Large Amount Of Oil Research Articles

Lipoid Pneumonia in Infants and Children

LIPOID pneumonia which follows the entrance of oily substances into the lungs is now recognized as a disease entity. The present paper is based on an analysis of 27 cases observed at the Children's Hospital. Twelve of these were found in a series of 137 consecutive autopsies. Other reports give the statistical incidence of this not uncommon condition as follows: Pinkerton (1), six cases in 290 autopsies; Laughlen (2), one case in 300 autopsies; Ikeda (3), seven in 101 autopsies. Goodwin (4) found 25 cases in a period of ten years at the Harriet Lane Home. Laughlen (1925) is generally acknowledged as the first to report and describe the effects of aspiration of oily substances into the lungs. He reported three cases in children following the naso-pharyngeal installation of liquid petrolatum. On pathologic examination, the alveoli were found to contain large quantities of oil, some of which lay free in the alveoli although the greater portion was located within large mononuclear cells. Cuboidal epithelium replaced the usual epithelial lining of the alveoli, similar to the change often found in atelectasis. Later Thomas and Jewett (5) recorded a case of pneumonia following the aspiration of a large quantity of cream. Pinkerton (1) described six cases of lipoid aspiration causing inflammation of the lung. The cases varied in the type of oil aspirated, likewise in the length of time the oily substances had been in the lungs. He was able, because of the latter, to recognize three stages of the disease. The first corresponds to Laughlen's (2) findings; the second was a stage of interstitial fibrosis; the third, practically an end-result, showed a firm nodular fibrosis of the lungs. He noted also, that the mild vegetable oils, such as poppy-seed, olive, and sesame oil, caused the. least reaction, while cod-liver oil, lard, and other animal fats caused a sudden and violent reaction in the lungs with hemorrhage and necrosis. When liquid petrolatum was aspirated, proliferative pneumonia followed. He confirmed Laughlen's findings of the frequent association in the lung of infection with lipoid pneumonia. The roentgenograms of Pinkerton's (1) cases showed nothing which could be called characteristic of the condition. Goodwin (4), Ikeda (3), and Pierson (6) described in more detail the roentgenographic findings. The latter in his conclusion stated that the presence of fatty material in the lungs produces a very interesting roentgen picture dependent upon the phase of the disease at the time of examination. He could establish, however, no pathognomonic signs and hoped that his study might stimulate roentgenologists to make further observations which might aid in the roentgen diagnosis. This series of 27 cases of lipoid pneumonia in the Children's Hospital was studied especially from the standpoint of roentgen diagnosis. Of the 27 patients, 22 died, and 20 of that number were autopsied.

Extraction of spent bleaching materials

Large amounts of oils and fats are recoverable from spent bleaching materials. On account of the extreme fineness of the bleaching materials special equipment is required. A solvent extraction process, plant and equipment are described with operating costs and results given.

Roentgenographic Changes Following the Introduction of Mineral Oil in the Lung

MINERAL oil has been used for many years in the treatment of certain of the diseases of the respiratory tract but only within the past ten years has attention been directed to the possibility of pathologic sequelæ to oil within the lungs. The earlier reports of lung injuries were those in which accidental aspiration of oils had occurred in young and debilitated infants. Cases of this nature have been reported by Goodwin (14), Grayzel and Du Mortier (15), Laughlen (22), Pinkerton (27), Rabinovitch and Lederer (30) and by Pollak and Potter (29). Most of their cases had been diagnosed clinically as bronchopneumonia, the correct diagnosis having been made at autopsy. The fundamental pathologic process was found to have been the presence of numerous large mononuclear phagocytes containing oil droplets and the marked proliferation of the connective tissue in the alveolar walls. The type and the degree of the reaction varied, depending on the amount and the duration of the oil in the lung prior to autopsy. Up to the present time only five instances of fatal lung injury in adults, due to oil, have been reported in the literature. One patient (33) had aspirated butter fat because of cardiospasm; in another (19) the source of the oil was not determined; Laughlen's patient (22), who had a laryngeal paralysis, was given naso-pharyngeal instillations of mineral oil. In the remaining two cases (4, 10), the condition followed prolonged use of large amounts of mineral oil in the nose. In all of these cases the secondary fibrosis was the most significant part of the pathologic findings. Pinkerton (28), in a series of experiments on dogs and rabbits, definitely proved that the intratracheal instillation of mineral oil produced marked pulmonary changes, consisting of fibrosis of the alveolar walls together with the presence of large numbers of greatly swollen phagocytes, each of which contained numerous small droplets of oil. Pinkerton found that the vegetable oils produced but little reaction in the lung although in some of his animals the oil had been in the lung for several months before autopsy was done. Iodized vegetable oils occasionally caused minute abscesses, especially in areas in which there had been bronchial obstruction, but in most of his animals produced no changes. In the x-ray laboratory at St. Vincent's Hospital we have observed three cases in which there were noted pulmonary changes following prolonged or intensive use of mineral oil in the respiratory tract. In all of these cases oil droplets were found in the sputum. In one of the cases, which went to autopsy, large amounts of oil were found in the lung, the oil being identified as mineral oil by chemical tests. This patient had had no oil administered for a period of six years and eight months prior to the autopsy. From the study of these cases we believe that a rather characteristic roentgenographic picture is produced when an excessive amount of mineral oil is placed in the lung.

