Large Areas Of Land Research Articles

Shallot growth and production responses to application of microorganisms based-biostimulant and NPK fertilizer combinations on acid soil

Shallot plants require attention because the demand for this high-value commodity is increasing, especially as Indonesia expands its cultivation over a large area of land. This study aimed to assess the potential of microorganism-based biostimulant formula doses and NPK combinations in promoting shallot growth and production in acidic soil. The experiment used an RCD with four treatments: P=control; P1=standard NPK (600 kg· ha1 urea, 250 kg·ha1 SP-36, and 175 kg·ha1 KCl); P2=3 ml L1 biostimulant + 3/4 standard NPK; and P3=5 ml L1 biostimulant + 3/4 standard NPK with four replications. The observed parameters were plant height, number of leaves and bulbs, as well as bulb fresh and bulb dry weights. The results showed that all treatments gave significantly different effects on all observed parameters. Treatment of P1, P2 and P3 showed a higher bulb’s number and dry weight than control. The P3 is an optimal treatment with a bulb number of 10.0 ± 2.2 per clump. This biostimulant formula is an eco-friendly, renewable, and promising technology for improving the growth and production of shallots in acidic soil.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengambilan Keputusan Petani Melakukan Usahatani Jagung Hibrida (Zea Mays) di Desa Tungka Kecamatan Enrekang Kabupaten Enrekang

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the influence of land area, experience, age, income, production, and geography factors significantly or not on farmers' decisions in conducting corn farming in Tungka Village, Enrekang District, Enrekang Regency. This research was conducted in Tungka Village, Enrekang District, Enrekang Regency in June-August 2022. The research method used was a survey method. While the sampling method used is simple random sampling. Methods of data collection using observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The data analysis used is quantitative descriptive analysis. There were 48 samples in this study which were processed using the SPSS 21 application and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. From the results of the study, it is known: that the decision of farmers in cultivating corn farming is partially influenced by factors of age (X3), income (X4), and topography (X6) while simultaneously the six independent factors namely large area of ​​land, experience, age, income, production, and topography no real effect.

Pengaruh Asal Bahan tanam dan Macam Varietas tebu (Saccarum officinarum. L) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Bibit pada Potray

Sugarcane as a raw material for the sugar industry is included in plantation commodities which play an important role in the economy in Indonesia. Sugarcane plants are propagated conventionally by using stem parts that have buds. This conventional method has the disadvantage that it requires a longer time, requires a large area of nursery land and the resulting seeds are less uniform. In addition to mule seeds, there are sugarcane seeds from one bud, namely a single bud (Bud Set) and a single bud (Bud Chip). This study aims to determine the vegetative growth of sugarcane seedlings in pot trays based on the treatment of the origin of the planting material and the treatment of the use of various varieties and the relationship between the use of several origins of planting materials and the types of sugarcane varieties on the vegetative growth of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) seedlings. This research was conducted from July to November 2022 at the Jember State Polytechnic on soil types associated with regosol latosol. The experimental design used was a factorial randomized block design (RAKF) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the origin of the planting material: Bud Chip (B1) and Bud Set (B2). The second factor is the variety of varieties consisting of the Cenning variety (V1), the GMP 04 (V2) variety, and the VMC 76-16 (V3) variety. The results showed that the original treatment of planting material had a significant effect on the vegetative growth of sugarcane in the parameters of sugarcane height (cm), number of leaves (strands) of sugarcane, and number of tillers (fruit). While the treatment of various varieties of sugarcane did not affect the vegetative growth of sugarcane on the parameters of height (cm), the number of leaves (strands), the number of tillers (fruit), and there was no interaction between the origin of the planting material and the types of sugarcane varieties on vegetative growth on the height parameter. seedlings (cm), number of leaves (strands), number of tillers (fruits

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Bud Set Tebu (Saccarum officinarum L.) Pada Aplikasi Mikroorganisme Lokal Dari Fermentasi Ekstrak Keong Emas

