Large Amount Of Glass Research Articles

Публичный и/или частный характер торгового пространства в истории: от древности до современности

The author of the article draws attention to the formation and development of consumption culture and its embodiment in architectural forms. The development of the consumer space and the retail space as its form developed in parallel throughout the history. The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics of organizational methods of the trading space from antiquity to the present day. The study is based on the wave theory presented in the works of E. Toffler, Yu. M. Lotman, where history is represented as a pendulum motion. However, each of the oscillations of the pendulum appears at a new point. The author examines the evolution of the retail space, starting from antiquity and one of its forms: the retail space or market. This type of space combined many functions: trade, political and religious. It was a type of public space accessible to everyone. The sellers and buyers in market conditions could also constantly change their roles. The spread of shops and stalls in the Middle Ages and at the beginning of modern times represented the movement of trade into private space, organized according to the principle of the public. It combined a place of residence and a place of work. The movement of trade inward meant a change: in the past, goods came to the consumer, but now the buyer went to get the goods. To a large extent, trade in small shops was monofunctional. The second half of the 19th century gave rise to two forms of retail space: a street (passage) and a building. In terms of architecture, they replaced palaces and temples, had a very simple structure, used a large amount of glass, iron, and light. They were the first to use gas heating and elevators. These spaces were private but functioned according to the principle of a public space: open to everyone. The twentieth century introduced malls and supermarkets that combined many different functions: trade, entertainment, food service, credit institution, pharmacy, etc. As a result, we can conclude that the development of retail space throughout history proceeded according to the principle of a pendulum: from the free public space of the market, with its multifunctionality through the closed private space of shops and small shops with their monofunctional purpose, to the private-public or quasi-public space of modern malls and supermarkets, but on a different level.

TO THE QUESTION OF SINTER BINDER FORMATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE SINTER STRENGTH

The higher share of unfluxed pellets in blast furnace burden determines the increase of sinter basicity (CaO/SiO2) up to 1.7‒2.2 units. Study of the microstructure formation peculiarities of such sinters is an urgent challenge. Recently, the mining enterprises have been increasing the iron content in the concentrate and use concentrate grades with iron content of 68‒70% in sintering. In this regard, it is interesting to study the microstructure of sinters with high iron content and the influence of mineral composition of the binder on the sinter strength. The schemes of formation of mineral composition of sinter with low basicity and high SiO2 content and with high basicity and low SiO2 content are given. The role of hedenbergite, ferrites and alumoferrites in the formation of the melt and the formation of the sinter structure is shown. It has been established that the structure of sinter with a basicity of 1.8 units and iron content of 57.1% consists of phases of partially oxidized magnetite, calcium monosilicate and glass of variable composition. In 1.8 basicity sinter with iron content of 59.4% the structure consists of phases of magnetite, calcium ferrite and glass of variable composition. The large amount of glass and pores in the binder does not allow the sinter hardening to be fully realized. The increase in strength is achieved by increasing the basicity of the sinter up to 2.1 units. The crystal structure of ferritic binder is needleshaped, which provides high strength of sinter. The amount of glass is reduced and it fills the gaps between the crystals of ferrite isolated from ore grains.

Soundscape design using sound tube—To listen to voices, waves, wind, and footsteps

In modern public architecture, a large amount of glass is often used as the material, and the space is visually connected by its transparency. However, on the other hand, the soundscape is divided. In the project of “Chino Cultural Complex,” we intended to connect the two spaces through sound. This consists of a sound tube running approximately 20 m through underground of the courtyard. By speaking into one end of the tube, participants can converse with counterparts only faintly visible on the other side, with the voice as clear as if they were close to the ear. In this paper, we show the basic experiment of the sound tube in the anechoic chamber. We found an appropriate diameter of the tube in which the human voice was easy propagating on each other. Then, sound tube is covered with the absorbing materials and is set by the anti-vibrating suspension in the box culvert on site. The anti-vibration structure protected transmission of the structure-bone sound except voices to the sound tube. In other projects, we have designed this sound tube to listen to sound of waves, wind, and footsteps. We hope that these activities will provide significant soundscape design.

Leaching behaviour of bottom ash from RDF high-temperature gasification plants

This study investigated the physical properties, the chemical composition and the leaching behaviour of two bottom ash (BA) samples from two different refuse derived fuel high-temperature gasification plants, as a function of particle size. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the materials contained large amounts of glass. This aspect was also confirmed by the results of availability and ANC leaching tests. Chemical composition indicated that Fe, Mn, Cu and Cr were the most abundant metals, with a slight enrichment in the finest fractions. Suitability of samples for inert waste landfilling and reuse was evaluated through the leaching test EN 12457-2. In one sample the concentration of all metals was below the limit set by law, while limits were exceeded for Cu, Cr and Ni in the other sample, where the finest fraction showed to give the main contribution to leaching of Cu and Ni. Preliminary results of physical and geotechnical characterisation indicated the suitability of vitrified BA for reuse in the field of civil engineering. The possible application of a size separation pre-treatment in order to improve the chemical characteristics of the materials was also discussed.

