Large Arena Research Articles

Parasitization by pteromalid wasps (Hymenoptera) of freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) puparia at varying depths in media.

Three laboratory experiments were performed to assess parasitization of freeze-killed house fly puparia, buried 0 to 6 cm in media, by Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Saunders, Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Virtually no parasitization occurred at depths greater than 1 cm in large arenas (988 cm2) with densities of 0.3 puparia and 0.008 female parasitoids per cm2. Parasitization was observed at depths as great as 4 cm for three of five species in small arenas (3 cm2) with densities of 6.4 puparia and 1.0 female per cm2. Combined across experiments, M. raptor achieved the highest level of parasitization, followed by M. zaraptor, M. raptorellus, U. rufipes, and T. sarcophagae. The greatest number of F1 females was produced by the gregarious species T. sarcophagae (834 female female) and M. raptorellus (708 female female), and then by the solitary species M. raptor (530 female female), M. zaraptor (365 female female) and U. rufipes (163 female female). High parasitization by M. raptor and high production of offspring by T. sarcophagae identify these species as being particularly attractive as biological control agents.

Assessing and interpreting lateralised behaviours in anuran larvae

We review here what is known about lateralised behaviours in tadpoles, focusing on turning biases and methods for testing them. Two testing protocols have been used that are specific for explosive turns which are likely to be Mauthner cell-mediated. They involve recording the turns made by tadpoles: (1) upon descent after they take a breath of air, and (2) after they are mechanically startled. Turning bias has also been explored for tadpoles: (3) in a T-maze, (4) as they exit a tube into a larger arena, and (5) as they turn away from a barrier or object brought towards their snout. Slower turns observed under the last three protocols may not be regulated by the same neuromotor pathways as the faster turns elicited in the first two protocols. Turning biases do not occur in tadpoles of all species. In species where turning biases have been observed during explosive turns, the biases are typically towards the left side. The majority of tadpoles have a single asymmetric left-sided spiracle, yet lateralised behaviours in these tadpoles do not appear to be obligatorily linked to this morphological asymmetry. Tadpole turning biases are usually of the order of 60-90% towards the preferred side and are rarely absolute for individuals, and never for populations. Turning biases, when present, usually appear shortly after hatching and disappear before metamorphosis. Turning biases that appear during metamorphosis may depend on appendicular rather than axial muscle, and thus are fundamentally different behaviours; i.e., involving different neuromuscular components. Lateralised behaviours may occur in anurans before they reach the free-living larval stage. This could include bias in the side towards which a frog embryo coils its tail within the egg case, or the side towards which a newly hatched tadpole leans when lying on the bottom How lateralised behaviours of anurans that change with ontogeny relate to each other is not known Although it has been suggested that turning biases are absent in the more archaic frog genera only two 'archaic' genera have been examined Xenopus and Bombina and the data are too few to discern any clear phylogenetic patterns Lastly we present a model suggesting why tadpoles might have turning biases in situations where maximum speed is paramount This model assumes that the fastest neuromotor programs will be 'hardwired' in the central nervous system The model predicts that the amount of morphological asymmetry in the Mauthner neurons will be directly proportional to the amount of turning bias seen in tadpoles.

Estimating predation rates in experimental systems: scale‐dependent effects of aggregative behaviour

We studied the effect of arena size on estimates of prey mortality rate in predation experiments. In a laboratory experiment involving two of the dominating benthic species in the northern Baltic Sea, the predacious isopodSaduria entomon, and its main prey, the amphipodMonoporeia affinis, the prey mortality rate increased with container radius. The densities of both predator and prey close to the wall increased with container size. We hypothesised that this scale‐dependent coaggregation of predator and prey caused the mortality rates to increase with arena size. We tested the hypothesis with the help of a simple model, by calculating the expected number of prey eaten in containers of different size from experimental data on the distributions of predator and prey within the arenas. A significant relationship between expected and observed numbers eaten supported our hypothesis. As the aggregative response was most pronounced in large arenas, this leads to the counterintuitive conclusion that large containers produced more biased estimates of morality rates than small containers. To further study the effects of coaggregation we explored a general simulation model where both predator and prey preferred the habitat close to the arena wall. The model predicted a humpshaped relationship between encounter rate and arena size. This suggests that when predators and prey show a scale‐dependent tendency to aggregate along arena walls, the most accurate estimates of predation rates may be obtained with very small or very large arenas.