Sugarcane plant (Saccarum officinarum L.) is one of the plantation commodities as a raw material for sugar production. The success rate of sugar production is greatly influenced by productivity, one of which is nursery techniques and soil nutrient requirements. In the nursery aspect, the innovation of the single bud planting (SBP) or Bud set method of sugarcane seeding is currently the recommended technology for sugarcane nurseries. The advantages of the Bud set include simultaneous growth, no need for large areas of land, early maturing seeds, and high quality and certainty of life. But for alternative fertilizers that currently can use organic fertilizers from materials around. One of them is a biological organic fertilizer containing Local Microorganisms (MOL) made from golden snail, where the tryptophan amino acid compound is the precursor compound for ZPT Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) so that it can be used as a growth regulator. The golden snail MOL treatment used a concentration of 0% (control); 2.5%; 5.0%; 7.5%; 10.0%; 12.5% ​​with an application frequency of 2 weeks and 4 weeks on 180 sugarcane seeds. The aim of the study was to examine the use of liquid organic fertilizer from golden snail on the productivity of sugarcane. The best results of the study and the parameters used occurred in the 8th week, namely, stem diameter 1.09 cm, number of tillers 3,6, root wet weight 18,23 grams, root dry weight 6,33 grams, and root length 32,33 cm

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA NOELBAKI KECAMATAN KUPANG TENGAH KABUPATEN KUPANG

This research was conducted in Noelbaki Village, Central Kupang Subdistrict, Kupang Regency in October - November 2022, with the aim of knowing the productivity, income and factors affecting productivity and income of paddy rice farming in Noelbaki Village, Central Kupang Subdistrict, Kupang Regency. The selection of the research location was carried out purposively with the consideration that Noelbaki Village is a producer of paddy rice with the largest land area in the Central Kupang sub-district. The research sample was taken with the Simple Random Sampling technique, where there were 3 farmer groups, namely, the Dendeng farmer group totaling 345 members, the Joint Business farmer group totaling 220 members and the Dahulu Rasa farmer group totaling 180 members using a 10% error rate which took 75 respondents.
 The results showed that the productivity of rice farming ton/ha is still far from the national average productivity of 8 tons/ha. The income of paddy rice farming in Noelbaki Village obtained an average income of Rp 22,315,343. While partially or individually, the variable Farming Experience (X1), variable Land Area (X5), and Pesticides (X8) partially affect the productivity of rice paddy farming in the village. The variables that affect the income (Y2) are, variable Labor (X3), Cost (X4) and Land Area (X5).

Research on Cavitation Performance of Bidirectional Integrated Pump Gate

A pump gate is a device that controls the flow of water. It can stop the flood when it comes, drain the ponding gathered in the city, and improve the water circulation of the city. Traditional pumping stations require a large land area, and their pump houses and gates need to be designed separately. Furthermore, the construction period of traditional pumping stations is lengthy, and the maintenance costs are high. It can no longer meet the needs of modern cities for water environment management. Therefore, it is imperative to design a new type of pump gate. The integrated pump gate introduced in this paper is an integrated construction of gates and pumps to achieve automatic control and bidirectional operation. The research mainly consists of three parts: design of pumping station, theoretical analysis, and numerical calculation. By studying the unstable flow inside the integrated pump, the characteristics and the degree of cavitation occurrence are predicted. This can provide a reference basis for the optimal design and stability operation of the integrated pump gate. To investigate cavitation in an integrated pump gate, numerical simulations were performed for multiple operating conditions using the SST turbulence model. Constant numerical simulations of cavitation through numerical calculation, the characteristic curves of the integrated pump gate under forward and reverse operation at different flow points were obtained, and flow field analysis was performed for the model pump at 1.0 Q. The location and degree of cavitation occurrence were predicted. In this study, a preliminary analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of cavitation on the internal flow characteristics of integrated gate pumps. The research collected data related to cavitation characteristics, streamline patterns, and blade pressures. Additionally, the study explored the characteristics of cavitation phenomena, laying the foundation for the optimization of the design of bidirectional operation in integrated sluice gate pumps for future practical engineering applications.

