Large Ball Research Articles

Finger Paint and Physics: A Simple Demonstration of Circular Motion and Conservation of Energy

It can be a challenge to come up with simple demonstrations of circular motion and conservation of energy. One such demonstration consists of a large exercise ball, off of which a small solid ball is rolled. The small ball is coated in finger paint so, after an initial push, it rolls nearly without slipping and creates a visible track.

PERAN UNIVERSITAS DALAM PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KECIL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING EKONOMI LOKAL DI POLEHAN MALANG

The majority of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malang is facing several problems, namely the lack of technology and innovation in terms of quality in production and marketing. In order to improve the competitiveness of the local economy of SMEs in Polehan Village, Malang State University through DRPM funding, it provides facilities assistance, online marketing training and business management. This activity is carried out with the intention that SMEs can be more competitive and independent for business development. In detail, the form of activities is to increase the application of science and technology in society through the design of operational training for large ball sewing machines, marketing through the Tokopedia marketplace, and business management. The results that have been achieved are increased marketing so that products / goods in the form of: footwear made from cow, sheep and snake skin can be distributed evenly through e-commerce. E-commerce used is the marketplace and Google MyBusiness which are currently in great demand by consumers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v4i2.3560

Large Fungal Ball of the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity: Two Case Reports

Large Fungal Ball of the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity: Two Case Reports

Accuracy of basic school teachers knowledge in the english terms materials of game better education

Students of the Elementary School have core competencies and basic competencies that must be achieved according to the 2013 curriculum contained in Minister of Education and Culture Regulation number 24 of 2016 concerning Core Competencies and Basic Competencies of Learning in the 2013 Curriculum on Basic Education and Secondary Education. In PERMENDIKBUD number 24 (2018) it is stated that curriculum objectives include four competencies, namely (1) spiritual attitude competency, (2) social attitude, (3) knowledge, and (4) skills. The competency is achieved through extracurricular, curricular and / or extracurricular learning processes. The importance of the correct use of terms in learning materials in schools is one of the important things where in the academic world the use of standard language is a must. In sports and health physical education material which on several occasions uses the term in English, remembering that sports culture originates from a global culture that uses the English term needs to be mastered appropriately by physical and physical education teachers. The questionnaire is used as a data collection tool that uses descriptive quantitative analysis and research data will be obtained from a questionnaire filled out by elementary school PJOK teacher participants in Bangkalan who attended the basic motion material socialization event carried out by the STKIP PGRI Bangkalan sports education study program. Data analysis techniques used by researchers in looking at the percentage of respondents from the questionnaire distributed. Based on the results of the research and discussion above it can be concluded that the understanding of the knowledge of the accuracy of the use of English terminology in the material of large ball games physical and sport education and the results of the analysis have shown that the accuracy of elementary school teachers in using the terminology in English to teach sports the body in elementary school the results are quite good.

Material and Structure Optimization of Substrate Support for Improving CVD Equipment Up Time

We study substrate support structures and materials to improve uptime and shorten preventive maintenance cycles for chemical vapor deposition equipment. In order to improve the rolling of the substrate support, the bushing device adopts a ball transfer method in which a large ball and a small ball are mixed. When the main transfer ball of the bushing part of the substrate support contacts the substrate support, the small ball also rotates simultaneously with the rotation of the main ball, minimizing the resistance that can be generated during the vertical movement of the substrate support. As a result of the improvement, the glass substrate breakage rate is reduced by more than 90 ~ 95 %, and the equipment preventive maintenance and board support replacement cycles are extended four times or more, from once a month to more than four months, and the equipment uptime is at least 15 % improved. This study proposes an optimization method for substrate support structure and material improvement of chemical vapor deposition equipment.

Large ball probabilities, Gaussian comparison and anti-concentration

We derive tight non-asymptotic bounds for the Kolmogorov distance between the probabilities of two Gaussian elements to hit a ball in a Hilbert space. The key property of these bounds is that they are dimension-free and depend on the nuclear (Schatten-one) norm of the difference between the covariance operators of the elements and on the norm of the mean shift. The obtained bounds significantly improve the bound based on Pinsker’s inequality via the Kullback–Leibler divergence. We also establish an anti-concentration bound for a squared norm of a non-centered Gaussian element in Hilbert space. The paper presents a number of examples motivating our results and applications of the obtained bounds to statistical inference and to high-dimensional CLT.