Public relations for leisure properties after September 11: Opportunities if operators see them and seize them

The current business recession and the events of September 11 may actually lead to new business opportunities for the leisure industry. Venues that appeal to families, promote good family fun and can show they are safe have potential to prosper in a very difficult environment. These are issues the author addressed in a November 2001 talk, ‘Building Your Property's Good Name In A Scary New World’, presented at the annual meeting of the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions in Orlando and elaborated upon in this paper. The author's perspectives are taken from observations as a long-time public relations adviser, including counselling the ownership groups of major professional sports teams and also the management staff of a large and successful arena.

Shifting paradigms in geomorphology: the fate of research ideas in an educational context

The acceptance of new ideas into the mainstream of geomorphological education is illustrated from the development of theories dealing with Earth history, glaciation, uniform flow, mass movement, continental mobility, cyclic erosion, and drainage networks. The lag between the conception of new ideas and their incorporation into mainstream texts has varied from negligible to more than 200 years. On one hand, despite its then untestable assumptions, the Davisian cycle of erosion gained rapid favor as the dominant paradigm of the early 20th century before it was found wanting. In contrast, concepts of uniform flow and slope stability, confirmed in the 18th century, waited almost 200 years for incorporation into geomorphology texts sensu stricto, although they had long been available in books on hydraulics and soil mechanics. Continental mobilism had a wild ride, culminating in the eventual acceptance of the plate-tectonics paradigm in the later 20th century. Explanations for the fate of these and other ideas are varied. New ideas are often opposed by establishment conservatism, language barriers, the perceived surrealism of new concepts, and simple ignorance. In contrast, new ideas may be accepted, sooner or later, by virtue of simplicity, forceful and well-connected leadership, or the death of opponents. Although mitigated by the information revolution of recent decades, these forces still persist and influence the extension of new ideas into a larger arena.

Interaction of Testosterone and Social Stimuli on the Feeding Behavior of Male Mountain Spiny Lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi

Experimental elevation of plasma testosterone during the nonbreeding season has previously been shown to reduce the survivorship of male mountain spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi. The reduction in survivorship results from energetic stress caused, in part, by reduced foraging behavior. This study examines proximate explanations for this decreased foraging behavior. In particular, do testosterone-treated males engage in more social behaviors at the expense of feeding? This question was tested by observing the behavior of hormonally manipulated males in a large indoor arena in which both social and prey stimuli were present. Males were tested with social stimuli present during the nonbreeding season (male intruders, sexually unreceptive females, or a combination of male and females) and with stimuli encountered only during the breeding season (sexually receptive females). Testosterone-implanted males ate significantly fewer prey when a sexually receptive female was present, but control males did not. However, a difference in feeding was not observed in any of the nonbreeding stimulus conditions in spite of consistent increases in social behaviors, such as display frequencies. These results indicate that, although high levels of testosterone increase some aspects of social behavior, they do not necessarily lead to decreased feeding in the nonbreeding season.

Communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: 4. Identification of male- and female-produced pheromones

We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive. GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps.

Transfer of ingested insecticides among cockroaches: effects of active ingredient, bait formulation, and assay procedures.

