Large Bulge Research Articles

Incidental finding of intramural splenic heterotopy in the colon mimicking subepithelial neoplasm: a case report

AimThe aim of this case report is describe an unprecedented case with histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of splenic heterotopy in the colon using material obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy.BackgroundSplenic heterotopia is a benign condition characterized by the implantation of splenic tissue in areas distant from its usual anatomical site, such as the peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, liver, pancreas, and subcutaneous tissue and, more rarely, in locations such as the colon and brain. It is generally associated with a history of splenic trauma or splenectomy and typically does not cause specific symptoms.Case presentationA 35-year-old white male patient who was healthy, with no history of trauma or splenectomy, but had a family history of colorectal neoplasia underwent colonoscopy for screening. The examination revealed a large bulge in the proximal descending colon, covered by normal-appearing mucosa. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided puncture was performed with a 22 gauge fine needle biopsy, and the histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis results were consistent with a heterotopic spleen.ConclusionsThis is the first report of a primary intramural colic splenosis case with histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of splenic heterotopia in the colon, using material obtained by endoscopic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided biopsy.

Experimental investigation of the roughness, freezing temperature and normal stress on the shear mechanical action of frozen saturated clay-rock interface

Recently, with the increase in global temperature, the permafrost degradation trend has intensified, and the soil-rock binary slope in permafrost regions has become more unstable. Therefore, this paper focuses on the shear strength of the clay-rock interface in the binary slope. The three-dimensional roughness, freezing temperature, and normal stress are key factors affecting the shear strength of the clay-rock interface. The influence of freezing temperature can be further quantified by using the unfrozen water content (UWC), which was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. By analyzing experimental results, it can be concluded that the three-dimensional roughness can effectively improve the shear strength of the clay-rock interface under freezing conditions, and the shear strength increases with the growth of the climbing angle (ic). The influence of temperature can be attributed to the effect of UWC on the internal friction angle and cohesion of saturated clay. Compared with the internal friction angle, the cohesion of saturated clay decreases faster with the increase of UWC. In addition, the shear strength of the clay-rock interface rises linearly as the normal stress increases, therefore the Mohr-Coulomb criterion also can be used to characterize the shear strength of the clay-rock interface. An interesting finding is that significant tensile cracks will appear in the clay part around the large bulge under low normal stress and high roughness. It further confirmed the contribution of large bulges to the prevention of shear slides of soft clay. The quantification understanding of the shear mechanical action of the clay-rock interface can provide a reference for scientific disaster reduction in cold regions.

Failure analysis of leaking firefighting pipeline used in nuclear power plant: Corrosion development process and key influence factors

A penetrating hole has been found in the inner wall of the firefighting pipeline (A106 steel) used for 20 years in a nuclear power plant of China, and the pipeline is filled with almost stagnant tap water before failure. The failed pipeline is taken from a vertically placed water outlet pipeline. The corrosion process and key influence factors of the failed firefighting pipeline were studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that there exist two typical corrosion characteristics on the inner wall of the failed pipeline besides leakage hole, that is, corrosion nodulation and corrosion bulge. The corrosion nodulation, mainly consisting of a mixture of calcium and iron oxides, is the initiation position of perforation corrosion, and the iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) play a key role in the formation of corrosion nodulation. Then the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is involved in the propagation of corrosion nodulation when the dissolved oxygen concentration is low. The corrosion nodulation gradually become loose and form large bulge with extended service time. The corrosion pits under the corrosion bulge also develop gradually. Eventually, the inner wall of the pipeline is thinned and perforated.

Research on intrusion and large arch bulge in lining structure for highway’s mudstone tunnel

During the construction of a highway in northwest China, large deformation of mudstone caused severe deformation of and damage to side walls, initial support, and secondary lining to various extents. To reveal the causes of mudstone’s large deformation in the tunnels of this highway, a comprehensive study was conducted by using engineering geological survey, on-site monitoring and measurement, indoor rock mechanics test, numerical simulation, and macroscopic analysis. For the problem of large deformation of this highway’s tunnel section from YK209 + 500 m to YK210 + 030 m, the 3D finite difference method FLAC3D was used to simulate the large deformation of the wall rock and compare the deformation of the tunnel and the mechanical characteristics of the lining structure under different conditions by means of inverse analysis of the rheological characteristics of the mudstone and simulation of the softening of the mudstone in water. The research results provide a reference and basis for the construction design of similar mudstone tunnel projects. For the management of tunnel deformation, it is recommended to enhance the tunnel’s drainage measures, thereby mitigating the intensification of mudstone softening when exposed to water.