How will power outages affect the national economic growth: Evidence from 152 countries

Electricity system security is facing severe challenges due to climate change, natural disasters, and network cyber-attacks. Although the microeconomic impacts of power outages on economic output have been well studied, there is insufficient understanding on their macro-economic effects, thus failing to efficiently support the electricity reliability policies. With this motivation, this study first constructs a theoretical model to analyze the mechanism between power outages and economic growth based on the classical production function. Then, an empirical econometric model is developed from the theoretical analysis and applied to 152 countries. To address the potential endogeneity problems, an index of annual country lightning density is calculated using remote sensing data and is served as an instrumental variable of power outages. Our major findings are that: (1) every 1% decrease in System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) will lead to an increase in global economic growth of 2.16%. (2) the impacts of power outages are heterogenous among different countries, and larger impacts occur in countries of lower-income, larger land area and lower electrification rates. (3) the improvement of power infrastructure quality in low-income countries can significantly narrow the world wealth gap, and the Gini index will decline by 9.55 ‰ if the SAIDI in low-income countries is reduced to 10% quantile of that in high-income countries. Our results provide evidence for investment in power system operating and power supply quality improving.

Financial analysis and contribution of arabica coffee for sustainable coffee farming in Sitolu Bahal Village, Lintongnihuta Subdistrict, Humbang Hasundutan Regency

Coffee is one of the leading plantation commodities which has an important role in the economy. Coffee acts as a provider of employment, a source of income, and foreign exchange through exports. However, in carrying out coffee farming, farmers experience obstacles that can affect the level of income contribution from coffee farming which ultimately affects family income and the sustainability of coffee farming. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial feasibility of Arabica coffee farming and to determine the contribution of Arabica coffee agribusiness income to family income and sustainability of Arabica coffee farming. The determination of the research area was carried out by purposive sampling (sampling with a specific purpose) because Sitolu Bahal Village has the largest land area in Lintongnihuta Subdistrict. The analytical method used was the feasibility analysis, namely the analysis of NPV, Net B/C, and IRR methods, and the analysis of the proportions (contribution of family income) method. The research results showed that the NPV value was IDR 10,682,488.69, the Net B/C value was 28.85, and the IRR value was 44.24%. The contribution of Arabica coffee farming income to family income was 13%. This high contribution shows that the farming business is sustainable.

Leveraging NAIP Imagery for Accurate Large-Area Land Use/land Cover Mapping: A Case Study in Central Texas

Large-area land use land cover (LULC) mapping using high-resolution imagery remains challenging due to radiometric differences between scenes, the low spectral depth of the imagery, landscape heterogeneity, and computational limitations. Using a random forest (RF)- supervised machine-learning algorithm, we present a geographic object-based image analysis approach to classifying a large mosaic of 220 National Agriculture Imagery Program orthoimagery into lulc categories. The approach was applied in central Texas, USA, covering over 6000 km2. We generated 36 variables for each object and accounted for spatial structures of sample data to determine the distance at which samples were spatially independent. The final rf model produced 94.8% accuracy on independent stratified random samples. In addition, vegetation and water indices, the mean and standard deviation of principal components, and texture features improved classification accuracy. This study demonstrates a cost-effective way of producing an accurate multi-class land use/land cover map using high-spatial/low-spectral resolution orthoimagery.