Foraging cockroaches ingest insecticide baits, translocate them, and can cause mortality in untreated cockroaches that contact the foragers or ingest their excretions. Translocation of eight ingested baits by adult male Blattella germanica (L.) was examined in relation to the type of the active ingredient, formulation, and foraging area. Ingested boric acid, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and hydramethylnon that were excreted by adults in small dishes killed 100% of first instars within 10 d and >50% of second instars within 14 d. Residues from these ingested baits were also highly effective on nymphs in larger arenas and killed 16-100% of the adults. However, when the baits and dead cockroaches were removed from the large arenas and replaced with new cockroaches, only residues of the slow-acting hydramethylnon killed most of the nymphs and adults, whereas residues of fast acting insecticides (chlorpyrifos and fipronil) killed fewer nymphs and adults. Excretions from cockroaches that ingested abamectin baits failed to cause significant mortality in cockroaches that contacted the residues. These results suggest that hydramethylnon is highly effective in these assays because cockroaches that feed on the bait have ample time to return to their shelter and defecate insecticide-laden feces. The relatively high concentration of hydramethylnon in the bait (2.15%) and its apparent stability in the digestive tract and feces probably contribute to the efficacy of hydramethylnon. To control for differences among baits in inert ingredients and the amount of active ingredient, we compared 1% chlorpyrifos with 1% hydramethylnon in identical baits. Again, hydramethylnon residues provided greater secondary kill, but the results highlighted the importance of the inert ingredients. We conclude that, in the absence of cannibalism and necrophagy, translocation of baits and secondary kill are most effective with slow acting insecticides in palatable baits that can traverse the digestive tract and be deposited within and around the cockroach aggregation.

Natural segmentation of the locomotor behavior of drug-induced rats in a photobeam cage

Recently, Drai et al. (J Neurosci Methods 96 (2000) 119) have introduced an algorithm that segments rodent locomotor behavior into natural units of ‘staying in place’ (lingering) behavior versus going between places (progression segments). This categorization, based on the maximum speed attained within the segment, was shown to be intrinsic to the data, using the statistical method of Gaussian Mixture Model. These results were obtained in normal rats and mice using very large (650 or 320 cm) circular arenas and a video tracking system. In the present study, we reproduce these results with amphetamine, phencyclidine and saline injected rats, using data measured by a standard photobeam tracking system in square 45 cm cages. An intrinsic distinction between two or three ‘gears’ could be shown in all animals. The spatial distribution of these gears indicates that, as in the large arena behavior, they correspond to the difference between ‘staying in place’ behavior and ‘going between places’. The robustness of this segmentation over arena size, different measurement system and dose of two psychostimulant drugs indicates that this is an intrinsic, natural segmentation of rodent locomotor behavior. Analysis of photobeam data that is based on this segmentation has thus a potential use in psychopharmacology research.

Sex-Based Differences in Antipredator Behavior in the Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Adult females of many arthropods require high food intake for producing eggs, whereas males feed less and spend more time searching for mates. If males and females differentially prioritize activities, they may experience a different ratio of costs to benefits of antipredator behaviors. We investigated sexual differences in the behavioral responses of spotted cucumber beetles, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, to the spider Rabidosa rabida Walckenaer in laboratory arenas in which the beetle could detect the spider, but the spider was prevented from preying upon the beetle. In structurally simple arenas with a single plant, the presence of a spider caused female beetles to spend less time on the plant, and to feed less when on the plant. In contrast, male beetles did not alter their behavior in response to the spider. A second experiment used larger arenas, in which the beetle could choose between a side containing a plant with a spider at its base, and the other side with no spider. Female cucumber beetles spent less time on the side with the spider, whereas males did not consistently change their behavior in response to the spider. The weaker antipredator response of males leads to a greater predation risk, as revealed by a third experiment in which predation was allowed. In this experiment males were 16 times more likely than females to be killed by R. rabida, demonstrating that the lower responsiveness of male beetles to predators increases the risk of being preyed upon.

