries. First, commutes are short in both time and distance and rarely cross administrative boundaries. Second, China’s MAs are small relative to the size of the country, with MA sizes highly correlated with the administrative hierarchy. We discuss existing policies that may have contributed to these characteristics. We demonstrate that commuting-based MAs differ substantively from other definitions of Chinese cities. The commuting-based MAs provide a valuable tool for researchers who need to define Chinese cities as local labor markets but are limited by the availability of official delineations.

Canada’s Green Strategy as a Factor in Countering Global Challenges

Canada, like many other countries, is increasingly focusing on transition to a green economy, realizing the problems associated with climate change, carbon emissions and the growing need for energy conservation. Canada is a large country with huge resources and potential for the development of a green economy. The Canadian approach to implementing a green strategy based on clean technologies and best production methods is comprehensively explored. Key government policies and programs to stimulate the development of green sectors of the economy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change are analyzed. The main projects and initiatives aiming to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources and increase the level of energy efficiency, as well as measures to stimulate environmental consumption among the population and attract foreign investment in the field of green economy, were studied. The role of provinces, territories and municipalities in the development of a green economy are also discussed.

ASEAN, and Indonesia’s Rising Influence In The Region

When one looks at the world map, Indonesia is not really visible in a very obvious manner, due to it being an archipelago, scattered over thousands of islands in South East Asia. However, when one reads into it, they realize that it is actually the fourth most populous country on earth, and holds quite a bit of diplomatic power as well. Indonesia is one of the founding members of ASEAN, the Association of South-East Asian Nations. ASEAN houses major natural resources, a huge chunk of Earth’s population, and together, the 10 ASEAN member states form one of the busiest trade routes in the world. To keep it simple, ASEAN is a really important organisation, and Indonesia, being one of the founding members, as well as the largest country in it, acts as the de-facto leader. Unfortunately, Indonesia is prone to many natural disasters due to its unfortunate geographic location, smack in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Recent major disasters have weakened Indonesia’s position, and many countries now do not consider Indonesia as the de-facto leader of ASEAN. This research focuses on Indonesia’s rise and fall as the undisputed leader of ASEAN, and what the future holds in store for Indonesia. To conduct this research, numerous research papers have been referred to and cited, as well as fresh information has been collected on a primary data basis. The primary data is collected by interviewing 15 Indonesian citizens, as well as senior officials at the Consulate General of Indonesia, Mumbai. Thus, the research presents the observations derived from interviewing two sides, the perspective of the Indonesian citizens, as well as the perspective of the Indonesian government. The research aims to answer some questions such as if Indonesia is prepared to tackle the current and future issues arising in ASEAN, being the leader. The research goes a step further to figure out if the Pacific Ring of Fire affects the geopolitics of Indonesia, and finally, the research looks at if the Indonesian government, and their people, the citizens look eye to eye? All of the interviews of the Indonesian citizens have been conducted virtually via Google Forms, and a meeting at the Consulate was set up in Mumbai to get the government’s perspective.

Overview of myrmecological studies and a checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The production of species checklists is fundamental to setting baseline knowledge of biodiversity across the world and they are invaluable for global conservation efforts. The main objective of this study is to provide an up-to-date extensive checklist of the ants of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, based on available literature to serve as a foundation for future research and ant faunistic developments. We gathered the literature available to us, most of it compiled from the Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) Project and treated the data to province level when possible. We also offer insight into who, when and where contributions have emerged to the current knowledge of the ants of the DRC and each of its 26 provinces. The current list is restricted to valid species and subspecies, discarding morphospecies and some misidentified taxa. The list comprises eight subfamilies, 64 genera and 736 species, the highest species diversity for a country located within the Afrotropical realm.

Analysis of the Impact of China's Carbon Neutrality Policy on the Environment and Economy at Home and Abroad

China has made remarkable achievements in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially in achieving the emission reduction targets set for 2020. This progress is mainly due to China's reduced dependence on coal and other fossil fuels, which not only promotes significant improvements in air quality but also lays the foundation for the transformation of China's economic structure. Especially in the energy and industrial fields, carbon neutrality policies are driving companies to transform into greener and more sustainable operating models. Facing the economic challenges brought about by the COVID-19 epidemic, China is actively seeking a path to low-carbon economic recovery by increasing public investment in renewable energy and other fields. From an international perspective, China's carbon neutrality commitment has the potential to inspire other large carbon-emitting countries, especially countries along the Belt and Road and neighboring countries, to strengthen their emission reduction efforts. At the same time, Southeast Asian countries face shortages of technology, equipment, and raw materials, as well as insufficient investment when developing renewable energy. In this regard, Chinas experience and investment have a significant impact on Southeast Asian countries carbon neutrality policies and renewable energy development. China can use its technological and manufacturing advantages to share resources with neighboring countries in renewable energy technology and equipment manufacturing, and provide support for ASEAN countries to achieve their renewable energy goals.