Evidence for Large-scale, Rapid Gas Inflows in z ∼ 2 Star-forming Disks

We report high-quality Hα/CO imaging spectroscopy of nine massive (log median stellar mass = 10.65 M ⊙) disk galaxies on the star-forming main sequence (henceforth SFGs), near the peak of cosmic galaxy evolution (z ∼ 1.1–2.5), taken with the ESO Very Large Telescope, IRAM-NOEMA, and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We fit the major axis position–velocity cuts with beam-convolved, forward models with a bulge, a turbulent rotating disk, and a dark matter (DM) halo. We include priors for stellar and molecular gas masses, optical light effective radii and inclinations, and DM masses from our previous rotation curve analysis of these galaxies. We then subtract the inferred 2D model-galaxy velocity and velocity dispersion maps from those of the observed galaxies. We investigate whether the residual velocity and velocity dispersion maps show indications for radial flows. We also carry out kinemetry, a model-independent tool for detecting radial flows. We find that all nine galaxies exhibit significant nontangential flows. In six SFGs, the inflow velocities (v r ∼ 30–90 km s−1, 10%–30% of the rotational component) are along the minor axis of these galaxies. In two cases the inflow appears to be off the minor axis. The magnitudes of the radial motions are in broad agreement with the expectations from analytic models of gravitationally unstable, gas-rich disks. Gravitational torques due to clump and bar formation, or spiral arms, drive gas rapidly inward and result in the formation of central disks and large bulges. If this interpretation is correct, our observations imply that gas is transported into the central regions on ∼10 dynamical timescales.

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia & Aspiration in a 63-Year-Old Man- A Case Report

Introduction: Dysphagia due to nonmalignant causes is not an uncommon occurrence in patients over the age of 60. Males are more affected than the females. It can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality especially as it increases the risk for malnutrition, and pneumonias due to aspiration etc. Case Presentation: We present this rare case of worsening dysphagia and episodes of choking in a 63year old male due to large anterior cervical osteophytes. X-ray and flexible laryngoscopy revealed a large bulge over the posterior pharyngeal wall in the midline. Conclusion: Dysphagia in the elderly can lead to increased morbidity and life-threatening complications. Anterior osteophytes are found in nearly 20% to30% of the elderly population but rarely cause dysphagia. However, in some cases especially when associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH/ Forestier’s disease) and ankylosing spondylitis these can cause severe dysphagia. In many cases of symptomatic anterior osteophytes surgery is considered an ultimate measure to relieve symptoms, decrease mortality, and improve the quality of life. We did a thorough literature search to know the prevalence and management of dysphagia due to anterior osteophytes.

GIANT ORAL EPIDERMOID CYST EMPTYING AS AN EMERGENCY MANEUVER

Epidermoid cyst (EC) in the oral cavity represents less than 0.01% of all cysts, being identified as 30 mm or less, yet giant cysts have been reported. Male, 21 years old, complaining of difficulty swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Intraoral examination showed tongue elevation with projection to the posterior region, obliterating the oropharynx due to a large soft painless bulge on the floor of the mouth. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined homogeneous mass causing reduction of the airway space in the oropharynx and measuring 7.1 × 6.0 × 9.2 cm. Diagnostic hypotheses were dermoid or epidermoid cyst. Incisional biopsy and marsupialization were performed through intraoral access, with immediate reduction of the lesion. A yellowish pasty material, compatible with keratin, was drained until complete restoration of occlusion, swallowing, phonation, and breathing. Histopathological examination revealed an epidermoid cyst. The postoperative course was uneventful. EC in the mouth floor can reach large proportions, causing complications. Epidermoid cyst (EC) in the oral cavity represents less than 0.01% of all cysts, being identified as 30 mm or less, yet giant cysts have been reported. Male, 21 years old, complaining of difficulty swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Intraoral examination showed tongue elevation with projection to the posterior region, obliterating the oropharynx due to a large soft painless bulge on the floor of the mouth. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined homogeneous mass causing reduction of the airway space in the oropharynx and measuring 7.1 × 6.0 × 9.2 cm. Diagnostic hypotheses were dermoid or epidermoid cyst. Incisional biopsy and marsupialization were performed through intraoral access, with immediate reduction of the lesion. A yellowish pasty material, compatible with keratin, was drained until complete restoration of occlusion, swallowing, phonation, and breathing. Histopathological examination revealed an epidermoid cyst. The postoperative course was uneventful. EC in the mouth floor can reach large proportions, causing complications.