1392 Transjugular Liver Biopsy Causing Hemobilia and the Rarely Reported Hemocholecystitis

INTRODUCTION: Transjugular liver biopsy is a safe and effective tool in liver disease patients in whom percutaneous liver biopsy is contraindicated. Serious complications from transjugular liver biopsy are uncommon. Liver biopsy related hemobilia occurs in less than 1% of cases and hemobilia related hemocholecystitis is very rare. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 56-year old Asian male with ESRD presented with abdominal pain and melena. 3 days prior to presentation he had undergone a transjugular liver biopsy for evaluation of abnormal LFTs and cirrhotic appearing liver on imaging. Vital signs were normal. Exam was significant for epigastric tenderness. Labs with Hb 10.4 gm/dL, Bili 1.1 mg/dL, ALP 307 U/L, AST 131 U/L, ALT 64 U/L, INR 1, and lipase 5069 U/L. CT abdomen showed a distended gallbladder with ovoid debris within (Figure 1). EGD was with no obvious luminal blood. MRCP showed distended gallbladder with a large sludge ball within, normal CBD, and mild pancreatic head edema. Tagged RBC scan was negative. With continued worsening of LFTs and ongoing gradual decline in Hb, patient was suspected to have intermittent hemobilia and biliary obstruction. ERCP showed bulging major papilla with a trace of blood at the orifice. Cholangiogram showed no obvious filling defects in the bile duct. Gallbladder was un-opacified denoting cystic duct obstruction (Figure 2). Biliary sphincterotomy was performed and balloon sweep of the biliary tree was unremarkable except for some minimal sludge. A plastic stent was placed in the CBD. Patient continued to have worsening right upper quadrant abdominal pain with clinical suspicion for acute cholecystitis. Patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy revealing an edematous and severely inflamed gallbladder. Gallbladder lumen contained bloody bile and blood clots. Microscopic examination of gallbladder revealed extensive wall necrosis and acute inflammation (Figure 3). Patient had an uneventful post-operative course. DISCUSSION: Hemobilia after liver biopsy is rare and occurs in less than 1% cases. Acute cholecystitis from hemobilia (hemocholecystitis) is extremely rare and is due to thrombus obstructing the cystic duct. Diagnosing hemocholecystitis is challenging and clinicians need a high index of suspicion in making this diagnosis and thus prevent delay of much needed definitive treatment. Ultrasound and HIDA scan can be useful in making diagnosis. Risk of gallbladder perforation in these cases is 2-15% from gangrenous cholecystitis. Treatment of hemocholecystitis is early cholecystectomy.

Advanced Package Design: Inter-Domain Design Methodologies

Abstract Just as we transitioned from simplistic lead frames to large ball grid arrays decades ago, we find ourselves again at another inflection point in design. Originally a derivative of PCB design, IC package design finds itself straddling both PCB-style design and traditional IC design. Dimensions have shrunk to place IC package design squarely in the same design dimensions as integrated circuits. Likewise, with Moore's law rapidly losing steam to support SoC's as a system integration vehicle, advanced package technologies have been asked to fill the system enablement gap. We now see advanced packaging technologies with silicon content as the system enabler in 2.5D, 3D and fanout wafer-level packaging. Because of the silicon and small geometries, IC design flows and signoff mechanisms are being used to design the next-generation of packaged systems. Package design now finds itself in the forefront of system-level design enablement. Where once system aggregation was done in a SoC at the silicon level, packaging is being used to build a system from technology-optimized die from each functional area (memory, processing, and interfaces). Silicon is no longer just a substrate material for IC manufacturing but a “package” substrate and functional integration vehicle. As such, package design teams find themselves adding IC-based design flows and methodologies. Package designers must look to the IC tools for routing, DRC, and signoff capabilities. Designers are looking for next-generation EDA tools to support these new integration and design challenges, including LVS-like validation checks and IC-based design rules. Rather than transitioning the design team from traditional packaging tools to IC tools entirely, we propose that users can leverage complete design flows that merge the best-in-class capabilities from each of their respective design domains. Is this regard, the best-in-class capabilities can remain in their respective domains, and a design flow can be created that relies on tight integration between both domains. These flows can also leverage a single point of entry for design capture and system level management. Flows based on the system management tool and the appropriate features in each of the domains can be created that enable and optimize complex designs that meet physical, signal integrity, cost and performance requirements. We will describe how capabilities can be leveraged from both domains in a tightly coupled flow, overseen by a design system-management tool, to address the challenges of advanced-technology and silicon-based system.