Child Abuse Incidences Per Child Year Predicted from the Available Average Incidence Combined with Foreign Incidences Per Child Year: Towards a New Policy

Child abuse is a worldwide recognized serious problem. Reliable child abuse incidences, preferably per child year, are fundamental for a sound detection and prevention program. Unfortunately, in most countries where child abuse data is available, incidences are not determined per child year but as an average over the child age range. In this paper we suggest a possible "next-best" solution for deriving child abuse incidences per child year when only an average value is available in an area or country. As method, we combined the country's measured average incidence with available (foreign) incidences per child year. The country's next-best incidences per child year will be estimated from its average, multiplied by the foreign incidences per child year divided by the foreign average. As results, we calculated the next-best Dutch age-dependent incidences by combining the Dutch average value with US and Ontario age-related incidences. We found comparable results for infants above 1 year and marked differences for children <1 year, likely due to cultural differences between the US and Ontario. In conclusion, next-best age-related child abuse incidences are obtainable in large areas or countries by choosing a smaller but representative region, the latter estimated from Ontario-data as ≥210,000 inhabitants, and establishing as perfectly as possible the optimal infra structure. A future perspective towards a new policy could be to initiate and stimulate this approach in the various European Union and United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child member states.

Job crafting in an emerging economy from South Asia: What do we know and where should we be heading?

PurposeThis study aims towards developing a conceptual framework by systematically reviewing the available literature with reference to job crafting under the lens of an emerging economy from South Asia, i.e. India, which is the largest country and the largest economy in the South Asian region.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a hybrid methodology of a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny. Bibliometric analysis provides glimpses into the current state of knowledge like-trend of publication, influential authors, collaboration with foreign authors, the major themes and studied topics on job crafting in India etc. Further, a detailed SLR of the selected articles led to the development of the conceptual framework consisting of the enablers and outcomes of job crafting.FindingsIt discusses implications for academia, business and society at large, and also provides valuable insights to policymakers and practitioners paving the way for better adoption, customization and implementation of job crafting initiatives.Originality/valueOwing to its own unique social, cultural, and economic characteristics, the dynamics of job crafting in India may vary from other countries and regions which can also be reflective of how job crafting operates in South Asia in general. As job crafting was conceptualized and later evolved mostly in the western context, our study assumes greater significance as it is the first study which attempts to systematically review the job crafting literature to understand how job crafting manifests in the Indian context and presents a conceptual framework for the same.

Estimating a national critical mineral security index in Indonesia using analytical hierarchy process

Critical minerals are key to guaranteeing energy security and economic stability in a nation. Indonesia, as the largest country in Southeast Asia, has significant reserves of critical minerals. The current circumstances, however, pose substantial challenges for Indonesia as it strives for self-sufficiency in various sectors. Indonesia must pay attention to its natural resource management, especially that of critical minerals. This study aims to present information on securing critical mineral resources in Indonesia by constructing a Critical Mineral Security Index (CMSI). This study used a quasi-qualitative method, wherein the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as the process of analysis. A total of four dimensions have been proposed in this study—availability, accessibility, technology-efficiency, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) dimensions with a total of 29 indicators. The results of the AHP confirm that the security level of critical mineral resources in Indonesia is 5.57. The results indicate that the availability dimension has the highest weight compared to the other dimensions, equal to 47.6%. While the accessibility dimension has the lowest level of resistance. The government should, therefore, prioritize improving the indicators of accessibility dimensions. These results have policy implications for the energy and mineral sector in the future, to further reinforce energy and mineral security on a national scale, which may ultimately support transition energy in Indonesia and strengthen national defense.

Regional trends, spatial patterns and determinants of health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: A national population based cross-sectional study.