Deep and shallow crustal structure control on the late-stage volcanism in Syria Planum (Mars)

Long-lasting widespread volcanism in Mars is testified by the Tharsis volcanic province, one of the largest volcanic provinces with the largest shield volcanoes of the Solar System. However, volcanism on Mars is characterized also by the occurrence of broad volcanic fields, either in the form of small lava shields or monogenic volcanic cones. The region of Syria Planum (SP) is located east of the Tharsis province and between Noctis Labyrinthus to the North and Claritas Fossae to the southwest. It is an example of diffuse volcanism, presenting hundreds of small edifices (namely Syria Colles) which occur on top of a large bulge roughly 300 km × 200 km in size. SP exhibits a complex magmatic and volcano-tectonic evolution spanning from the early-Noachian to the more recent Amazonian. In this work, we investigate the geometry of the plumbing system of the SP volcanic field as well as the geometries of the volcanic constructs (i.e., vent elongation and vent alignment) that may be linked to the structures that fed the magma presenting a possible tectonic and volcanic evolution of the distributed volcanism phase in this area. The spatial distribution of vents and the overall map view shape of the volcanic field were studied in terms of vent clustering and spatial distribution. We show that the widespread and diffuse volcanism in SP presents clear vent clusters that are related to a deep source magma reservoir located at ∼100 km depth. We also show that Syria Colles vent elongations and azimuth distributions suggest that the magma exploited the inherited regional structural framework, coherent with the Syria Colles late-stage Amazonian magmatic event, and highlighting the role of a shallow crustal tectonic framework in shaping the Martian volcanism.

Isolated Retroperitoneal Deep Infiltrating Endosalpingiosis in Absence of Endometriosis

A 36 year-old female presented with a 4-year history of cyclic left lower abdominal pain and severe dyspareunia. Physical exam revealed a 2cm tender, mobile nodule at the left apex of the vagina with normal overlying vaginal mucosa. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 1.6 × 1.6 × 1.7cm round, solid smooth intramural mass in the bladder base, without mucosal invasion (Figure 1). The patient elected surgical management, with cystoscopy demonstrating a large bulge adjacent to the left ureteral orifice without mucosal involvement (Figure 2).

The pharyngeal and genitalia-associated muscles of Rhabditolaimus ulmi (Nematoda: Chromodorea: Rhabditida: Diplogastridae)

Summary The copulatory organs and pharynx are important for nematode classification. This research aimed to study the musculature of the wood-inhabiting nematode, Rhabditolaimus ulmi, using confocal microscopy. The lip region is hexagonal with enlarged lateral lips; the pharynx is diplogastrid type with two bulbs. The corpus comprises the fused stegostoma, procorpus and metacorpus, with six glands opening in the stegostoma and the corpus limen. The stegostoma has a large dorsal bulge and the posterior bulb is devoid of valve, with two circles of dilators and a basal sphincter. The female genital muscles have a four-radial symmetry around the vaginal opening to the uterus. Two vaginal constrictors and four pairs of dilators of two types are connected to the vagina-uterus opening; four dilators run perpendicular to the uterus axis and are connected to the uterine muscular corset. The sphincter between the intestine and cloaca consists of the middle ring with two pairs of processes connected ventrally with intestinal fasciculi and dorsally with the body wall. The ring contains the inner biconical X-structure. In the male, the gubernaculum has the dorsal erector and a pair of transverse muscles. The wide gubernacular spicule protractor envelops spicules anteriorly. The ventral tail muscle is wide, unpaired, and nine pairs of serial diagonal muscles are located beneath the body wall muscles, followed by three pairs of postcloacal oblique muscles of the tail. Anal depressors comprise a pair of transverse muscles with expanded middle globular parts. The copulatory muscles are of the Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae type modified because of spicules elongation. The muscle characters code of the previously published tabular key for 15 muscle characters is 73422-22144-42223; it can be used for phylogenetic reconstructions.