Effects of Graphene on a Resin Transfer Molding Process Using Bisphenol A Based Epoxy Resin

Resin transfer molding is a popular process to fabricate polymer composites reinforced with a large amount of glass or carbon fibers. In general, fiber reinforcements are put in a mold, and a liquid resin such as epoxy resin is injected into the mold after preheating. For successful production of polymer composites via a resin transfer molding process, the filling and curing stages of the liquid resin as well as the mold design should be optimized. Recently, polymer composites reinforced with nanoparticles are attracting attention of researchers in academia and industries because efficient reinforcement can be achieved by small loading of nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and exfoliated clays. In this work, as an effort to develop light weight automotive parts, graphenes were investigated as a nano size reinforcement of epoxy resin for resin transfer molding. Graphenes were prepared from graphites by microwave irradiation. Addition of graphenes to bisphenol A based epoxy resins such as YD-128 from Kukdo Chemical results in an increase in viscosity and shear thinning behavior, affecting the filling process. The curing of epoxy resins is also affected by graphenes. In order to develop a model for simulation of the filling and curing of epoxy resins containing different amounts of graphenes in the resin transfer molding, FLUENT and MATLAB have been used in this study, which are a finite element based computational fluid dynamics analysis tool and a general purpose numerical analysis tool, respectively. The effects of graphenes on the mold filling pattern and curing profile are discussed for the resin transfer molding of bisphenol A based epoxy resins.

Glass Strengthening Via High-Intensity Plasma-Arc Heating

A high-intensity plasma-arc lamp was used to irradiate the surface of soda–lime silicate glass tiles to determine whether an increase in strength could be achieved. The lamp has a maximum power density of 3500 W/cm2, a processing area of 2 cm × 10 cm, a broad-spectrum energy distribution between 0.2 and 1.4 μm, and was controlled to unidirectionally sweep across 50 mm2 tiles at a constant speed of 8 mm/s. Ring-on-ring (RoR) equibiaxial flexure and four-point unidirectional flexure testings of entire tiles were used to measure and compare uncensored and unimodal Weibull failure stress distributions of treated and untreated glass. Even under nonoptimized processing conditions, the RoR Weibull characteristic failure stress increased by approximately 25% and the four-point-bend Weibull characteristic failure stress increased by approximately 65%. Additionally, the failure stresses of the weakest samples of the heat-treated glass were significantly higher than those of the untreated glass. Strengthening was due to a fire-polishing-like mechanism. The arc-lamp heat treatment caused the location of the strength-limiting flaws in the four-point-bend tiles to change; namely, failure initiation occurred on the gauge section surface for the treated glass, whereas it occurred at a gauge section edge for the untreated glass. Arc-lamp heat treatment is attractive not only because it provides strengthening, but because it can (noncontact) process large amounts of glass quickly and inexpensively, and is a process that either a glass manufacturer or an end-user can readily use.

Limestone dust and glass powder wastes as new brick material

Large amounts of glass and limestone wastes are accumulating all over the world. Disposal of Limestone Powder Waste (LPW) and Waste Glass Powder (WGP) is a rapidly growing problem for some municipalities, so research for alternative utilization of these disposals is needed. In this respect, the objectives of this study are to investigate both physical and mechanical properties of samples containing LPW–WGP combinations for producing as new building brick material. An experimental approach to develop a new brick material including mainly LPW, a small quantity of Portland cement and WGP is presented. The LPW, WGP and cement are mixed, humidified and compacted under high pressure in the moulds. The values of compressive strength, flexural strength, unit weight, water absorption, abrasion resistance, freezing–thawing (F-T) resistance and thermal conductivity satisfy the relevant international standards and introduces smoother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The process undertaken can easily be applied within the current brick plants. The WGP used in LPW remarkably improves the compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, abrasion resistance, F-T resistance, and thermal conductivity of LPW brick samples produced in this study. The test results indicate that the samples containing LPW–WGP combinations provide better results for a potential of producing economical new brick materials.

