Large Bursa Research Articles

Poster 66: Osteochondroma associated with ruptured bursa presenting as hamstring injury and hematoma: a case report

Setting: Academic outpatient physiatric private practice. Patient: A 53-year-old man. Case Description: The patient presented with complaints of left posterior thigh and knee pain and hematoma 4 days after twisting his left leg. He developed buttock pain, followed by a “baseball-sized” gluteal mass, both of which resolved over the next 2 days. Physical findings included tenderness to palpation over the ischial tuberosity, large ecchymosis, and swelling suggestive of hematoma extending from the left gluteal area to the calf. Neurologic exam was normal except for mild left hamstring weakness. Assessment/Results: Clinical presentation was consistent with hamstring injury with hematoma formation. Radiographs of the pelvis were negative for hamstring avulsion, however, they demonstrated the incidental findings of calcifications over the neck of the femur, suggestive of cartilaginous lesions. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large osteochondroma and a large, partially ruptured bursa formation with intact hamstrings, fluid collection causing partial encasement of the sciatic nerve, and effacement of the proximal hamstrings, gluteus maximus, and adductus magnus. Discussion: This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of osteochondroma of the femur associated with large bursa formation presenting as hamstring injury in an older patient. Osteochondroma is a common tumor, which usually presents in adolescence. Large bursa formation in association with osteochondroma of the femur is a rare complication that may represent malignant transformation and must be ruled out. Conclusion: Osteochondroma with large bursa formation can have unusual presentations, including the appearance of hamstring injury and hematoma. Presumed hamstring injuries are commonly managed conservatively and, in most cases, imaging studies do not play a significant role in the work-up. However, diagnostic imaging can play a central role in the diagnosis of bone tumors.

遺残性先天性股関節脱臼に腸腰筋滑液包炎を合併した１症例

The iliopsoas bursa is the largest bursa in the human body. Iliopsoas bursitis causes enlargement of the bursa and may lead to hip pain, groin mass, femoral nerve palsy, or compression of the femoral vein. We reported a case with the iliopsoas bursitis complicating old congenital dislocation of the hip. As not much yet known about the iliopsoas bursitis, it is sometimes misdiagnosed as abcess, inguinal hernia, aneurism, tumor, etc. Treatment is mainly conservative, but surgical treatment may be indicated in case of heavy groin pain or the compression and obstruction of adjacent structures.

Rhopalobdella japonica n. gen., n. sp. (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) from Dasyatis akajei (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatididae) in the northwestern Pacific.

A new genus and species of piscicolid leech in the Platybdellinae inhabits the oral cavity of Dasyatis akajei in the northwestern Pacific Ocean near Tanabe, Japan. The genus Rhopalobdella n. gen. is characterized externally by very small oral and caudal suckers and a smooth body that is widest just posterior to the clitellum. Eyespots and ocelli are lacking. The coelom is spacious with large segmental connecting sinuses between dorsal and ventral sinuses. There are 5 pairs of testisacs, an unusually extensive epididymis, and a very large bursa. Conducting tissue is absent. There are 2 pairs of esophageal diverticula and very well developed nephridia. Rhopalobdella japonica n. gen. n. sp. is characterized by a urosome that tapers strongly to the caudal sucker and by a single gonopore; the common oviduct opens into the posterior portion of the bursa. The coelomic and excretory systems resemble Aestabdella, but in other respects the genera are quite different. This is the first marine leech reported from rays in the northwestern Pacific.

Sexual ornamentation, condition, and immune defence in the house sparrow Passer domesticus

Female mate preferences for extreme male ornaments may arise and be maintained because males signal their ability to raise an immune defence against parasites by the size of their ornaments. The bursa of Fabricius is an organ involved in antibody synthesis in young birds, but regresses before sexual maturity. The relationship between badge size, condition, and immune defence was investigated in male house sparrows, Passer domesticus, which have a bib of black feathers under their beak, a secondary sexual character currently subject to a directional female mate preference. The size of the bursa of Fabricius decreased during the first year of life in house sparrows. Males with large secondary sexual characters had a smaller bursa than males with small badges. Individuals with a large directional asymmetry in relative testis size had a larger bursa. The abundance of one parasite (a mallophagan) was positively related to bursa size. There was a positive relationship between relative volume of bursa of Fabricius and the number of fault bars on feathers, which is a measure of body condition. These results suggest that males with large badges have lower current levels of immune response than males with small badges, and that males in good body condition, as evidenced from the absence of fault bars, had a relatively small bursa of Fabricius.