V-044 ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION OF A POST-HEMIPELVECTOMY INCISIONAL HERNIA: AT THE LIMITS OF WHAT IS POSSIBLE

Abstract Incisional hernias in patients with bone defects are a real challenge. There is very little evidence of how to repairing them. Clinical Case 56-year-old patient. He underwent a left external hemipelvectomy for osteosarcoma of the iliac bone in 2012 and a left nephrectomy in 2013. The patient presents an inguinal and right thigh root bulge of progressive growth with severe pain and limited mobility. In the past month, he was unable to walk. Physical examination: inguinal defect, defect in the right thigh root and a large lateral bulge. Preoperative CT scan: atrophy of the left abdominal musculature, absence of the left hemipelvis, left hip prosthesis with a pseudocapsule, a large lumbar defect, and a large defect in the inguinal area. Surgery Dissection of hernia sacs and retroperitoneal/preperitoneal dissection was performed, cranially to the retrodiaphragmatic area, medially to the linea alba, posteriorly to the spine and caudally to the pelvis. The abdominal wall is reconstructed with a polyglycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate mesh to reinforce the abdominal wall and a large polypropylene mesh that envelops the visceral sac and is fixed to the right pubis and the pseudocapsule of the hip prosthesis. In the postoperative period, the patient presented pulmonary thromboembolism and surgical wound infection. He was discharged on the 17th postoperative day. One year after surgery, the patient is asymptomatic, and has a continent wall with discrete lateral bulging. Preperitoneal dissection makes it possible to solve very complex wall defects, even with very large bone defects.

Beyond Galaxy Bimodality: The Complex Interplay between Kinematic Morphology and Star Formation in the Local Universe

It is generally assumed that galaxies are a bimodal population in both star formation and structure; star-forming galaxies are disks, while passive galaxies host large bulges or are entirely spheroidal. Here we test this scenario by presenting a full census of the kinematic morphologies of a volume-limited sample of galaxies in the local universe extracted from the MaNGA galaxy survey. We measure the integrated stellar line-of-sight velocity to velocity dispersion ratio (V/σ) for 4574 galaxies in the stellar mass range . We show that at fixed stellar mass, the distribution of V/σ is not bimodal, and that a simple separation between fast and slow rotators is oversimplistic. Fast rotators are a mixture of at least two populations, referred to here as dynamically cold disks and intermediate systems, with disks dominating in both total stellar mass and number. When considering star-forming and passive galaxies separately, the star-forming population is almost entirely made up of disks, while the passive population is mixed, implying an array of quenching mechanisms. Passive disks represent ∼30% (both in number and mass) of passive galaxies, nearly a factor of two higher than that of slow rotators, reiterating that these are an important population for understanding galaxy quenching. These results paint a picture of a local universe dominated by disky galaxies, most of which become somewhat less rotation-supported upon or after quenching. While spheroids are present to a degree, they are certainly not the evolutionary end point for the majority of galaxies.

Left gastric artery pseudoaneurysm: a rare presentation of delayed bleeding after peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia cardia

A 22-year-old with type I achalasia cardia underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) by use of an anterior approach at our center. The patient had an episode of hematemesis 48 hours after the procedure, along with a drop in hemoglobin of 3.5 g/dL. Urgent upper GI endoscopy showed a large submucosal bulge in the esophagus extending into the stomach along the lesser curvature, suggestive of submucosal hematoma (A). CT angiography showed a large submucosal hematoma with a pseudoaneurysm arising from a branch of the left gastric artery (B, white arrow) in relation to the left gastric artery (B, yellow arrow).