Globally, about 810 women die daily from pregnancy and childbirth complications, and the burden is highest in Africa. The United Nations sustainable development goal has a maternal mortality ratio (MMR) target of 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Nigeria, the largest country in Africa, has an MMR of 512 per 100,000 live births, thus there is need for intensified efforts to reduce maternal deaths in the country. Proper utilisation of maternal health services including health facilities for delivery is crucial to achieving this. This study assesses the regional trends, spatial patterns and determinants of health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. This is a weighted secondary analysis of the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The sample included women who had a live birth in the preceding 5 years of the NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2018. Bivariate analysis and multilevel logistic regression were carried out to assess the determinants of health facility delivery. Trends analysis was done using bar graphs and spatial analysis showed the distribution of health facility delivery by State. Forty-one percent of women delivered their last child in a health facility. The proportion of women who delivered at a health facility increased from 2008 to 2018 for all regions, with exception of the South-south region. Determinants of facility-based delivery include; ethnicity, level of education, wealth index, exposure to mass media (AOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.20-1.50), number of childbirths, number of antenatal visits (AOR 4.03; 95% CI 3.51-4.62), getting a companion to go the health facility (AOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.98), community level poverty, community level of female education, community distance to health facility, and geographical region. There is an urgent need to deploy appropriate strategies and programme to improve health facility delivery in Nigeria.

Changes in field-based research in accounting

PurposeMerchant and Van der Stede (2006) produced a comprehensive analysis of 24 years (1981–2004) of field-based accounting research. This study aims to analyse how the publication of field research in accounting has changed since 2005. In addition, it aims to analyse contributions from specific individuals, institutions and countries, and whether the field studies have contributed to accounting research and textbooks.Design/methodology/approachThe authors identified and classified 1,115 field-based accounting articles published in 14 accounting journals from 2005 to 2022 to uncover any changes. Thereafter, bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from SciVal.FindingsThe results show several significant changes. Firstly, the growth of field studies has more than trebled as nearly all journals published at least some field studies. Secondly, field research is no longer as confined to management accounting as before. It is gaining increasing traction in auditing, financial accounting and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Thirdly, while interview-based accounting research was clearly the most popular, the fastest growth was seen in mixed-methods non-management accounting research. While public sector management control case studies and content analysis of CSR were the most popular topics of interview-based studies, audits were the most popular topic in mixed-methods research. Authors based in large universities in large English-speaking countries have been most productive, followed by authors based in Europe and Asia. Based on citation analysis, the field studies have contributed to academic research substantially more than to textbooks.Originality/valueAn analysis of changes and trends improves the understanding of what has happened in accounting research and the development over time.

From Local Farms to Supermarket Foods: The Story of the Homogenization of the Argentine Diet Told by the IsotopeRatios of Modern Teeth.

Nutritional changes over the last century, driven by globalization, hypermarketization, and malnutrition, are global in scale. Large countries in the Global South might be resilient to dietary homogenization due to their natural diversity of regions and ecosystems, which might have prevented the adoption of supermarket diets. Argentina has a wide array of ecosystems and historically different subsistence diets dependent on regional characteristics. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of stable isotope values in Argentina using modern teeth to test for regional dietary patterns and its consistence over time. We collected teeth from voluntary donors born between 1940 and 2010, from 72 locations across Argentina. A total of 119 teeth were analyzed for the markers δ13Cdentine, δ13Cenamel, δ15N, and δ34S. A reconstruction of isotopic niches was performed to estimate dietary patterns across different regions and time periods. This study is the first to analyze changes in modern dietary patterns in Argentina using isotopic data measured in contemporary teeth. We showed latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal differences in isotopic values, reflecting the variation in available resources within the country. Changes in the diet were observed over time, including declining δ15N values, a reduction in δ34S range, and a trend toward homogenization of δ13Cenamel values. Conversely, δ13Cdentine values remained constant over time, maintaining latitudinal patterns and regional differences across regions. This study increases our understanding of modern population dietary patterns both spatially and over the last 70 years. Our findings suggest that the Argentine population has shifted toward a supermarket diet in recent years.

Effects of Different Additives and Ratios on Broom Sorghum Straw Silage Characteristics and Bacterial Communities

As a large agricultural country, China produces a large number of agricultural and sideline products while harvesting agricultural products every year. Crop straw is one of them. Broom sorghum is a traditional crop in China, which produces a large amount of straw resources every year. These straw resources are placed in the field and cannot be used efficiently. The purpose of this study was to solve the problem of straw utilization of Broom sorghum, one of the main food crops in arid and semi-arid areas of northern China. Broom sorghum is not only a nutritious food crop, its straw is also rich in crude fiber and mineral elements, which has high utilization value. However, due to the high content of lignocellulose in straw, the texture is hard, which limits its digestion and utilization efficiency as feed. In this study, the broom sorghum straw was used as the research object, and the straw raw materials were treated with Lactobacillus plantarum, cellulase and xylanase, respectively. After silage fermentation for 30 d and 60 d, the bags were opened to determine the nutritional quality, fermentation quality, microbial community structure and other indicators. The best fermentation time and additives for broom sorghum straw silage were comprehensively screened to improve the nutritional value of straw and animal production performance. The results showed that the nutritional quality of silage straw increased with the extension of fermentation time. Compared with silage straw after 30 days of fermentation, the nutritional quality and fermentation quality of straw were significantly improved after 60 days of fermentation. Lactobacillus plantarum, cellulase and xylanase could improve the silage performance of broom sorghum straw by improving the microbial community structure in straw, and the effect of cellulase was the best. When cellulase was used in straw at the standard of 20 U/g FM, the content of water-soluble carbohydrates could be significantly increased to 31.35 g/kg FM, and the concentration of lactic acid was also significantly increased to 23.79 g/kg FM. Therefore, in actual production, it is recommended to use cellulase at a dose of 20 U/g FM in broom sorghum silage and open the bag after 60 days of silage fermentation. The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the efficient utilization of broom sorghum straw as feed.

