Large Amounts Of Nutrients Research Articles

Vacuum evaporation of a liquid digestate from anaerobic digestion: a techno-economic assessment

The current boom of biogas plants (BGP) in Europe is associated with major digestate production. Digestate contains large amounts of nutrients but in low concentrations compared to artificial fertilizers. Storage and transportation of the digestate represents significant financial burden for BGP owners, especially in areas with intensive agricultural production. Vacuum evaporation (VE) is a technology which allows to efficiently reduce volume of the digestate. Benefits of VE include a simple design, operational reliability, and ability to utilize available waste heat. Integration of evaporation technology in BGP must respect concrete operating conditions and should be properly justified in terms of technical and economic aspects. This paper discusses central part of a mathematical model which may be used for technical-economic assessment of VE. Typical BGP is used in a case study to show how the integration of VE is facilitated with the increase in transportation distances and a decrease of electricity feed-in tariffs. It is shown that integration of VE is not necessarily beneficial for every BGP.

Lack of impact of the El Hierro (Canary Islands) submarine volcanic eruption on the local phytoplankton community

The eruption of a submarine volcano south of El Hierro Island (Canary Islands) in October 2011 led to major physical and chemical changes in the local environment. Large amounts of nutrients were found at specific depths in the water column above the volcano associated with suboxic layers resulting from the oxidation of reduced chemical species expelled during the eruptive phase. It has been suggested that the fertilization with these compounds enabled the rapid restoration of the ecosystem in the marine reserve south of the island once the volcanic activity ceased, although no biological evidence for this has been provided yet. To test the biological fertilization hypothesis on the pelagic ecosystem, we studied the evolution and variability in chlorophyll a, from in situ and remote sensing data, combined with information on phytoplankton and bacterial community structure during and after the eruptive episode. Remote sensing and in situ data revealed that no phytoplankton bloom took place neither during nor after the eruptive episode. We hypothesize that the fertilization by the volcano did not have an effect in the phytoplankton community due to the strong dilution of macro- and micronutrients caused by the efficient renewal of ambient waters in the zone.

The impact of atmospheric cold plasma treatment on inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase of wheat germs

Abstract Wheat germ is a by-product of milling process which contains large amount of nutrients. The shelf life of wheat germ could improve by inactivation of destructive endogenous enzymes especially lipase and lipoxygenase. In this work, the impact of atmospheric cold plasma treatment on the inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase enzymes of wheat germ was studied. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma was utilized to treat wheat germs. The impact of treatment time and voltage of plasma on the inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase were investigated as well. The higher voltage and treatment time led to higher inactivation, however, the inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase was not significant after 25 min treatment time. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic of treated samples did not change significantly compared to controlled samples. However lipase and lipoxygenase recovered some of their loss activity during the storage. The recovery of activity was higher for lipase compared to lipoxygenase. According to the overall results, the cold plasma could be introduced as a new potential to stabilize the wheat germ and extending its shelf-life.

Fallen fruits stimulate decomposition of leaf litter of dominant species in NW Patagonia shrublands

Leaf-litter decomposition rate (k L ) regulates nutrient dynamics and is affected at microsite level by species traits, soil biota and microclimate conditions. Fallen fruits form part of the litter and some, particularly fleshy fruits, contain large quantities of nutrients and sugar. We estimated the amount of fruit fall to litter, and evaluated the effect of its decomposition and sugar content on k L in dominant species of NW Patagonia shrublands. We selected six woody species, four with fleshy and two with dry fruit. We followed 224 decomposition bags with leaf or leaf+fruit throughout 1 year. Fruit-litter and fruit sugar content were also measured. Fleshy fruit decomposition rate was associated with changes in k L , while no effects of dry fruit on k L were registered. We found that three of the fleshy fruits (R. cucullatum, R. rubiginosa and S. patagonicus) had a positive influence on k L due to their sugar content. In contrast, Berberis microphylla fruit had a negative effect on k L , probably due to the presence of antimicrobial substances in the fruit. Considering the abundance of these species and their copious fruit production, the fleshy fruits could play an important role in determining soil fertility.