Central star formation in double-peak, gas-rich radio galaxies

The respective contributions of gas accretion, galaxy interactions, and mergers to the mass assembly of galaxies, as well as the evolution of their molecular gas and star-formation activity are still not fully understood. In a recent work, a large sample of double-peak (DP) emission-line galaxies have been identified from the SDSS. While the two peaks could represent two kinematic components, they may be linked to the large bulges that their host galaxies tend to have. Star-forming DP galaxies display a central star-formation enhancement and have been discussed as compatible with a sequence of recent minor mergers. In order to probe merger-induced star-formation mechanisms, we conducted observations of the molecular-gas content of 35 star-forming DP galaxies in the upper part of the main sequence (MS) of star formation (SF) with the IRAM 30 m telescope. Including similar galaxies 0.3 dex above the MS and with existing molecular-gas observations from the literature, we finally obtained a sample of 52 such galaxies. We succeeded in fitting the same kinematic parameters to the optical ionised- and molecular-gas emission lines for ten (19%) galaxies. We find a central star-formation enhancement resulting most likely from a galaxy merger or galaxy interaction, which is indicated by an excess of gas extinction found in the centre. This SF is traced by radio continuum emissions at 150 MHz, 1.4 GHz, and 3 GHz, all three of which are linearly correlated in log with the CO luminosity with the same slope. The 52 DP galaxies are found to have a significantly larger amount of molecular gas and longer depletion times, and hence a lower star-formation efficiency, than the expected values at their distance of the MS. The large bulges in these galaxies might be stabilising the gas, hence reducing the SF efficiency. This is consistent with a scenario of minor mergers increasing the mass of bulges and driving gas to the centre. We also excluded the inwards-directed gas migration and central star-formation enhancement as the origin of a bar morphology. Hence, these 52 DP galaxies could be the result of recent minor mergers that funnelled molecular gas towards their centre, triggering SF, but with moderate efficiency.

Redshift and stellar mass dependence of intrinsic shapes of disc-dominated galaxies from COSMOS observations below z = 1.0

ABSTRACT The high abundance of disc galaxies without a large central bulge challenges predictions of current hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation. We aim to shed light on the formation of these objects by studying the redshift and mass dependence of their intrinsic 3D shape distributions in the COSMOS galaxy survey below redshift z = 1.0. This distribution is inferred from the observed distribution of 2D shapes, using a reconstruction method which we test using hydrodynamic simulations. Our tests reveal a moderate bias for the inferred average disc circularity and relative thickness, but a large bias on the dispersion of these quantities. Applying the reconstruction method on COSMOS data, we find variations of the average disc circularity and relative thickness with redshift of around ∼1 per cent and ∼10 per cent, respectively, which is comparable to the error estimates on these quantities. The average relative disc thickness shows a significant mass dependence which can be accounted for by the scaling of disc radius with galaxy mass. We conclude that our data provides no evidence for a strong dependence of the average circularity and absolute thickness of disc-dominated galaxies on redshift and mass that is significant with respect to the statistical uncertainties in our analysis. These findings are expected in the absence of disruptive merging or feedback events that would affect galaxy shapes. They hence support a scenario where present-day discs form early ( z > 1.0) and subsequently undergo a tranquil evolution in isolation. However, more data and a better understanding of systematics are needed to reaffirm our results.

Popeye's sign and transthyretin amyloidosis.

A 76-year-old man with a history of cervical open-door laminoplasty for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament presented to our hospital with a symptom of exertional dyspnoea. A 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed I-degree atrioventricular block (PQ interval 262 ms), left axis deviation, and complete right bundle branch block (Panel A). A transthoracic echocardiogram indicated left ventricular hypertrophy with a maximum wall thickness of 17 mm and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 61% (Panel B1). Strain echocardiogram using speckled tracking showed marked diminution of global longitudinal strain with apical sparing (Panel B2). Physical examination found subconjunctival hemorrhage in right eye, several purpuric lesions in upper extremities, and a large bulge on his left upper arm when he flexed his arm, so-called Popeye’s sign, indicating a hallmark of biceps tendon rupture (see Supplementary material online, Video S1; Panel C; arrow). A monoclonal component was not detected by serum and urine immune-electrophoresis and free light chain assays. 99mTc-labelled bone scintigraphy showed grade 3 myocardial uptake (Panel D). Eventually, endomyocardial biopsy and genetic sequencing analysis of the transthyretin gene confirmed the patient as a wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (Panel E). Popeye’s sign is uncommon, but pivotal to diagnose transthyretin amyloidosis.