A study on the evolution of financial inclusion and financial stability in India based on the previous research works: A review paper

The study examines the relationship between financial stability and inclusion in the context of two significant economic shocks to India: the demonetization and the COVID-19 outbreak. The first section of the paper discusses the rise of financial inclusion and its importance in a country where a sizable percentage of the population lives in rural areas. Ensuring access to formal banking and financial services, or financial inclusion, is essential for reducing poverty, creating jobs, and fostering economic progress. Financial inclusion and financial stability are strongly related. Financial stability is the capacity to endure unanticipated financial shocks. This study centers on the effects of demonetization in 2016, which caused a cash crunch and made people rethink financial inclusion programs, which hastened their implementation. Similar to this, lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic forced a move towards digital financial inclusion, which increased the appeal of online financial services. The necessity of stability and financial inclusion for sustainable growth in a large country like India is emphasized in the conclusion. Ensuring that everyone, particularly those from low-income backgrounds, has access to financial services promotes social cohesion and a strong economy. In the end, inclusive practices' financial stability promotes national progress.

A Review of the Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Agricultural Crop Economics

China is a large agricultural country, and the crop economy holds an important place in the national economy. The identification of crop diseases and pests, as well as the non-destructive classification of crops, has always been a challenge in agricultural development, hindering the rapid growth of the agricultural economy. Hyperspectral imaging technology combines imaging and spectral techniques, using hyperspectral cameras to acquire raw image data of crops. After correcting and preprocessing the raw image data to obtain the required spectral features, it becomes possible to achieve the rapid non-destructive detection of crop diseases and pests, as well as the non-destructive classification and identification of agricultural products. This paper first provides an overview of the current applications of hyperspectral imaging technology in crops both domestically and internationally. It then summarizes the methods of hyperspectral data acquisition and application scenarios. Subsequently, it organizes the processing of hyperspectral data for crop disease and pest detection and classification, deriving relevant preprocessing and analysis methods for hyperspectral data. Finally, it conducts a detailed analysis of classic cases using hyperspectral imaging technology for detecting crop diseases and pests and non-destructive classification, while also analyzing and summarizing the future development trends of hyperspectral imaging technology in agricultural production. The non-destructive rapid detection and classification technology of hyperspectral imaging can effectively select qualified crops and classify crops of different qualities, ensuring the quality of agricultural products. In conclusion, hyperspectral imaging technology can effectively serve the agricultural economy, making agricultural production more intelligent and holding significant importance for the development of agriculture in China.

Automatic Landslide Detection in Gansu, China, Based on InSAR Phase Gradient Stacking and AttU-Net

Landslides are the most serious geological disaster in our country, causing economic losses. Because they go undetected, a large number of landslides that have caused disasters are not in the catalogue. At present, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been widely used in the identification of landslides. However, it is time-consuming, inefficient, etc., to survey landslides throughout our large country. In the context of massive SAR data, this problem is more obvious. Therefore, based on the current technique of using differential interferogram phase gradient stacking to avoid phase unwrapping errors, a landslide phase gradient dataset has been constructed. To validate the dataset’s effectiveness and applicability, deep learning methods were introduced, applying the dataset to four networks: U-Net, Attention-Unet, Bisenet v2, and Deeplab v3. The results indicate that the phase gradient dataset performs well across different models, with the Attention-Unet network demonstrating the best performance. Specifically, the precision, recall, and accuracy on the test dataset were 0.8771, 0.8712, and 0.9834, respectively, and the accuracy on the validation dataset was 0.8523. Finally, in this paper, the model is applied to landslide identification in Gansu Province, China, during 2022-2023, and a total of 1882 landslides are found. These landslides are mainly concentrated in the south of Gansu Province, where the terrain is relatively undulating. The results show that this method can quickly and accurately realize landslide automatic identification in a wide area and provide technical support for large-scale landslide disaster surveys.

Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) – Economic corridor: an opportunity for regional connectivity and development cooperation in south and Southeast Asia

China is the largest country in terms of the purchasing power parity (PPP); and the country has started to invest hugely in the developing countries of the Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, Central Asia and the Middle-East. It wants to be connected with Europe, Africa and Middle East through its economic corridors such as BCIM, BRI, MSR and OBOR. It can be mentioned here that most of the South and Southeast countries are poor and need huge investment in the infrastructural projects. Therefore, the concept of BCIM is a win-win geostrategic and economic policy for South, Southeast and China. On the other hand, India is largest country in terms of the size of population; and its economy is also rising rapidly. And this country also needs huge investment and development cooperation from the different countries including China. Besides, Bangladesh is a lower middle-income country; it also wants to grow rapidly in terms of economic growth, transfer of technology and infrastructural developments. On other hand, Myanmar is a developing country in Southeast Asia which requires vast developments, transfer of technology, foreign investments in the coastal regions and regional connectivity for economic growth and development. Therefore, carrying out study on BCIM economic corridor is extremely important in the region. It’s a qualitative study in the context of mythology. This study has found that implementation of BCIM economic corridor is very important for South and Southeast Asia including Bangladesh for regional connectivity, trade and investment and development cooperation.

Woody Grains In Chinese History: The Basis For New Agricultural Policies

Historically, China was not only a large agricultural country, but also a strong agricultural power. Because there were countless types of grains produced in China, it had never been a problem to feed tens of millions of people. After consulting Chinese literature records, we are always surprised to find that, in addition to the wellknown gramineous food crops, there are also many food crops produced from tall arbor or shrub. Such special food crops can be generally referred to as “tree- grains”. In this way, during the long history, the Chinese ancestors could not only have no worry about food, but also ensure an adequate supply of fuel and diversify clothing materials. Because of precisely out of a deep recognition and understanding of the superiority of Chinese traditional culture, the current Chinese government is able to put forward the decision-making on the modern agricultural transformation of establishing large-scale agriculture, large-scale food, and large-scale resources

Исследование текущего состояния цифровой экономики в Королевстве Саудовская Аравия

The article aims to examine the current state of the digital economy in Saudi Arabia, the largest country in the Gulf region. The examination of the Kingdom's digital economy involved assessing its level based on various global digital indicators, which been picked and determined in accordance with the digital economy policy principles of the Kingdom. The position of Saudi Arabia and its ranking compared to other countries, particularly the G20 nations, was studied. The national strategy aimed at enhancing economic digitalization was analyzed, along with the contribution of the digital economy to the national economy. A weighted SWOT analysis was carried out, which made it possible to deter-mine the level of the current state of the digital economy of Saudi Arabia, as well as to determine its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As a result of the study, the authors identified the need for extensive initiatives to improve digital literacy and promote collaboration between education and the private sector, as well as targeted technical education programs, development of the local electronics industry and the development of crisis manage-ment schemes. The proposed recommendations can be used to plan and implement measures to support and accelerate the process of digitalization of the economy in the Kingdom.

Risk Management in the Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis of Central Government Settings in France, Germany, and Italy

ABSTRACTIn recent years, public organizations have come under increasing pressure to implement comprehensive risk management (RM) systems that are based on international frameworks and standards. However, little is known about whether different countries have addressed this issue in their regulatory strategies and how they have done so. To address this gap, this study conducts a cross‐country analysis and introduces and applies an analytical framework to compare the different RM approaches adopted by the central governments of France, Germany, and Italy. This comparison sheds light on the regulatory landscape in the three largest countries in the European Union and reveals the diverse RM frameworks with varying focuses, drivers, designs, and levels of integration. Although each country has unique nuances in its approaches, commonality is the primary perception of risk as a threat. This stance, although understandable in the context of financial risks, calls for a shift toward viewing risk as an opportunity, thus promoting a balanced approach that goes beyond mere compliance.

Evolution of public policy education in the global South: The case of India

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the dearth of comparative knowledge on policy education in the Global South by highlighting the remarkable growth of the field in India and comparing it with the international discourse. We discuss four key themes: the growth trajectory of policy schools, the contemporary landscape, the challenges of curriculum design, and career prospects for graduates. An empirical comparison of 56 policy schools was conducted alongside interviews with stakeholders. The results suggest that the evolution of policy education in India aligns with the internationalization model. However, in school objectives, curriculum, and careers, there is an emergent Indian model. These findings shed light on the policy education patterns of a large country in the Global South and highlight the challenges faced by countries where policy education is emerging.