Impact of selected land fragmentation parameters and spatial rural settlement patterns on the competitiveness of agriculture: Examples of selected European and Asian countries

Existing methods of assessing land fragmentation (LF) are mainly based on analysis of parameters at the level of plots and individual farms. However, existing methods appear to be insufficient in the assessment of the spatial structure of land at the regional and national levels.The aim of the research is to propose an effective way of comparing the land fragmentation parameters that determine the profitability of agriculture. To estimate the parameters of large-area land fragmentation, data on the spatial distribution of rural settlements and on average land fragmentation parameters were used. A grid-based structure was employed. The grid cell size represents the average size of plots, whereas the numerical values associated with grid cells represent the minimum distances of plots from farm buildings. Using the aforementioned grid and data on the impact on operating costs of plot size and distance from settlements, spatial indicators were obtained that show the diversity of economic costs related to the examined land fragmentation parameters.The obtained results showed a very large variation in the operating conditions of the farms, depending on the LF parameters. The average size of cultivated fields ranges from 0.5 ha (Pakistan) to 67.2 ha (Slovakia), while the average distance of plots from farm buildings ranges from 334 m (China) to 2781 m (Turkey), although the maximum observed values for straight-line distances significantly exceed 7 km, and this value increases to 10 km when the orthogonal layout of roads is taken into account. The density of field boundaries varies from 250 m/ha to over 3500 m/ha, and the associated estimated loss of cultivated area may reach 1.5% of the total cultivated land area (Pakistan). In economic terms, the variability in land cultivation costs related to the size of plots and their distance from buildings varies from 535 EUR/ha/year (Slovakia) to 1412 EUR/ha/year (Greece), which indicates a nearly threefold difference in this aspect.The proposed approach should facilitate an assessment of the competitiveness of agriculture in individual countries. It can also be used when planning land consolidation projects, assessing the risks associated with land abandonment, estimating the negative impact on the environment of fossil fuel combustion effects in agriculture, and determining the impact of land fragmentation parameters on poverty and migration phenomena in rural areas.

Analisis Organisasi & Pengembangan Kapasitas Kelembagaan Pada Sektor Wisata

The problems that exist in the Pekalongan Regency Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports Office (Disporapar) on the one hand are problems in the organisational structure, especially in charge of Tourism, which has no sub-fields, even though the workload is very high. Another problem is that many tasks in the tourism sector have not been handled properly, such as the implementation of the licensing process and public services in the tourism sector, the implementation of qualifications and administration of tourism services, coordination and formulation of standards, norms and tourism promotion, and facilitation of tourism product development and the tourism business world and the creative economy in the tourism sector. On the other hand, it is a heavy responsibility for Disporapar to coordinate, communicate and socialise due to the low participation of the community to become "people aware of tourism".The purpose of the study was to analyse efforts to develop institutional capacity in public services in the field of tourism in Disporapar Pekalongan Regency. Analyse the factors that hinder and support capacity development efforts in public services in the field of tourism in Disporapar Pekalongan Regency. The data used are primary and secondary data. With data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques through four stages that must be passed, namely information collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions.Based on the results of the analysis of the above research, the conclusion is that first, the development of institutional capacity in coordinating public services in the tourism sector at the Pekalongan Regency Disporapar is not yet sufficient internally, such as budget improvement, improvement of organizational structure, recruitment of human resources apparatus, and provision of infrastructure facilities. Second, externally, there has been no development and improvement of tourism objects that are adequate for the consumption of local and foreign tourists in Pekalongan Regency. Thirdly, there is a lack of participation and awareness of the people to form "Rakyat Sadar Wisata" groups, but more people are not aware of tourism, so there is still "robbery" and destruction of tourist attraction facilities, illegal parking in tourist attraction areas, inadequate number and condition of tourist attraction facilities, and a lack of investors. However, there is a relief in the support from the Provincial and Central Governments as well as the availability of large areas of coastal, inland and mountainous land in Pekalongan Regency and the many potential natural resources in Pekalongan Regency that have not been utilised. However, there is a relief that there is support from the provincial and central governments as well as the availability of large areas of coastal, inland and mountainous land in Pekalongan Regency and there are still many potential natural resources in Pekalongan Regency that have not been utilised to create new tourism objects.