Optimal eigenvalue estimates for the Robin Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds

We consider the first eigenvalue λ1(Ω,σ) of the Laplacian with Robin boundary conditions on a compact Riemannian manifold Ω with smooth boundary, σ∈R being the Robin boundary parameter. When σ>0 we give a positive, sharp lower bound of λ1(Ω,σ) in terms of an associated one-dimensional problem depending on the geometry through a lower bound of the Ricci curvature of Ω, a lower bound of the mean curvature of ∂Ω and the inradius. When the boundary parameter is negative, the lower bound becomes an upper bound. In particular, explicit bounds for mean-convex Euclidean domains are obtained, which improve known estimates.Then, we extend a monotonicity result for λ1(Ω,σ) obtained in Euclidean space by Giorgi and Smits [10], to a class of manifolds of revolution which include all space forms of constant sectional curvature. As an application, we prove that λ1(Ω,σ) is uniformly bounded below by (n−1)24 for all bounded domains in the hyperbolic space of dimension n, provided that the boundary parameter σ≥n−12 (McKean-type inequality). Asymptotics for large hyperbolic balls are also discussed.

Peanut ball for decreasing length of labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

IntroductionProlonged length of labor is associated with increased maternal and neonatal complications. Therefore, great attention has been given to interventions aimed at reducing the length of labor. One such intervention is the peanut ball, a large elongated exercise ball placed between a woman’s legs during labor. ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to assess the effect of the use of peanut ball in reducing length of labor. Study DesignData sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, Scopus, ClinicalTrial.gov, OVID and Cochrane Library were searched from inception until January 2019. Selection criteria: Selection criteria included RCTs of laboring women with singleton gestations in cephalic presentation at term (≥37weeks) who were randomized to either use of peanut ball or control group (no peanut ball). Data Collection and Analysis: Four trials with 648 nulliparous and multiparous women in spontaneous or induced labor were identified and included. 330 women were randomized to the intervention (peanut ball between the knees during labor) and 318 women to the control. Summary measures were reported as mean difference (MD) with 95% of confidence interval (CI) using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. The primary outcome was total length of labor. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42018082438 ResultsTotal length of labor was 79min shorter in the peanut ball group, but this was not significant (MD −79.1 min, 95% CI −204.9, 46.7). Peanut ball use showed trends toward higher incidence of spontaneous vaginal deliveries (RR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0, 1.2) and lower incidence of cesarean deliveries (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6, 1.0). ConclusionsPeanut ball use was not associated with a significant decrease in total length of labor. Since there were trends toward reductions in length of labor, an increased incidence in spontaneous vaginal deliveries, and lower incidence of cesarean deliveries, more research is needed.

Effects of ball head diameter and stem neck shape in range of motion after total hip arthroplasty: A simulation study

Simulations using three-dimensional computer-aided design were performed with the various conditions to research the movement distance of the ball head and total range of motion until impingement and dislocation (ROM(t)) which involved in joint stability. Although a large ball head increases the entire ROM(t) and oscillation angle, it decreases stability transitioning from impingement to dislocation. Conversely, though large neck diameter increases the simulated stability from impingement to dislocation, it reduces the ROM(t) and oscillation angle. ROM(t) decreases with change in neck shape and is greatly affected by the presence of osteophytes, even if the head–neck ratio remains the same.

ITF report: The state of the game 2018

In order to fulfil its mission of protecting the nature of tennis and encouraging innovation and improvements, the ITF Technical Centre quantifies the parameters that describe the essence of the sport at the elite level, and thus constitute ‘the state of the game’. This annual report aims to establish how players, their equipment and the interaction between them are changing over time, to analyse the impact of these changes on the game and to contemplate the merits of any necessary counter-measures. Point length is a key metric of the nature of the game. Too many short points is generally considered unattractive. Low serve returnability can lead to short points, therefore serve returnability should be monitored and understood. Serve returnability is strongly dependent on post-bounce speed, serve angle and the proximity of the bounce to the centre serviceline or sideline. Taller players typically serve faster than shorter players and therefore generate higher post-bounce speeds, lower returnability serves and consequently more short points. The higher post-bounce speed of serves by these players can be reduced, increasing their returnability, by using a slower court and/or larger ball. A warning indicator signalling an excessive number of short points could be used to determine when regulation of equipment might be used to counteract the rise of shorter points. A more radical response would be to make the service-box narrower to increase the returnability of serves without impacting the speed of subsequent shots.