Forward osmosis promoted in-situ formation of struvite with simultaneous water recovery from digested swine wastewater

Livestock wastewater contains a large amount of nutrients that are available for recovery. In this study, a proof of concept process based on forward osmosis (FO) was proposed and investigated for in situ formation of struvite from digested swine wastewater. This FO system took advantage of a drawback – reverse solute flux (RSF) and used the reverse-fluxed Mg2+ for struvite precipitation, thereby accomplishing recovery of both water and nutrient. With 0.5 M MgCl2 as a draw solution, high-purity struvite formed spontaneously in the feed solution and the water flux through the FO membrane reached 3.12 LMH. The precipitated struvite was characterized and exhibited a similar composition to that of commercial struvite. The FO system achieve >50% water recovery and >93% ammonium nitrogen removal from the digested swine wastewater; in particular, it obtained >99% phosphate recovery, much higher than 60.7% removal via direct MgCl2 addition (without FO treatment). The recovered products (both struvite and water) could potentially generate a value of 1.35 $ m−3. The results of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of nutrient recovery from livestock wastewater promoted by FO treatment.

Submarine groundwater discharge as an important nutrient source influencing nutrient structure in coastal water of Daya Bay, China

As an important nutrient source for coastal waters, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has long been largely ignored in Daya Bay, China. In this study, we estimate the fluxes of SGD and associated nutrients into this region using a 224Ra mass balance model and assess the contribution/importance of nutrients by SGD, benthic sediments, local rivers, and atmospheric deposition. The results of 224Ra mass balance show that the estimated SGD ranges from (2.76 ± 1.43) × 106 m3/d to (1.03 ± 0.53) × 107 m3/d with an average of (6.32 ± 2.42) × 106 m3/d, about 16 times the total discharge rate of local rivers. The nutrient loading from SGD is estimated to be (1.05–1.99) × 105 mol/d for NO3-N, (4.04–12.16) × 103 mol/d for DIP, and (3.54–11.35) × 105 mol/d for Si. Among these considered nutrient sources, we find that SGD is the primary source for Si and NO3-N, contributing 68% and 42% of all considered sources, respectively. The atmospheric NO3-N flux is comparable to that from SGD. The local rivers are the most important source for DIP, contributing 75% of all considered sources. SGD with high N:P ratio (NO3-N/DIP) of 37.0 delivers not only a large quantity of nutrients, but also changes nutrient structure in coastal water. Based on a DIP budget, primary productivity is evaluated to be 54–73 mg C/m2 d, in which SGD accounts for approximately 30% of total production. This study indicates that SGD is a key source of nutrients to coastal waters and may cause an obvious change of primary production and nutrient structure in Daya Bay.

Role of nitrogen, phosphorus and bio-fertilizer in improving performance of fodder sorghum-A Review

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important cereal fodder crop which fulfils over 2/3rd of the fodder demand during kharif season. It responds well to high doses of fertilizer due to its excellent growing habit, high potential, better nutritive value and quick regrowth. Fodder sorghum is a heavy feeder of nutrients and remove large amount of nutrients from the soil. Its yield and quality suffers heavily if proper amount of fertilizers is not applied. Nitrogen being an important constituent of chlorophyll and protein, imparts dark green colour, promotes vegetative growth, rapid early growth and improves the quality and biomass production by increasing the protein content and dry matter yield of fodder crops. Phosphorus gradually increase plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area per plant and fodder yield. Biofertilizers plays an important role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation and phosphorous solubilisation; these also help in stimulating the plant growth hormones, providing better nutrient uptake and increased tolerance towards drought and moisture stress. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this article to review works done on several aspects of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizer management.