Pseudo-tumour of the shoulder—The large subacromial bursa demonstrated by MRI

Pseudo-tumour of the shoulder—The large subacromial bursa demonstrated by MRI

The rheumatoid foot and ankle: pathology and treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease which frequently involves the foot. Since there are many synovial-lined joints within the foot, active rheumatoid disease can produce widespread foot pain. Joint swelling can probably be best seen in the forefoot in the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints. Swelling can also be seen surrounding the tendon sheaths across the dorsum of the ankle, along the posterior tibialis tendon, and occasionally, the peroneal tendons. Swelling of the hindfoot is best seen at the talonavicular joint medially, and over the sinus tarsi laterally. The classic findings of rheumatoid arthritis in the forefoot include hallux valgus with intra-articular degeneration of the MTP joints. Synovitis of the MTP joints usually occurs early in the disease.’ The toes drift laterally with dorsal subluxation or dislocation. As this occurs, the metatarsal heads are directed more plantarward, the toes develop a clawtoe deformity, and the weightbearing plantar fat pad is drawn further forward losing its normal location underneath the metatarsal heads. Large bursae with overlying calluses are frequent under the middle metatarsal heads, and at times, under the hallux. Web space pathology,2 usually an intermetatarsal bursa, gives neuroma-like symptoms as an early sign of forefoot involvement,3s4 and may be an early sign of RA. Pathology of the hindfoot is more subtle, can progress rapidly, and frequently affects the forefoot. Synovitis of the hindfoot joints and subsequent loss of articular cartilage and erosion of the talonavicular and subtalar joints lead to a persistent valgus deformity of the hindfoot. The talonavicular joint becomes unstable with the head of the talus drifting medially and plantarward.’ The remainder of the midfoot and forefoot drifts into abduction. The calcaneus may also abut against the distal fibula producing pain at the lateral malleolus.6 The posterior tibia1 tendon may rupture,7 or if intact may not function effectively as the medial stabilizer of the hindfoot due to the altered hindfoot mechanics. Only 8% of patients with disease of less than 5 years had moderate to severe hindfoot deformities.’ However, in patients with disease of more than 5 years, 25% had abnormal hindfoot valgus on weightbearing. Ankle pathology gives far fewer symptoms, and when patients complain of ankle pain, most are actually experiencing hindfoot pain. Ankle instability can occur from erosions of the dome of the talus and ligament instability so that a valgus deformity may result from pathology within the tibio-talar joint rather than the hindfoot. It is essential to make this distinction between hindfoot and ankle pathology.* A standard set of radiographs should be obtained when evaluating any rheumatoid patient with significant involvement of the foot. These should include a weight-bearing anteroposterior (A-P) and lateral view of the foot. Also a weight-bearing A-P view of the ankles is important, especially if there is any ankle or hindfoot pathology. The most important aspect of nonoperative care is proper shoewear in patients with rheumatoid disease.‘,” Usually a shoe must be selected or modified to fit the patient’s deformity. Shoes do not correct deformities, rather they accommodate the deformities and thus reduce pain. Since the forefoot is the most common area of symptoms and pathology, a shoe with a wider and deeper toebox is important in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The most common shoe modification is a metatarsal pad, which should be placed with the apex of the pad just proximal to the area of maximum tenderness or callus formation, usually between the second and third metatarsal heads.

Iliopectineal bursitis: An unusual cause of iliofemoral vein compression

The iliopectineal bursa is the largest bursa in the region of the hip joint. Enlargement of the bursa occurs in several conditions and may be manifested by groin pain, a pelvic or inguinal mass, or lower extremity edema due to compression of the external iliac or common femoral vein. A case of lower extremity edema secondary to external iliac/common femoral vein compression caused by an enlarged iliopectineal bursa is presented. The pathophysiology, methods of diagnosis, and forms of therapy are discussed.