Don't breathe the air: air pollution and U.S. environmental politics, 1945-1970

With the menace of smog hanging over an increasing number of American cities in the 1960s, Clean Air! became a rallying cry for a new environmentalism. Citizen activists rallied passionately to force state and local governments to address problems that threatened human health and even survival. In Don't Breathe the Air, Scott H. Dewey traces the history of air pollution control efforts, focusing on the decade of the sixties, and describes how local efforts helped create both the modern environmental movement and federal environmental policy. Early in the fight against air pollution, activists recognized the need for intergovernmental solutions. Because air was mobile, no single jurisdiction could address problems alone. Dewey has chosen three case studies involving different sources of air pollution and different configurations of governments to discover how jurisdictional issues affected environmental organization and the ability to clean up the air. First, Dewey looks at Los Angeles, arguably the birthplace of modern air pollution. Because much of the city's air pollution was automobile-related, Los Angeles had to enlist help from the State of California to regulate both the industry and car owners. Relatively speaking, Los Angeles was a success story, one that set important precedents and illustrated a pattern of local concerns entailing action in a larger arena. Dewey then turns to New York City, a city plagued by air pollution problems that involved more than one state and required regional action. In its comparative lack of success in dealing with its atmospheric woes, compounded by the pollution descending on it from neighboring New Jersey, New York was more typical of the overall national pattern than was Los Angeles. Finally, Dewey examines central Florida, where a rural, agricultural area suffered from severe industrial air pollution that required a multi-jurisdictional solution and a confrontation with influential phosphate manufacturers that all levels of government were long reluctant to tackle. Don't Breathe the Air is a comprehensive look at the role of air pollution and citizen activism during the rise of environmentalism in the post-World War II United States. It clearly lays out the issues and strategies that prepared the way for the federal clean air legislation of the 1970s.

Adult Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Attraction to Fruit and Conspecific Odors

We evaluated olfactory attraction of overwintered male and female plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), adults to volatiles released from same or opposite sex conspecifics alone, synthetic male-produced pheromone (grandisoic acid) alone, wild plums alone, or combinations of live single-sex conspecifics or grandisoic acid with plums in large still-air arenas. Male plum curculios were most strongly attracted to volatiles released from females feeding on plums and to volatiles from mechanically punctured plums, which induced male copulations. Males were not attracted to volatiles from grouped males alone or a single male alone or synthetic grandisoic acid alone, and were just as attracted to odor of plums alone as to any of these stimuli in combination with plums, indicating either lack of enhancement of attraction to host plum odor by male-produced odors or synthetic grandisoic acid or lack of production or release of male-produced odors or problematic release of synthetic grandisoic acid. Females were attracted to odor of females alone, males alone, and synthetic grandisoic acid alone, but these attraction responses were not evident when plum odor was present (especially volatiles released from punctured plums), indicating the primary importance of host plum odor and potential influence of amount of male-produced odor in attraction of females. We concluded that female plum curculios may produce an odor attractive to male plum curculios, and both sexes produce an odor attractive to female plum curculios but in general, both male and female plum curculios were strongly attracted to host plum volatiles and only mildly attracted to conspecific odors or synthetic grandisoic acid under the conditions of our tests. We believe that attractive volatiles released from punctured plums should be used as source material to identify potential attractants for plum curculios.

Management vs symbolic leadership and hospitals in transition-a Swedish example

Aim To describe, analyse and interpret symbolic leadership in Swedish public hospitals. Background Swedish hospitals are undergoing major structural changes. Hospitals are amalgamated in order to increase productivity and accessibility and reduce health care costs. Method In-depth interviews have been performed with 54 politicians, senior civil servants, medical directors and trade union representatives at nine hospitals. The interviews have been analysed and interpreted following a grounded theory approach. Findings The results show that leadership is manifested in two dimensions—management and symbolic leadership. The management dimension comprises general leadership aspects like planning, regulation and control. In the symbolic leadership dimension, the leader acts as a guide, inspirer and visionary. Leaders consider they are acting in two large arenas: a public arena and a hospital arena. In the public arena their professional competence is thought to be most important and in the hospital arena their social competence. Conclusions Structural changes in Swedish hospitals have forced the actors to come out into the public arena, where they increasingly meet the media and have to defend budget cut-backs. This reduces their manoeuvring space in the hospital arena. When leaders work as a team, and make full use of their symbolic role, this helps to promote the process of transition. Symbolic leadership has a potential to increase the role repertory for not least the head nurse.