Biocrude production and heavy metal migration during hydrothermal liquefaction of swine manure

Abstract The production of swine manure has increased constantly with the continuing development of the livestock industry. Swine manure contains a large amount of nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens, which may cause severe environmental pollution when released into the environment without proper treatment. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been recognized as a promising technology to degrade wet biowaste and recovery energy in the form of biocrude oil. This study investigated the effects of the operational parameters, including the temperature (220–370 °C), the retention time (0–90 min) and the total solid content (TS) (10–30%) on the HTL of swine manure. The volatile solid (VS) removal rate of swine manure reached up to around 90%, whereas the highest biocrude oil yield was 25.58% (based on dry biomass). FT-IR analysis indicated that the biocrude oil mainly consisted of esters, acids, aldehydes and hydrocarbon compounds. The results of elemental distribution showed that over 70% of the heavy metal elements (Zn, Cu, As, Pb and Cd) were accumulated in the solid residue. This study provides a basic depiction of energy recovery and the mitigation of environmental concerns when utilizing swine manure as a feedstock for HTL.

Optimization of the Different Variables for the Development of a Cucumber-Based Blended Herbal Beverage

Cucumber is a nutritious vegetable containing a large amount of nutrients. Due to its numerous health benefits, and even after the blind taste test, it can be used as a beverage by blending it with other suitable juices. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study for the development of a cucumber-based blended herbal beverage using sugarcane juice, citric acid, mint and coriander extract (30:30:30) along with salt (white salt:black salt 1:1) at varying concentrations using the response surface methodology. The physicochemical (TSS, titratable acidity, pH, reducing sugars, total sugars, total proteins, total phenols, ascorbic acid, tannins and antioxidant activity) and sensory analysis revealed that the best blend was obtained with a sugarcane juice concentration (of 30.14%, a salt concentration of 1.5%, citric acid, mint and a coriander extract concentration of 1%. It is apparent from the study that cucumber juice can be successfully blended with sugarcane juice to enhance its sensory properties, as well as the phytochemical potential with 0.953 desirability, which will open a new door in the beverage industry.

Nutrient removal under different harvesting scenarios for larch plantations in northeast China: Implications for nutrient conservation and management

Larch (Larix spp.) is a dominant timber species in northeast China. However, compared with the adjacent secondary forests, the soil nutrient conditions in the 40-year-old larch plantations have significantly deteriorated. Moreover, large quantities of nutrients are removed from sites when larch plantations are harvested, leading to further depletion of soil nutrients. Therefore, it is essential to assess nutrient removal under different harvesting scenarios to improve nutrient management. In this study, we quantified biomass and nutrient (including macro-nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and micro-nutrients: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)) accumulation in above- and below-ground components along a chronosequence (10-, 21-, 34- and 55-year-old, respectively) of larch plantations in northeast China. Our results showed that the root/shoot ratio was 0.23, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24 in the 10-, 21-, 34- and 55-year-old stands, respectively, with an average of 0.19. For each larch tree thinned in the 10- and 21-year-old stands or harvested in the 34- and 55-year-old stands, 173.6, 1197.3, 1878.1 and 4230.7g of nutrient elements were removed from the sites, respectively. If the leaves, branches, bark and roots remained at the sites, nutrient removal was reduced by 89, 69, 59 and 44% in the 10-, 21-, 34-, and 55-year-old stands, respectively. Branches and leaves contained the largest proportion of nutrients in the 10- and 21-year-old stands, and should thus remain at the sites to avoid further nutrient removal during early thinning. In contrast, debarking stems was a feasible practice when clear-cutting the 34- and 55-year-old stands because bark contained large amounts of nutrients (especially N, P and K). Substantial proportions of the macro-nutrient N and the micro-nutrient Zn were accumulated in the stems, and thus, these two elements would become depleted after harvesting. Except for the stems, macro-nutrients (N, P and K) were mainly stored in the leaves of the 10- and 21-year-old stands and the bark and roots of the 34- and 55-year-old stands, By contrast, macro-nutrients (Ca and Mg) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) were primarily concentrated in the branches and roots of all tested stands. Therefore, nutrient loss may be avoided by leaving the harvested components containing specific nutrients at the sites.