Analysis and Prospect of Key Technology Applications in Unmanned Smart Farms

Due to the large agricultural population and limited arable land area, China's agriculture has always been based on small farms. However, with the gradual intensification of population aging and the advancement of urbanization, the agricultural labor force is now decreasing. In the future, China's food security will face the challenges of "who will cultivate land" and "how to cultivate land". One of the implementation paths to solve this problem is unmanned farm technology. This article systematically elaborates on the concept and technical architecture of unmanned farms, as well as key technologies such as infrastructure, operating equipment, data monitoring systems, and control service platforms, through the technical practice of unmanned farms in Jiading District, Shanghai. It deeply explores the development of unmanned farms and has certain guiding significance for the development of unmanned farms.

Regulation and optimization of cultivated land in different ecological function areas under the guidance of food security goals-a case study of Mengjin County, Henan Province, China

China’s arable land is facing the dual constraints of increasing “non-grain” and tightening ecological control. However, extreme emphasis on food production or excessive attention to ecological protection cannot effectively solve the practical problems of cultivated land utilization. In this paper, evaluation indexes were selected from the aspects of ecological service, landscape integrity, ecological sensitivity, etc., and ecological importance evaluation system for territory space was constructed. The ecological importance of territorial space was divided into three ecological functional areas, namely, the extremely important regions, the relatively important regions and the general regions. The morphological characteristics of cultivated land use in different ecological function areas were described systematically, and the main problems of cultivated land use in different regions were analyzed. On the basis of ensuring the ecological security of territorial space, this paper puts forward the regulation and control plan of cultivated land in different ecological functional areas aiming at food security, and makes an empirical study with Mengjin County as the case area. The results showed that: under the guidance of food security objectives, the implementation of different types of cultivated land remediation programs according to the problems existing in different ecological functional areas could guarantee food security to the greatest extent and amplify the ecological and environmental effects of land remediation. By means of land consolidation and ownership adjustment, the abandoned farmland in general and relatively important ecological regions can be restored for food use, which can not only enhance the food supply capacity, but also without causing damage to the ecological environment. There is a large area of arable land in the ecologically extremely important regions. Large-scale ecological conversion will have a certain impact on food security supply. Promoting ecological farming is an important way to resolve the contradiction between food safety production and ecological environment protection. This study can provide reference for decision making of arable land consolidation in the new period.

Parabolic trough solar collectors: A sustainable and efficient energy source

Fossil fuels are a finite resource that is becoming increasingly expensive. Solar energy is a renewable resource that has the potential to provide a lifetime supply of energy. Parabolic trough solar collectors are a type of solar thermal collector that can be used to generate electricity. This paper discusses the potential advantages and challenges of using parabolic trough solar collectors. One of the main advantages of parabolic trough solar collectors is their scalability. They can be used to generate electricity on a small scale, such as for a home or business, or on a large scale, such as for a power plant. Parabolic trough solar collectors are also reliable and have a long lifespan. They are not as susceptible to weather damage as other types of solar collectors, such as photovoltaic panels. However, there are some challenges associated with using parabolic trough solar collectors. One challenge is that they require large land areas. Another challenge is that they can be expensive to maintain. Despite the potential, further research is essential to address these issues. Future prospects lie in optimizing land use, enhancing maintenance strategies, and advancing collector technology to harness the full potential of parabolic trough solar collectors. Overall, parabolic trough solar collectors are a promising technology for generating electricity from solar energy. However, more research is needed to address the challenges associated with this technology.