Integration of Repellents, Attractants, and Insecticides in a "Push-Pull" Strategy for Managing German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Populations

"Push-pull" is a behavior manipulation strategy in which behavior-modifying stimuli are integrated with a pest control agent. We evaluated the efficacy of an insecticide bait in combination with attractants ("pull"), repellents ("push"), or both ("push-pull") using a hydramethylnon-based bait, feces-contaminated surfaces as an attractant, and methyl neodecanamide-treated surfaces to repel cockroaches. Both adult males and first-instar German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), chose shelters nearest the attractant-treated surfaces and farthest from the repellent-treated surfaces. Food consumption was highest from food nearest the preferred shelters, and mortality was highest when the insecticide bait was near the preferred shelter. These patterns were more apparent in first instars than in adults. Our results from large arena studies in the laboratory show that the push-pull strategy can be used to displace pests from resources or commodities that are to be protected, and simultaneously lure the pest to an attractant source coupled with a pest control agent. Concentrating cockroaches into a limited area should facilitate the precision-targeting of the pest population and promises to reduce insecticide use.

Humans With Traumatic Brain Injuries Show Place-Learning Deficits in Computer-Generated Virtual Space

Spatial learning and memory has been linked to the hippocampus and temporal lobes and though these areas are often damaged in traumatic brain injury (TBI), spatial learning deficits after TBI have not received much attention. In the present study, a virtual environment was used to challenge people with TBI to solve a task comparable to the Morris water maze, which in turn has been shown to be highly sensitive to hippocampal and frontal lobe dysfunction in laboratory animals. A regular computer monitor was used to present 12 participants with TBI and 12 age- and sex-matched comparison participants with a computer-generated, three-dimensional “virtual arena maze,”' consisting of a large round arena within a very large square room. Participants were required to learn the place of an invisible target on the floor of the room based solely on distal cues on the walls of the room. Eight of the 12 participants with moderate to severe TBI showed substantial place-learning deficits in comparison to the uninjured participants. Performance in the virtual environment correlated with self-reported frequency of wayfinding problems in everyday life and with scores on a test of episodic memory, the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Task. These data confirm that deficits in spatial learning and memory follow TBI, and suggest that the virtual arena maze may provide a new method for objectively assessing them.

Play behaviour in group-housed dairy calves, the effect of space allowance

In dairy calves kept in pens, lack of sufficient space may inhibit the performance of play behaviour. The present study investigated, firstly, if an increase in space allowance increases the occurrence of play behaviour, and secondly, if calves kept at a low space allowance perform more locomotor play when released individually in a large novel area. A total of 96 dairy calves in six repetitions were housed in groups of four, in pens of either 4, 3, 2.2 or 1.5 m 2 per calf from 2 weeks of age. The occurrence of play behaviour in the home environment was recorded continuously for each individual calf during 24 h at 5, 7 and 9 weeks of age. Locomotor play decreased over the weeks (54, 29 and 19 s for weeks 5, 7 and 9, respectively; F 2,40=17.98; P<0.001), and the interaction between space allowance and week tended to be significant ( F 6,40=1.96; P<0.10). At 5 weeks of age, calves kept at 4 or 3 m 2 per calf performed more locomotor play in the home environment than calves at 2.2 or 1.5 m 2 per calf (68, 74, 38 and 39 s for 4, 3, 2.2 and 1.5 m 2 per calf, respectively; F 3,15=3.40; P<0.05), but in weeks 7 and 9, no effects of space allowance were found. In addition, the duration of locomotor play was recorded for all calves during an individual 10-min open-field test in a 9.6×4.8 m arena at 4 and 10 weeks of age. During the open-field test at 10 weeks of age, calves from pens with 1.5 m 2 per calf performed more locomotor play than calves on the remaining treatments (10, 9, 12 and 25 s for 4, 3, 2.2 and 1.5 m 2 per calf, respectively; F 3,15=4.05; P<0.05). The present study shows that an increase in the available space increases the occurrence of locomotor play in the home environment at 5 weeks of age. It also shows that calves kept in pens with the smallest space allowance performed more locomotor play behaviour when released in a large arena at 10 weeks of age.