Use of thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) waste glass in the production of ceramic tiles

In this study, we employ the following operating conditions: varied pressure (25 kgf/cm 2), sintering temperature (900–1200 °C), sintering time (6 h), percentage of thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) waste glass by weight (0–50%) and temperature rising at a rate of 5 °C/min, to fabricate clay tiles. The sintering characteristics of the clay blended with TFT-LCD waste glass tiles are examined to evaluate the feasibility of the reuse of TFT-LCD waste glass. TFT-LCD waste glass contains large amounts of glass. The TCLP leaching concentrations all met the ROC EPAs current regulatory thresholds. The addition of TFT-LCD waste glass to the mixture, increased the apparent weight loss. The incorporation of 50% TFT-LCD waste glass resulted in a significant increase in the porosity ratio of the specimens compared to the porosity ratio of the ceramic tile containing TFT-LCD waste glass. The main constituent in both the clay tile and the clay with TFT-LCD waste glass samples is quartz. Increasing the temperature resulted in an increase in the flexural strength and resistance to abrasion in the tiles. The porosity ratio decreases as shrinkage increases. The relation between the porosity ratio and the hardness of the tiles used in the study is also shown.

Radiative transfer modeling of compositions of lunar pyroclastic deposits

While over 100 lunar pyroclastic deposits have been identified remotely, their compositions remain poorly constrained. In this work, we determine the compositions of three lunar regional pyroclastic deposits which are likely to contain large amounts of glass and for which we have high‐quality ground‐based spectra: the Aristarchus Plateau, Mare Humorum, and Sulpicius Gallus. We use radiative transfer theory and employ measured optical constants of glasses to predict the bidirectional reflectance of a particulate glass surface as a function of Fe and Ti concentration, particle size, and maturity in order to find the best spectral match to the remotely observed deposits. Tools are not available to model the optical effects of the unusual geometries of the ilmenite laths in the black beads, so we address their effects on spectra of the regional pyroclastic deposits using computational mixing. We find that model spectra of pure glass (as opposed to devitrified black beads) provide good matches to all three regions. Radiative transfer modeling predicts iron contents of 21, 20, and 17 wt% FeO for Aristarchus, Humorum, and Sulpicius Gallus, respectively, and suggests that all three regions are low in titanium, a result supported by Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer data. However, we find that a moderate Ti glass mixed with a small fraction of black beads cannot be ruled out for the Sulpicius Gallus region.

Leaching characteristics of slag from the melting treatment of municipal solid waste incinerator ash

This study investigated the composition and leaching characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash and slag. The modified slags were characterized after the melting of MSWI ash mixtures at 1400 °C for 30 min. The ash mixtures were composed of different types of MSWI ash, including cyclone ash, scrubber ash and bottom ash, in various proportions. The results indicate that the Cd leaching concentration of the cyclone ash and the Pb leaching concentration of the scrubber ash reached 1.82 and 8.7 mg/L, respectively, which exceeds the ROC EPA's current regulatory thresholds, and can thus be classified as hazardous. The results of the analysis of the metal content and the leaching behavior of heavy metals, showed high concentrations of Cu and Zn, but a low leaching ratio of these metals. Concerning the characteristics of the modified slags, the X-ray diffraction patterns of the MSWI fly ash slag showed that it contained large amounts of glass. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching concentrations of the target metals of all the slags, met the ROC EPA's regulatory thresholds. The leaching concentrations of heavy metals in the F- and B1-slag were lower than those in the cyclone and the bottom ash, because there was a high amount of SiO 2, which formed a net-like structure in the bottom ash.

Thermal Analysis of Hydrated Fly Ash-Lime Pastes

Fly ash is the ash precipitated from the exhaust fumes of coal-fired power stations. It consists mainly of active silica and alumina, with large amounts of glass. The aim of this work was to study the pozzolanic activity of fly ash with lime by means of DTA as a function of the lime content and the curing time. The curves revealed that the rate of hydration, as indicated by the residual lime and hydrated compounds, increases with increasing lime content and curing time. It is concluded that fly ash can be used as a blending material in pozzolanic cement.

Clay mineralogy of soils developed on weathered igneous rocks, West Antarctica

Abstract Soil samples collected from 33 outcrops of weathered plutonic, hypabyssal, and volcanic rocks scattered along a 1400 km traverse from the West Antarctic coastline to the Polar Plateau were analysed for clay mineral content. Clay minerals present (in approximate order of abundance) are “mica”, chlorite, illite-smectite, smectite, kaolinite and vermiculite. The large amount of “mica” and/or chlorite in almost all host rocks and their associate soils, the small amount of clay (generally < 1%) present in all soils, the weak development of most soil proflles, and the large amount of glass in the clay-sized fraction of soils developed on Tertiary basaltic rocks indicate that physical weathering is the dominant process of weathering in this area. Smectite, vermiculite and illite-smectite are products of chemical weathering. Kaolinite in soils from the Thiel Mountains is unusual, because formation of this mineral is generally thought to require at least moderate amounts of leaching. We feel that kaolinit...