Implementing land-based litter surveys through visual inspection of imagery using unmanned aerial vehicles

Understanding the location of dumping sites, or where littering occurs, is needed for effective and efficient waste management efforts. South Africa experiences open indiscriminate dumping and faces a challenging social practice of littering. This pilot study used unmanned aerial vehicle imagery, aimed to monitor litter loads (illegal dumps and individual littered items) over a large land area (> 2 km2) to assess potential change in litter through time. Two techniques, the Percentage Cover Technique and the Comparison Technique, were used. The two techniques were trialed at five sites to quantify litter load and monitor change over time. Overall, through the Percentage Cover Technique, 13.5% of the study area was covered in litter in February 2020, and this decreased to 10.3% by July 2021. All five sites individually showed a decrease in litter loads, with significant differences between imagery sets (H(2) = 52.786, P < 0.001) and between surveyors (U = 15 567 399, n1=n2=5 211, P < 0.001 two-tailed). The Comparison Technique revealed that of the 10 422 blocks analysed in this study, litter coverage decreased in 10.3% and increased in 8.3%, of them. The study showed that the Comparison Technique is an easy and inexpensive method to monitor litter loads on large scales and could therefore be replicated across Africa which has limited resources (financial and expertise).

Non-Grain Production of Cultivated Land in Hilly and Mountainous Areas at the Village Scale: A Case Study in Le’an Country, China

Non-grain production of cultivated land (NGPCL) is an essential factor that affects food security and sustainable agricultural development. Due to the large population and limited land area present in China, cultivated land resources are more extensive and valuable in hilly and mountainous areas, though the expansion of NGPCL threatens food security and is detrimental to the sustainable use of cultivated land resources. To better understand the problem of NGPCL in hilly and mountainous areas, this paper initially classifies NGPCL into four distinct types, namely unplanted cultivated land (UCL), planted non-grain crops (PNGC), engineering recoverable (ENR), and immediately recoverable (IMR), based on their planting types and attributes. Subsequently, we analyzed the spatial patterns and differentiation characteristics of these NGPCL types in Le’an County at the village scale through exploratory spatial data analysis and studied their driving factors using the geographical detector model. The findings show that the NGPCL rate in Le’an County was 18.53%, with ENR occupying the largest area, followed by PNGC and UCL, while IMR had the smallest area. The spatial distribution of NGPCL in Le’an County suggests that there are correlations with all four types of NGPCL, which exhibit spatial clustering, except for IMR, which displays spatial heterogeneity. We attribute the phenomenon of NGPCL in Le’an County to natural, social, and economic factors, with the driving forces having varying degrees of influence. Specifically, slope, altitude, and cultivated land protection intensity play significant roles in the overall NGPCL. This paper is of crucial significance to the local agricultural management department’s efforts to prevent and control the non-grain production of cultivated land and the Chinese Government’s efforts to ensure food security.

GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis for Selecting Suitable Areas for Urban Green Spaces in Abomey-Calavi District, Southern Benin

Green spaces contribute to a significant improvement in quality of life and maintain the sustainability of cities. In Benin, despite the political willingness regarding greening, municipalities are experiencing technical issues in finding suitable spaces to achieve this goal. This study should therefore be applicable to many other towns in Benin. It aims at identifying suitable areas for green spaces to integrate landscaping into urban planning in Abomey-Calavi district. Multi-criteria analysis combining GIS and the hierarchical classification approach was performed. Six factors (land use, altitude, slope, distance from main roads, proximity to urban centres and distance from flood zones, water bodies) were combined using the ArcGIS “Spatial Analysis” extension to generate a map of green space suitability. The results show large areas of land, of which 23.27% is very suitable and 26.06% is suitable for landscaping in this municipality. The ranking of the factors revealed that elevation, proximity to road networks, large conurbations and distance from wetlands accounted for 18%, compared with 14% for the other factors regarding the study environment. However, the use of these results must take into account the existing inhabited areas for a good site selection. These outputs provide guidance for decision-makers in choosing suitable sites for green spaces and integrating them into sustainable development.

Evidence-Based Policy Recommendations for Public Health Emergency Operation Centers in Regional Settings: A Case Study in Indonesia.