Spatial learning by rats across visually disconnected environments

Experiments were designed in which some properties of spatial representations in rats could be examined. Adult subjects were trained to escape through a hole at a fixed position in a large circular arena (see Schenk, 1989). The experiments were conducted in the dark, with a limited number of controlled visual light cues, in order to assess the minimal cue requirement for place learning. Three light cues identical in shape, height, and distance from the table were used. Depending on the condition, they were either permanently on or alternatively on or off, contingent on the position of the rat in the field. Two questions were asked: (1) How many identical visual cues were necessary for spatial discrimination in the dark, and (2) could rats integrate the relative positions of separate cues, under conditions in which the rat was never allowed to perceive all three cues simultaneously. The results suggest that rats are able to achieve a place discrimination task even if the three cues necessary for efficient orientation can never be seen simultaneously. A dissociation between the discrimination of the spatial position of the goal and the capacity to reach it by a direct path suggests that, with a reduced number of cues, prolonged locomotion might be required for accurate orientation in the environment.

The importance of stable schooling: do familiar sticklebacks stick together?

Preferences for rejoining shoals composed of familiar individuals have recently been documented in a variety of small, shallow-water fish species. Such preferences are assumed to be adaptive, since familiar groups have improved anti-predator defences and more stable dominance hierarchies. However, the design of these studies may have created conditions that elevate preferences for familiar individuals. Furthermore, in natural habitats, where significant opportunities for inter-shoal transfer may exist, it is unclear whether shoals stay together long enough for such preferences to develop. Here we present the results of a laboratory study examining whether prior familiarity influences the subsequent shoal composition of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) allowed to re-assort freely in a large arena tank. We show that fish from different familiarity groups associate with familiar conspecifics significantly more than predicted by a model of random assortment, suggesting that even when there is ample opportunity for inter-group transfer, shoal composition can remain stable. We discuss the phenomena that may lead to the formation of familiar groups in natural habitats. In addition, we suggest that familiarity benefits may reduce the relative value of transferring to otherwise more attractive (e.g. larger or more phenotypically matched) groups, and thereby stabilize shoal structure.

Food deprivation modulates chronic stress effects on object recognition in male rats: role of monoamines and amino acids

An object recognition task was used to determine if chronic restraint stress (6 h/day for 21 days) impairs non-spatial memory, since chronic restraint is known to impair spatial memory. In addition, food deprivation was tested as a possible modulating factor of any stress effect in this non-reward-dependent task. Following 3 weeks of daily restraint, subjects were tested for open field activity and object recognition (over different delay intervals) during one week in two separate experiments. Experiment 1 involved testing under low demand conditions (small arena) while experiment 2 involved testing under higher-demand conditions (large arena). Basal monoamine and amino acid levels (home cage) were assessed in experiment one and monoamine arousal levels (following a sample trial) were assessed in experiment two. We observed that chronic stress impaired object recognition when the delay was extended beyond 1 h, and that food deprivation could attenuate the degree of impairment. In addition, chronic stress was associated with increased norepinephrine levels in both the amygdala and hippocampus, and dopamine (HVA/DA, DOPAC/DA) in prefrontal cortex. These changes were not observed in stress subjects that were subsequently food deprived. Food deprived subjects had higher basal serotonin activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus as well as higher serum CORT levels. Results suggest that food deprivation may act as a novel stress, thereby increasing subjects' arousal and attention toward the objects, which aids stressed subjects, especially in low-demand conditions. Both restraint and food deprivation affected select limbic areas associated with memory functioning.