Erythrocyte Alloantigen Diversity and Some Immunological Effects of the B System in Related New Hampshire Strains

Chickens from the Lester J. Dreesen strain of New Hampshires and a small (SBL) and a large (LBL) bursa line derived from it were tested with previously prepared reagents for 10 erythrocyte alloantigen systems. Eight systems were shown to be segregating in one or more of the three related lines. Immunogenetic analysis of the hemagglutination reactions resulted in genotype assignments for seven of the systems. The number of alleles segregating at the respective alloantigen loci were three A, five B, three C, two D, two I, two L, and two P. All seven segregating systems displayed considerable divergence in gene frequencies among two or more of the lines.The B1B1 chicks produced significantly higher peak titers against sheep red blood cells than B6 B6 chicks; in adults the order of response of genotypes was B1 B1, B6 B6, B5 B5. Peripheral blood leukocytes from groups of adults and 5-wk old chickens responded consistently to phytohemagglutinin-M according to their B genotypes, in the order B1B1, B5B5, B6B6. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations determined at various ages were higher in the LBL than the SBL strain, even after bursectomy. Genes influencing serum IgG levels may be closely linked to one or more of the blood group systems.

TURBELLARIA FROM SOMALIA

SUMMARY The genus Pseudomonocelis Meixner, 1943 is treated in a monographic way, with the provisory re-introduction of P. agilis (Schulze, 1851). A comprehensive description of all representatives of the genus is given, including two new species from the neighbourhood of Mogadiscio, Somalia, P. pardii and P. cavernicola. Both species have a muscular vagina and a large bursa lying behind the female duct. P. pardii is further characterised by the fact that the vagina ends in a muscular canal which opens anteriorly into the bursa and posteriorly receives the oviducts where the common female duct begins. It also has an extremely muscular penial organ. The most striking feature of P. cavernicola is an ovoid muscular organ between the female and the male genital pore. Possible phylogenetic relationships of and within the genus are discussed.

TURBELLARIA FROM SOMALIA

SUMMARY The genus Pseudomonocelis Meixner, 1943 is treated in a monographic way, with the provisory re-introduction of P. agilis (Schulze, 1851). A comprehensive description of all representatives of the genus is given, including two new species from the neighbourhood of Mogadiscio, Somalia, P. pardii and P. cavernicola. Both species have a muscular vagina and a large bursa lying behind the female duct. P. pardii is further characterised by the fact that the vagina ends in a muscular canal which opens anteriorly into the bursa and posteriorly receives the oviducts where the common female duct begins. It also has an extremely muscular penial organ. The most striking feature of P. cavernicola is an ovoid muscular organ between the female and the male genital pore. Possible phylogenetic relationships of and within the genus are discussed.

A Comparison of the Immune Response Between Two Lines of Chickens Selected for Differences in the Weight of the Bursa of Fabricius

Experiments were designed to compare antibody-mediated immunity in two lines of 5-month-old chickens previously selected for a large or small bursa. After receiving a primary or secondary challenge with sheep-red-blood cells, bovine serum albumin, or dinitrophenyl, birds from the small bursa line (SBL) were significantly more efficient antibody producers than birds from the large bursa line (LBL). However, Immunoglobulin G synthesis by SBL birds was significantly lower than in LBL birds.

Effect of Glucose on the O2 Uptake of Bursa and Thymus Cells From Two Lines of Chickens

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the optimum concentration of glucose for in vitro studies and to compare the metabolism of bursa and thymus cells. A comparison of O2 consumption of bursa and thymus cells between a small bursa and large bursa line revealed no significant effect of glucose treatment. The O2 uptake of cells in the absence of serum was similar to the O2 consumption of cells suspended in chicken serum plus 30 μ M glucose (0.005 mg.) when 0.25 mg. glucose was added to the system.

The metabolic activity of bursal and thymic cells.

The O2 uptake of thymic and bursal lymphocytes from large bursa line, (LBL) and small bursa line (SBL) birds was studied in vitro. The O2 consumption of bursa and thymus cells significantly increased from 10-15 weeks of age. With the exception of the 13th week, the O2 consumption was significantly greater for the bursa cells from the LB line. Thymic cells were not affected by sera treatment.Birds were injected 2X a day beginning at hatch for 4 days with 7.5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) or cortisone acetate (CA), 2.5 mg TP or CA, and the carrier solution. The O2 consumption increased at different rates over a 35 day period for the TP and CA groups. Our data suggest TP may increase the metabolism of lymphoid cells, CA does not stimulate directly O2 consumption of bursa cells, and cells reseeding the bursa are metabolically active cells.