The NewHorizon simulation – to bar or not to bar

ABSTRACT We use the NewHorizon simulation to study the redshift evolution of bar properties and fractions within galaxies in the stellar masses range M⋆ = 107.25–1011.4$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ over the redshift range of z = 0.25–1.3. We select disc galaxies using stellar kinematics as a proxy for galaxy morphology. We employ two different automated bar detection methods, coupled with visual inspection, resulting in observable bar fractions of fbar = 0.070$_{{-0.012}}^{{+0.018}}$ at z ∼ 1.3, decreasing to fbar = 0.011$_{{-0.003}}^{{+0.014}}$ at z ∼ 0.25. Only one galaxy is visually confirmed as strongly barred in our sample. This bar is hosted by the most massive disc and only survives from z = 1.3 down to z = 0.7. Such a low bar fraction, in particular amongst Milky Way-like progenitors, highlights a missing bars problem, shared by literally all cosmological simulations with spatial resolution <100 pc to date. The analysis of linear growth rates, rotation curves, and derived summary statistics of the stellar, gas and dark matter components suggest that galaxies with stellar masses below 109.5−1010$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ in NewHorizon appear to be too dominated by dark matter relative to stellar content to form a bar, while more massive galaxies typically have formed large bulges that prevent bar persistence at low redshift. This investigation confirms that the evolution of the bar fraction puts stringent constraints on the assembly history of baryons and dark matter on to galaxies.

Right Ventricular Flow Vorticity Relationships With Biventricular Shape in Adult Tetralogy of Fallot.

Remodeling in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rToF) may occur due to chronic pulmonary regurgitation, but may also be related to altered flow patterns, including vortices. We aimed to correlate and quantify relationships between vorticity and ventricular shape derived from atlas-based analysis of biventricular shape. Adult rToF (n = 12) patients underwent 4D flow and cine MRI imaging. Vorticity in the RV was computed after noise reduction using a neural network. A biventricular shape atlas built from 95 rToF patients was used to derive principal component modes, which were associated with vorticity and pulmonary regurgitant volume (PRV) using univariate and multivariate linear regression. Univariate analysis showed that indexed PRV correlated with 3 modes (r = −0.55,−0.50, and 0.6, all p < 0.05) associated with RV dilatation and an increase in basal bulging, apical bulging and tricuspid annulus tilting with more severe regurgitation, as well as a smaller LV and paradoxical movement of the septum. RV outflow and inflow vorticity were also correlated with these modes. However, total vorticity over the whole RV was correlated with two different modes (r = −0.62,−0.69, both p < 0.05). Higher vorticity was associated with both RV and LV shape changes including longer ventricular length, a larger bulge beside the tricuspid valve, and distinct tricuspid tilting. RV flow vorticity was associated with changes in biventricular geometry, distinct from associations with PRV. Flow vorticity may provide additional mechanistic information in rToF remodeling. Both LV and RV shapes are important in rToF RV flow patterns.

Beware of the echo: the evolution of Egypt’s population and labor force from 2000 to 2050

ABSTRACT I argue in this paper that although recent developments had temporarily reduced demographic pressures on the Egyptian labor market, such pressures will return with a vengeance in the next decade. The sizable echo generation born between 2005 and 2015 is the reflection of the large youth bulge generation born in the early 1980s; a reflection that was further compounded by rising fertility rates in the late 2000s and early 2010s. As the echo generation reaches working age, the net annual increase to the labor force will rise from 575 thousand per year in 2020–25 to 800 thousand per year in 2030–35, which will pose a major job creation challenge. This upcoming wave of new entrants will also be substantially more educated, with 50–60 percent having secondary or post-secondary education, and another third having university education or higher. To accommodate this upcoming growth in labor supply and absorb the stock of existing unemployed and discouraged workers, I estimate that employment growth would have to reach 2.7 percent per year, something that would require sustained GDP growth rates in excess of 6 percent per year. The quality of jobs created by the Egyptian economy would also have to improve substantially to satisfy the higher aspirations of the increasingly educated new entrants and curtail the rising rates of discouragement among female new entrants.

Environmental Impact of Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Environmental degradation as a consequence of modern technological change is still an unresolved global issue. As countries grow, the cost of this progress has to be born in the form of a rise in carbon emissions. In Pakistan, energy consumption has increased from 34 Million MTOE in 1992 to 98 MTOE in 2019 due to oil and gas-based production. Likewise, the average temperature has risen during the last 50 years in Pakistan. Based on IPAT and Climate change models, this study estimates the two equations model to analyze the impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment, population density and population in urban agglomeration on carbon emissions by using ARDL bound testing methodology. The co-integration relationship was found in both stages with consistency. This study proved the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory in the case of Pakistan. The more insightful finding is that the large bulge area of the curve between carbon emissions and economic growth highlights that the negative impact of today’s economic growth on the environment will remain for a much longer period in the future. It is also found that carbon emissions are responsible for increasing average temperature resulting in a climatic change in Pakistan. These empirical results indicate that there is a dire need to revisit the growth strategy to achieve sustained economic growth.