Impacts of a buoyant strait outflow on the plankton production characteristics of an adjacent semi-enclosed basin: A case study of the Marmara Sea

Abstract As documented by observational studies, the buoyant outflows emanating from straits and rivers with large amounts of nutrients and biogenic materials cause marked changes in the biochemical characteristics of the adjacent receiving water bodies. Here, using a three-dimensional biophysical model of the Marmara Sea-Bosphorus Strait two-layer exchange flow system and configuring it for the winter phytoplankton blooming period with limited top-down control, we show that complex buoyancy-induced basin-scale circulation is driven by the buoyant jet emanating from a strait, which sustains enhanced production even in the absence of any nutrient flux from its upstream source region and lateral point sources around the sea. In the supercritical flow regime downstream of the strait exit, strong upward motion introduced by the hydraulically controlled outflow dynamics injects subsurface nutrients into the upper layer. Those accumulated within the adjacent anticyclonic bulge to the right of the outflow plume then support relatively high phytoplankton production, whereas strong currents limit phytoplankton production along the main jet axis. Furthermore, topographically controlled anticyclonic circulation within the lower layer around the deep northern basin induces upwelling due to the divergence of cross-isobath, uphill flow and causes the nutrient enrichment of the upper layer. This cumulative response, together with the additional contribution of nutrient recycling and the horizontal distribution of nutrients and biota by the mesoscale-dominated circulation system, maintain a highly productive system within the sea, which is consistent with previous observations.

Fertilization effects on biomass production, nutrient leaching and budgets in four stand development stages of short rotation forest poplar

Dedicated energy poplar plantations have a high biomass production potential in temperate regions, which may be further increased by improved management practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fertilization on short rotation forest poplar established on former arable land. We examined the effects on biomass production, net nutrient uptake in stems and branches, nutrient leaching fluxes and changes to the nutrient budgets calculated as inputs minus outputs. An experiment was carried out in four stands of different development stages, the establishment (EST), canopy-closure (CC), pre-thinning (PT), and late aggradation (LAG) stage. After fertilizing with NPK12-5-14 corresponding to 120kgha−1 of N we measured the biomass production during three years and analysed biomass samples to assess the net nutrient uptake in stems and branches. We estimated nutrient leaching based on water fluxes modelled with CoupModel and soil solution analyses and calculated the nutrient budgets. Fertilization effects depended on the stage of stand development, but were inconsistent in time. The biomass production increased in EST in the first year after fertilization and in PT in the third year after fertilization, relative to the control. There were no effects in CC and LAG. Nitrogen leaching at 0.9-m depth ranged between 3 and 14kgha−1yr−1 in the control plots of EST and PT and it was negligible in the CC stand. Nitrogen leaching doubled in EST in the year of fertilization with values up to 28kgha−1yr−1 and it tripled in PT in the second year after fertilization, compared to the control. Budgets of N, P and K were negative in all unfertilized and some fertilized treatments, indicating that fertilization may be required to adequately sustain soil nutrient supply in the long term, as large amounts of nutrients will be removed when the biomass is harvested.

Comparative tomato flower and pollinator hive microbial communities

The flower is the most important part of the phyllosphere because it provides a large amount of nutrients and protective habitat for various microorganisms. Colonized microorganisms modulate the microbial ecology of flowers by changing their environment. In this study, we investigated microbial diversity in tomato flower (TF) and bumblebee hive (TH) for 3 months. As time passed, microbial diversity and distribution in TF and TH became similar. We assumed that microorganisms inhabiting TFs were delivered by bumblebee. Actinobacteria constitute a well-colonizing microorganism that can move from TH to TF. We isolated eight strains of Streptomyces spp., which belonged to Actinobacteria. These strains showed antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea which is a gray mold pathogen in many plants. We conclude that bumblebee transmits microorganisms to flowers and change their microbial diversity.

Use of freshwater macroalgae Spirogyra sp. for the treatment of municipal wastewaters and biomass production for biofuel applications