Spin experiments with a biased ball

Experimental and theoretical results are presented concerning spin and precession of a biased ball. The ball was biased by attaching a small ball to the top surface of a larger ball, and the balls were spun about a vertical axis. The small ball remained near the top of the large ball for up to about 60 s before falling slowly to a point below the equator of the large ball. The long-term stability of this arrangement appears to contradict previous observations with hurricane balls (two balls of equal mass joined together) that show that one ball cannot rise more than about twenty degrees above the equator of the other ball. The stability arises from the fact that the balls precessed about a vertical axis close to but not coincident with the centre of mass. Results are also presented for cases where (a) the small ball was observed to rise above the equator of the large ball, starting from a point below the equator and (b) the balls rolled about a horizontal axis while precessing about a remote vertical axis.

Macroscopic analysis of shot-noise Cox random balls

In this paper, we consider a cluster model of weighted Euclidean random balls generated by a shot-noise Cox process. It is an example of cluster point process. We perform a scaling on the model by shrinking the radii of the balls and compensate this effect by increasing the (mean) number of balls in each cluster, or/and increasing the (mean) number of clusters. We consider two different scenarios, say a local and a global scenario. Heuristically, in the first scenario, we focus on the mean number of large balls in a cluster while in the second one, we focus on the global mean number of large balls in the model. According to the different scenarios, the cluster structure can persist at the limit or disappear.

Heat flow and quantitative differentiation

For every Banach space (Y,\|\cdot\|_Y) that admits an equivalent uniformly convex norm we prove that there exists c=c(Y)\in (0,\infty) with the following property. Suppose that n\in \mathbb N and that X is an n -dimensional normed space with unit ball B_X . Then for every 1 -Lipschitz function f:B_X\to Y and for every \varepsilon \in (0,1/2] there exists a radius r\ge \exp(-1/\varepsilon^{cn}) , a point x\in B_X with x+rB_X\subset B_X , and an affine mapping \Lambda:X\to Y such that \|f(y)-\Lambda(y)\|_Y\le \varepsilon r for every y\in x+rB_X . This is an improved bound for a fundamental quantitative differentiation problem that was formulated by Bates, Johnson, Lindenstrauss, Preiss and Schechtman (1999), and consequently it yields a new proof of Bourgain's discretization theorem (1987) for uniformly convex targets. The strategy of our proof is inspired by Bourgain's original approach to the discretization problem, which takes the affine mapping \Lambda to be the first order Taylor polynomial of a time- t Poisson evolute of an extension of f to all of X and argues that, under appropriate assumptions on f , there must exist a time t\in (0,\infty) at which \Lambda is (quantitatively) invertible. However, in the present context we desire a more stringent conclusion, namely that \Lambda well-approximates f on a macroscopically large ball, in which case we show that for our argument to work one cannot use the Poisson semigroup. Nevertheless, our strategy does succeed with the Poisson semigroup replaced by the heat semigroup. As a crucial step of our proof, we establish a new uniformly convex-valued Littlewood–Paley–Stein \mathcal{G} -function inequality for the heat semigroup; influential work of Martínez, Torrea and Xu (2006) obtained such an inequality for subordinated Poisson semigroups but left the important case of the heat semigroup open. As a byproduct, our proof also yields a new and simple approach to the classical Dorronsoro theorem (1985) even for real-valued functions.

Mixing time for random walk on supercritical dynamical percolation

We consider dynamical percolation on the d-dimensional discrete torus {mathbb {Z}}_n^d of side length n, where each edge refreshes its status at rate mu =mu _nle 1/2 to be open with probability p. We study random walk on the torus, where the walker moves at rate 1 / (2d) along each open edge. In earlier work of two of the authors with A. Stauffer, it was shown that in the subcritical case p<p_c({mathbb {Z}}^d), the (annealed) mixing time of the walk is Theta (n^2/mu ), and it was conjectured that in the supercritical case p>p_c({mathbb {Z}}^d), the mixing time is Theta (n^2+1/mu ); here the implied constants depend only on d and p. We prove a quenched (and hence annealed) version of this conjecture up to a poly-logarithmic factor under the assumption theta (p)>1/2. When theta (p)>0, we prove a version of this conjecture for an alternative notion of mixing time involving randomised stopping times. The latter implies sharp (up to poly-logarithmic factors) upper bounds on exit times of large balls throughout the supercritical regime. Our proofs are based on percolation results (e.g., the Grimmett–Marstrand Theorem) and an analysis of the volume-biased evolving set process; the key point is that typically, the evolving set has a substantial intersection with the giant percolation cluster at many times. This allows us to use precise isoperimetric properties of the cluster (due to G. Pete) to infer rapid growth of the evolving set, which in turn yields the upper bound on the mixing time.