In vitro activity of bursal lymphocytes from two lines of chickens

Summary The bursal lymphocytes from 18-day-old embryos or 1-week-old birds of large bursa line (LBL) and small bursa line (SBL) were cultured in Basal Medium Eagle with Hanks Base (BEM). The lymphocytes from the LBL cultured in media without serum showed significant growth in a 24-h period whereas cells from SBL chicks showed no cell increase. This suggests that the bursa of LBL chicks has the greater growth potential and that there may be intrinsic growth differences in bursal cells of the two lines. The addition of ancestral line (a line from which LBL and SBL were developed) serum significantly increased growth of the cells from SBL. On the other hand, serum from SBL chicks significantly reduced the growth of the LBL bursa cells; whereas the LBL serum enhanced the growth of the SBL cells. The results indicate that there is a serum factor which regulates cell replication in the bursa. Further support for the thesis that the difference in growth potential between the bursa cells of the SBL and LBL chicks resides in the internal environment (sera) comes from the O 2 uptake studies. While the O 2 uptake values are similar for bursal cells of the two lines when studied in their own sera, the O 2 consumption of bursal cells of LBL chicks was significantly increased by the addition of SBL serum. The LBL serum had no effect on the oxygen consumption of SBL bursa cells.

Response to Selection for Bursa of Fabricius Weight at Hatching in the Domestic Fowl

EXTENSIVE research has been published relating the bursa of Fabricius and antibody production as well as limited evidence involving the bursa and adrenals in the stress complex. A major portion of this research has involved the results of elimination of the bursa, either hormonally or surgically, rather than any effect of increased size. Muir and Jaap (1967) observed a negative genetic correlation between bursa weight at hatching and post-hatching body growth of chickens.Glick (1955) and Jaap (1958) speculated that the greater disease resistance of Leghorn chickens (Hutt, 1958) may be due to their larger bursae at hatching. Sadler and Glick (1962) obtained higher antibody titers to injections of Vibrio fetus in birds with larger bursae. A large bursa line from broiler ancestry (Temple and Jaap, 1961) and a Leghorn (King et al., 1959) had no demonstrable difference in mortality during a four-week period following Salmonella pullorum infection (Jaffe and…

The Influence of Selecting for Large and Small Bursa Size on Adrenal, Spleen, and Thymus Weights

IT WAS in 1954 that Chang and Glick working with chickens bursectomized by Glick were confronted with the rather startling discovery that the bursa of Fabricius was of prime importance in antibody formation. Since the first two papers by Glick et al. (1956), and Chang et al. (1957), significant publications on the role of the bursa in immunological competence have appeared in laboratories throughout the world, Glick (1964) and Warner and Szenberg (1964).Bursa growth has been found to be significantly influenced by the breed, strain, and family of chickens studied, Glick (1964). The first heritability estimates for bursa size were calculated by Glick (1955a, b; 1956a). These were followed by the study of Jaap (1960). Successful selection for large bursa size was reported by Temple and Jaap (1961). In 1957, we initiated a breeding program designed to develop two lines of chickens which would differ significantly in bursa size… .

A Lack of Effect of Bursa Size on Disease Resistance and Antibody Production

WHITE LEGHORN type chicks have larger bursa weights than many other breeds, (Glick, 1955; Jaap, 1958) and are more resistant to a number of diseases, heat stress, and the effects of feed deficiencies. (Hutt, (1958)Since the bursa is concerned with production of antibody, Jaap (1958) suggested that the greater efficiency of the Leghorn may be related to its larger bursa size. Sadler and Glick (1962) demonstrated higher antibody titres in lines of birds having larger bursas, a finding difficult to reconcile with Warner and Szenberg’s (1962) that in hormonally bursectomised birds having even a small amount of residual lymphoid tissue almost normal antibody production occurred.In view of this discrepancy it was decided to investigate this problem by comparing the resistance to infection with live S. pullorum and the production of antibody to S. typhimurium antigen of birds from a line selected for large bursa size with the performance …

Experimental Modification of the Growth of the Bursa of Fabricius

THE growth of the bursa of Fabricius in the domestic chicken has recently been characterized by Glick (1956). The bursae of all breeds studied began a period of definite involution during the second to third month after hatching. Several possible factors causing this involution are discussed in this paper.Jolly (1914) reported that rate of bursa involution could be increased in the chicken by fasting and irradiation. It is interesting that Jolly theorized that the sensitivity of the bursa to inanition warranted the supposition that it plays a role in the exchange of nutritives. Bursa involution was delayed, according to Jolly and Pezard (1928), after castration. They caponized 6 chickens at 2 months of age and reported that at 6 months the bursae of the capons were larger than the 4 controls. One control had a larger bursa than the capons. Kirkpatrick and Andrews (1944) were able to increase the …