Freshwater macroalgae has competitive advantages compared to microalgae and marine macroalgae, such as lower separation and drying cost requirements and an abundance of available freshwater media. Municipal wastewater containing large quantities of nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) is a valuable and underutilized resource. In this study, the cultivation of the naturally isolated filamentous freshwater macroalgae Spirogyra sp. was investigated in three different types of municipal wastewater including primary (PW), secondary (SW) and centrate (CW) wastewaters. Two different types of reactors including closed column photobioreactors and open rectangular aquarium reactors were operated under no and low air flow rates of less than (18 ± 2) cm−3·min−1, respectively. The SW, PW diluted with water to a 20 % volume fraction and CW diluted with water to a 2 % volume fraction appeared to promote ash-free biomass productivities of (2.17-6.68) g·m−2·d−1 and specific growth rates of (16.4–29.7) %·d−1. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from (50.6–90.6) % and (60.4–99.1) %, respectively. Based on ultimate analysis, the biomass produced a higher heating value of (12.4–17.1) MJ·kg−1, and also showed relatively consistent protein ((16.7–19.5) % of the dry mass fraction), carbohydrate ((41.5–55.0) %) and lipid ((2.8–10.0) %) contents. These results indicate the feasibility of using Spirogyra sp. to recover nutrients from multiple municipal wastewater sources with the simultaneous production of biomass that contains value-added biochemical components for bioenergy and biofuel applications.

Enhanced Oil Production by the Tropical Marine Diatom Thalassiosira Sp. Cultivated in Outdoor Photobioreactors.

Microalgae-derived oils have potential as a biofuel feedstock. To produce microalgal oils at a large scale, large amounts of nutrients and energy are needed to grow the algae. In this study, we evaluated three types of agricultural fertilizer (AF)-based culture media (AF1, AF2, and AF3) based on a previously published enriched seawater (ES) medium to produce biomass and oils from Thalassiosira sp. Under laboratory conditions, the highest cell productivity of Thalassiosira sp. was obtained with the AF3 medium. Thalassiosira sp. cultured in the AF3 medium produced 10.4±0.9mgL-1day-1oils, which is significantly higher than the 5.8±0.7mgL-1day-1produced in the ES medium. The higher production was due to the presence of nitrate and trace elements, both of which played roles in enhancing biomass and oil content, respectively. During cell growth, resting spores appeared inside the cells and were a marker to harvest the cells. Because of the abundant availability of sunlight in the tropics during the year, the oil production of Thalassiosira sp. in the AF3 medium was scaled up using outdoor photobioreactors under different weather conditions (rainy and dry seasons). Thalassiosira sp. produced more unsaturated fatty acids during the rainy season and produced more saturated fatty acids during the dry season. This study also demonstrated that it was possible to culture Thalassiosira sp. under outdoor conditions using a low-cost agricultural fertilizer-based culture medium (AF3 medium) to produce biodiesel feedstock with an annual production of 8.1±0.4tha-1 during the dry season and of 23.9±6.8tha-1 during the rainy season.

The Effectiveness of Animal Dungs and Leaf Mold for Bioelectricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cell with Soils

A resource recovery from waste material is an important topic. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is getting interest nowadays due to its superiority to generate electricity from a wide range of substrates by utilizing organic wastes. This study was aimed to investigate the potential electricity generation by utilizing animal dung and leaf mold as a very prospective substrate for bioelectricity generation using MFC. MFC as a direct current source (DC), in this experiment we focus to prove the potential difference (voltage) generated by the material. The best result is 10980 ± 11.32 mV/m2 for a mixed sample of Test V (leaf mold and soil), while for the pure samples showed at 10880 ± 4.784 mV/m2 for Test IV (chicken dropping). The advancements in this environmentally friendly study have expanded that cow dung, chicken droppings and leaf mold as a variety of organic wastes which contains large amounts of nutrients and various other minerals, as a microbial fuel cell proved to generate sustainable green and safe electricity moreover as an efficient, eco-friendly solution for organic waste management.

Influence of rainfall on physical, cheminal and biological parameters in washouts on the coast of Paraná state, Brazil

Reduction in precipitation, and consequently fresh water, can affect the food loop and the time necessary for an increase in nutrients and contaminants in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. The combined effect of human development and reduction in river flow can degrade water quality, negatively affecting the fishery and human health. The objective of the present research was the study of the water quality (temperature, salinity, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, humic substances, suspended particulate material, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll-a, total coliforms and Escherichia coli), of two washouts (Barranco and Olho d’Água) located in the municipality of Pontal do Paraná (Pontal do Paraná, Brazil), comparing them in periods of lower and higher rainfall. The results showed that during the rainy period, there was an increase in nitrite, suspended particulate material, particulate organic matter, and a decrease in nitrate and chlorophyll-a in the two washouts. An increase in phosphate, ammonium and humic substances were only observed in Barranco; whereas an increase in dissolved oxygen and E. coli were only observed in Olho d’Água. These results showed that larger quantities of nutrients are exported to the adjacent continental shelf in high rainfall periods.

GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD OF FORMOSA 'PAPAYA' CULTIVATED UNDER DIFFERENT DOSES OF COATED AND CONVENTIONAL UREA

ABSTRACT Mineral fertilizer management is one of the most important agronomic techniques applied in papaya cultivation, which generally extracts large amounts of nutrients from soil, especially nitrogen. This study aimed to assess the phytotechnical and physiological attributes and yield of "Formosa‟ papaya hybrid Caliman 01 as a function of different doses of coated and conventional urea in the region of Bom Jesus - PI, Brazil. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2 × 4) and distributed in a randomized block design with four replications, corresponding to 2 nitrogen sources (coated urea, 43% of N; and conventional urea, 45% of N) and 4 doses nitrogen (350, 440, 530 and 620 g per plant). The N doses used corresponded to 80, 100, 120 and 140% of the nitrogen fertilization. It was used six plants per plot with two row borders, totaling 192 plants cultivated in the field. It was assessed the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (int.PAR), radiation interception efficiency (PAREff.), leaf area index (LAI), plant height, stem diameter and yield. The coated urea promotes a higher growth and yield of "Formosa‟ papaya compared to the conventional urea. The application of 1.0 g of coated N promotes the production of 2.87 g of fruit per hectare while the application of 1.0 g of conventional N produces only 1.89 g of fruit per hectare, showing that the source of polymerized N increases the use efficiency of N applied to soil.

Plasticity of yield and nitrogen removal in 56 Populus deltoides × P. nigra genotypes over two rotations of short-rotation coppice

To make intensive bioenergy poplar plantations attractive on an economic and environmental point of view, their sustainable resource management is mandatory. These plantations are indeed often installed on marginal lands to avoid competition with food agriculture and large amounts of nutrients are repeatedly exported in the young harvested biomass. Besides the application of organic residues to reclaim impoverished soils, the use of species or genotypes efficiently using nutrients, and especially nitrogen, is also a way to slow down fertility losses in short-rotation poplar plantations. Our goal in the present study was to document the genotypic variability available in terms of yield, nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), and nitrogen export rate, the links between these traits, and their plasticity in response to contrasting site conditions and during two rotations in a wide set of Populus deltoides×Populus nigra genotypes. A wide range of variation has been highlighted for biomass production, tree dimensions, and nitrogen use and export at both sites, and particularly at the most productive one. Environmental and genotype by environment effects were very strong and the ranking of genotypes was not maintained between the two sites for most studied traits. Because of climatic conditions less contrasted between sites during the second rotation, the differences were less marked than during the first rotation. The most productive and efficient genotypes to use nitrogen were also those responsible for the highest nitrogen exports during harvest. Indeed, although the most productive genotypes had high NUE, their high biomass production resulted in a more important nitrogen export at harvest than the less productive genotypes.

Crop yield and nutrient balance influenced by shoot biomass management and pig slurry application

ABSTRACT Crop systems that export large amounts of nutrients from the farm may require higher doses of animal manure than those needed for grain production. This study aimed to evaluate the yield of crops and to determine the simplified nutrient balance in three management systems of shoot biomass of crops (cover-grain, cover-silage and hay-silage) associated with five fertilization treatments (control, soluble fertilizer and three doses of pig slurry). The experimental design was a split plot, arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates. The management systems of shoot biomass did not affect the yield of the winter pasture, but there was an increase in yield with the application of pig slurry. The summer crops responded differently to fertilization, depending on the purpose for which they were grown, whether for grain or silage. In the three management systems of shoot biomass, there was an excess of Zn and Cu from the application of 25 m3 ha-1; N from 50 m3ha-1; and P, K and Ca + Mg at the dose of 100 m3ha-1.