Careers in Anesthesiology: Autobiographical Memoirs

Reviewed by: Careers in Anesthesiology: Autobiographical Memoirs Selma Harrison Calmes B. Raymond Fink, ed. Careers in Anesthesiology: Autobiographical Memoirs. Vol. 1: William K. Hamilton, “No Time at All”; Eli M. Brown, “An Autobiographical Essay”; E. M. Papper, “The Palate of My Mind.” Park Ridge, Ill.: Wood Library-Museum [End Page 175] of Anesthesiology, 1997. ix + 217 pp. Ill. $35.00 (cloth), $25.00 (paperbound). Modern American anesthesiology began after World War II, when a small group of male physicians on the East Coast and in the Midwest dedicated themselves to building the critical scientific foundations and developing the needed manpower. These men were often interesting characters and charismatic teachers. The discovery of important scientific principles was sometimes the result of odd clinical cases, and a large political arena—complete with personal feuds and passionate fights over what modern anesthesiology should be. As a resident at the University of Pennsylvania in the mid-sixties, I heard many of these interesting stories and met some of the charismatic characters. These experiences added a new dimension to my specialty. This book will allow many others to hear some of these stories and meet some of these men. This volume is the first of a series of autobiographical essays by noted American anesthesiologists. The Wood Library-Museum (WLM) of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) began the series to commemorate the 1996 sesquicentennial anniversary of the first public demonstration of surgical anesthesia. It supplements another WLM project of videotaped interviews, the Living History series. Essay authors were invited to describe and reflect on the formative events and encounters of their careers. This first volume contains essays by three anesthesiologists who all entered the field as its modern period began. The selection of authors is geographically balanced: they are Drs. William K. Hamilton of San Francisco, Eli Brown of Detroit, and E. M. Papper of New York City (Papper’s section, 150 pages long, overwhelms the others in length). All were chairs of important departments (Hamilton at the University of California at San Francisco, Brown at Wayne State in Detroit, and Papper at Columbia University in New York City), and all went on to serve as leaders in various important specialty organizations such as the ASA and the American Board of Anesthesiology. All contributed significantly to the development of modern anesthesiology and so can document its transition from a “specialty,” such as it was, focused on service to surgeons and delivered by a hodgepodge of personnel (interns, general practitioners, nurses, and even janitorial staff), to a vibrant clinical specialty with an extremely strong basic science foundation—a specialty whose advances have allowed some of the critical advances in surgery, and have led the American public to expect pain-free recovery from surgery and pain-free obstetric deliveries. All three men were introduced to anesthesia by chance, reflecting the lack of teaching of anesthesia in medical schools then. As a medical student, Hamilton happened to be standing by the telephone when a call came to give anesthesia in the clinic to a child with otitis media. While an intern, Brown was told to give anesthesia for a patient’s delivery, with no instruction in anesthesia at all; he—and the patient—survived, but he knew he had to learn more about anesthesia as soon as possible. As an intern at Bellevue, Papper was forced to rotate through anesthesia when another intern contracted tuberculosis; fortuitously, the Bellevue [End Page 176] department was run by E. A. Rovenstine, a vital early leader of the specialty who had trained at the University of Wisconsin under Dr. Ralph Waters, the father of modern academic anesthesiology. All three had exposure to critical early leaders: Hamilton to Stuart Cullen at the University of Iowa, Brown to Robert Dripps at the University of Pennsylvania while stationed at Valley Forge General Hospital, and Papper to Rovenstine, a charismatic leader and energetic teacher. World War II and its aftermath led to early opportunities for leadership for the three. For example, the war ended during Hamilton’s senior medical school year. Army service was still required, and after a rotating internship with no significant training in anesthesia, he was made chief of anesthesia at one of...