Background: Public health emergencies require integration between multiple stakeholders in different sectors to monitor the situation and carry out an appropriate response. As a country with a large land area consisting of thousands of islands, Indonesia's centralized Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) system is currently unable to effectively contain diseases. A PHEOC system reform is required to accommodate Indonesia's circumstances, particularly at the regional level. We have outlined potential models at the sub-national level for PHEOC based on existing evidence. Policy Options and Recommendations: Based on existing evidence of PHEOC models internationally, we have formulated three policy models for regional-level PHEOC. These models (the ad hoc agency model, the independent agency model, and the Province Health Office (PHO)-based model) entail different chains of command, and each has its own benefits. Conclusion: We recommend that the Ministry of Health in Indonesia adopt the third PHEOC policy model, in which the chain of command lies under the PHO. This is the most practical approach, as the PHO has the authority to mobilize units and access resources in response to imminent public health emergencies. Further training and capacity-building are required to support the PHO as the commander of the regional PHEOC.

Spatio-temporal evolution and future simulation of urban agglomeration expansion in the Guangdong–Hongkong–Macau Greater Bay Area

Urban agglomerations are growth poles that promote regional economic development; however, rapid expansion exerts an increasingly negative influence on regional ecosystem security, restricting sustainable urban development. Therefore, predicting the impact of future expansion on regional ecological security can guide regionally coordinated development. In this study, we used land-use data to determine the spatiotemporal evolution of urbanization and land use in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) urban agglomeration from 1990 to 2020 and employed the artificial neural network–cellular automata (ANN–CA)–Markov model to simulate future expansion under three different scenarios for 2025 and 2035. From 1990 to 2020, the overall development level of the GBA urban agglomeration was relatively high, with the area of construction land following a pattern of first increasing rapidly and then gradually transitioning to a slower rate of growth. Land use was consistently dominated by forest land, which accounted for more than 50% of the total land area, followed by arable land (30.56%) and construction land (7.92%). The most intense expansion in the GBA occurred in the main urban areas of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Dongguan, and other cities. The expansion sources were mainly farmland, water, and other ecological land types. The spatial structure and characteristics of simulated future regional land-use changes in 2025 and 2035 differed significantly under the three different scenarios. Under the natural development scenario, urban expansion was unconstrained, and rapid growth occurred over a large area of ecological land. Conversely, the addition of ecological constraints effectively controlled the occupation of forest land and cultivated land. Under the economic development scenario, urban expansion incorporated more unused and cultivated land. The results of this study provide a reference for policy decision-making in regional planning, urban planning, and regional ecological protection under multiple future scenarios.

Dynamic Changes and Driving Mechanisms of Net Primary Production (NPP) in a Semi-Arid Region of China

The objective of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of net primary production (NPP) change combined with land use and to further explore the driving factors of NPP change, allowing us to provide a scientific reference point for optimizing the land-use structure and improving regional carbon sequestration capacity. The average annual NPP ranged from 200 to 300 gC/m2•a in the period of 2001–2020 in our study area. We used trend analysis and linear regression analysis to explore the spatial and temporal dynamic changes in annual NPP and analyzed the driving mechanism in a semiarid region (western Jilin Province) of China in the period of 2001–2020. The results showed that NPP presented a trend of fluctuating growth, and the spatial distribution of NPP showed that NPP values of cultivated land, forest and grassland were generally higher than those of other land-use types. The high value in the southeastern region and low value in the northwestern region were identified because there were large areas of cultivated land distributed in the southeastern part of the study area in the period of 2001–2020. The main driving factors that affected NPP were annual precipitation, CO2 emissions, GDP and hours of sunshine. NPP was positively correlated with annual precipitation, CO2 emissions and GDP, and it had a significant negative correlation with hours of sunshine. Our study provides important support for research into land-use structure and improvements to the regional carbon sequestration capacity, making an important contribution to regional sustainable development.