Possible Effect of Oil of Gaultheria in Diet of Mice Susceptible to Spontaneous Carcinoma of the Breast: II. A Latent Period?

In the first paper in this series,2 data were presented which indicated that the occurrence of carcinoma of the breast in experimental mice could possibly be somewhat delayed by the daily administration of small traces of oil of gaultheria (true oil of wintergreen) added to the regular diet of rolled oats, meat scrap, powdered skim milk, salt, and water. The present paper gives more data obtained with the same technic in a series of mice susceptible to carcinoma. In these experiments, however, somewhat larger amounts of oil have been used than in the earlier series, the present proportion being one drop of oil to 20 gm. of the oatmeal diet. Seventy-seven animals received the experimental diet; 40 animals, close relatives of the experimental group, were kept as controls on the regular oatmeal diet, without oil of gaultheria. The age distribution of the two groups at the beginning of the experiment is given in Figure 1. The 77 experimental animals averaged 294.0 days at the beginning of the experiment; the forty control 303.5 days. As the mice were just approaching the cancer age at the beginning of the experiment they should develop carcinoma of the breast at a fairly constant rate, as did a relatively homogeneous strain of mice susceptible to carcinoma. In Figure 2 the solid line shows the rate at which carcinoma developed in the 40 control animals in this experiment. The data for the 77 experimental animals kept on the oil-treated diet are shown by the broken line. It is well to point out that the curves were drawn with cumulative data; that is, the percentage of the total number of individuals that had developed carcinoma at any given weekly period includes all cases of cancer up to that period.

The Scientific Principles of Petroleum Technology

FEW industries have expanded more rapidly than that of petroleum. The enormous demand for motor spirit has brought about both an increased production of crude oil and an overhaul of the methods of distillation and refining, including cracking and hydrogenation, so as to produce a petrol of high quality suitable for use in the automobile of to-day. Whilst there has been much progress on the mechanical side, including the design of stills, of cracking plant and of apparatus for the storage and transport of very large quantities of oil and gas, there has also been a great deal achieved on the chemical side of petroleum technology. The numerous members ¦ of the four classes of hydrocarbons—saturated, unsaturated, aromatic and naphthenic, are found in varying proportions according to the origin of a petroleum: they can be separated by rational treatment with various chemicals and by systematic fractional distillation. Such prepara- ¦ tions are laborious and research in the main is directed to the separation of the four principal classes, as it is on the proportions of these that the value of a petroleum for a particular purpose depends. Thus Pennsylvania and Galicia oils are rich in saturated hydrocarbons, the Baku oils contain naphthenes, Borneo crudes are rich in aromatics—indeed at one time toluene was extracted from them.

Puffer fish oil; a very potent antirachitic; its elaboration by fish deprived of sunlight.

The most potent source of the antirachitic factor is fish oil, that from the liver of the cod having been found to be most active. In the course of an assay of various foods, etc., it was ascertained that the liver of the puffer fish (Spheroides maculatus) not only contains a large quantity of oil, but that this oil has exceptional antirachitic power. The oil was prepared from the liver by means of steam, by a method similar to that which is made use of in extracting oil from the livers of the cod. On testing this puffer fish oil biologically, it was found to be at least 15 times as potent as the most active specimens of cod liver oil. Such was the case in preventive tests in which the Sherman-Pap-penheimer diet was fed, as well as in curative tests in which the McCollum diet was employed as a basal ration. No doubt if the stearine had been removed, the activity of the oil would have been proportionately increased.No investigations have been carried out to ascertain whether the remarkable antirachitic pot...