On the range of lattice models in high dimensions

We investigate the scaling limit of the range (the set of visited vertices) for a general class of critical lattice models, starting from a single initial particle at the origin. Conditions are given on the random sets and an associated “ancestral relation” under which, conditional on longterm survival, the rescaled ranges converge weakly to the range of super-Brownian motion as random sets. These hypotheses also give precise asymptotics for the limiting behaviour of the probability of exiting a large ball, that is for the extrinsic one-arm probability. We show that these conditions are satisfied by the voter model in dimensions dge 2, sufficiently spread out critical oriented percolation and critical contact processes in dimensions d>4, and sufficiently spread out critical lattice trees in dimensions d>8. The latter result proves Conjecture 1.6 of van der Hofstad et al. (Ann Probab 45:278–376, 2017) and also has important consequences for the behaviour of random walks on lattice trees in high dimensions.

Characteristics of Organic-Based Thermal Interface Materials Suitable for High Temperature Operation

Abstract Historically, for semiconductors subject to standard operating temperatures--which tend not to exceed 125°C--the Tg (glass transition temperatures) of the organic packaging materials protecting the chips is usually around 175°C. Given that, when it comes to electronics operating at high temperatures—typically an environment where the ambient temperature exceeds 200°C—the use of organic materials is generally prohibited due to rapid degradation. At those elevated temperatures, the packaging materials selected are generally composed of metals and ceramics but these materials come with their own shortfalls as well as higher material and manufacturing costs. Therefore, it would be desirable if there were ‘ruggedized’ versions of the organic compounds so commonly used in semiconductor packaging but available for more extreme temperatures, both to reduce cost and package footprint. Meanwhile, the demands from recent developments in high performance computing (HPC) and high-speed data networks means a greater need for increased power and thermal dissipation coupled with very large package body sizes to accommodate the high I/O count. The latest in server microprocessor (MPU) products can easily generate up to 300W during operation, and the heat generated must be quickly transported away from chip to prevent the threat of thermal shutdown. The thermal dissipation issue is controlled by the use of heat spreaders and heat sinks, both of which are intended to make contact with the back-side of a flipped MPU via a thermal interface material (TIM), as part of a large die, large body-size flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) package. The thermal interface materials discussed here are examples of organic engineered materials that are capable of withstanding higher operating temperatures than typically seen by semiconductors encased in organic-based packaging. This paper will look at the key material and mechanical attributes for a good thermal interface material, examines the pros-and-cons of various thermal interface material formulations, and discusses the factors for reliable thermal dissipation performance.

Evaluation of FCBGA Package Subjected to Four-Point Bend Reliability Test Using Fiber Array Laser Ultrasonic Inspection System

Unique two-beam laser ultrasonic inspection (LUI) probes were developed for the inspection of the quality of all types of chip packages. Microelectronic assembly houses demand reliable quality inspection tools that can identify all interconnect defects across the wide range of chip packages in order to allow for cost-effective rework (when applicable) and to prevent field failures. LUI is a noncontact, nondestructive, and cost-effective technique that can be used as both an online and offline tool for evaluating the quality of solder ball interconnections. In this paper, the authors present the development and validation of unique two-beam LUI probes. The developed probes were validated by using them to evaluate the quality of large flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packages. These two-beam laser probes produce high-amplitude signal in multilayer packages. The high-amplitude signal, in turn, improves the signal-to-noise ratio, which facilitates the detection of very small defects as well as large defects. FCBGA packages that underwent four-point bending tests were successfully evaluated for defects such as laminate separations, pad cratering, and cracks. Finally, the packages were cross-sectioned for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging to validate the LUI results. Finite-element (FE) simulation of the package with four-point bending loading conditions was also carried out to further validate the LUI results.

Flexible, thermally conductive layered composite films from massively exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets

Flexible, electrically insulating and highly thermally conductive materials are desired in the thermal management application of next-generation electronic devices. In this work, bulk boron nitride are exfoliated in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent through a unique combination of large and small ball milling, generating large-volume dispersion with plane defect-free, few-layered boron nitride nanosheets. The exfoliated dispersion is concentrated through centrifugation and further processed into large-area, layered composite films with poly(vinylidene fluoride) through a scalable doctor-blading technique. The high quality of boron nitride nanosheets and their well-ordered layered arrangement imparts the composite film with high in-plane thermal conductivity and low through-plane thermal conductivity. With incorporation of 60 wt% boron nitride nanosheets, the in-plane thermal conductivity is as high as 11.88 W/m K, two orders of magnitude larger than neat poly(vinylidene fluoride). The through-plane thermal conductivity is only 0.41 W/m K, about the same as neat poly(vinylidene fluoride). Besides, the composite film is highly flexible and can be folded without fracture.