Large Amounts Of Fat Research Articles

Radiological findings in mammary autologous fat injections: A multi-technique evaluation

To describe the radiological appearance of normal and pathological findings resulting from mammary autologous fat injections (lipofilling). Informed consent and institutional review board approval were obtained. From January 2008 to December 2010, all patients that had undergone breast lipofilling at our institution (Catholic University) were consecutively enrolled. The site and amount of autologous fat injections were known. Mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were prospectively obtained preoperatively, and 6 and 12 months after the procedure. Normal and pathological findings were described. Twenty-four patients (mean age 50.8±10.5 years; range 26-70 years) were included. Fourteen patients underwent lipofilling after mastectomy, eight after wide local excision, one as a treatment for a congenital asymmetry, and one as a treatment for Poland syndrome. No severe complications were observed after treatment. Normal findings due to lipofilling ("oil cysts") were identified in 23 cases using ultrasound and in 16 using MRI. Liponecrosis, the most frequently observed complication, was detected in four cases using ultrasound and in eight by MRI. In one case mammography showed calcific fat necrosis. Mean amount of fat injected was 114.8±55ml. The average amount of fat grafted in patients who developed liponecrosis was 158.4±42.7 versus 104.6±52.3ml (p=0.0043, t-test). In one case breast cancer recurrence was diagnosed. Normal findings due to lipofilling are better identified by ultrasound, and pathological findings are best identified using MRI. Liponecrosis most frequently occurs when large amounts of fat are injected. In the authors' experience lipofilling does not interfere with breast cancer early diagnosis.

The relationship between cold‐hot nature and nutrient contents of foods

AbstractAim: All foods in Traditional Chinese Medicine are categorised into ‘the four natures’: cold, cool, warm and hot. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between the nutrient content of these foods and their cold‐hot nature category.Methods: For the purposes of this study, 284 foods were selected and grouped by their cold‐hot nature category. Twenty‐six nutrient content values for each food were derived from the China Food Composition database 2002.Results: Ten nutrients were found to be associated with the cold‐hot nature category of foods. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, five nutrients correlated with the cold‐hot natures of foods. Large amounts of fat, carbohydrate and selenium were significantly associated with the hot nature of foods (P < 0.01) while the amount of iron and copper were significantly associated with the cold nature of foods (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The results suggest that the nutrient contents of foods may be one of distinguishing factors for the categorisation of cold‐hot nature of foods.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and whole genome amplification (WGA) of DNA from normal breast tissue --- optimization for genome wide array analyses

BackgroundLaser capture microdissection (LCM) can be applied to tissues where cells of interest are distinguishable from surrounding cell populations. Here, we have optimized LCM for fresh frozen normal breast tissue where large amounts of fat can cause problems during microdissection. Since the amount of DNA needed for genome wide analyses, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, is often greater than what can be obtained from the dissected tissue, we have compared three different whole genome amplification (WGA) kits for amplification of DNA from LCM material. In addition, the genome wide profiling methods commonly used today require extremely high DNA quality compared to PCR based techniques and DNA quality is thus critical for successful downstream analyses.FindingsWe found that by using FrameSlides without glass backing for LCM and treating the slides with acetone after staining, the problems caused by excessive fat could be significantly decreased. The amount of DNA obtained after extraction from LCM tissue was not sufficient for direct SNP array analysis in our material. However, the two WGA kits based on Phi29 polymerase technology (Repli-g® (Qiagen) and GenomiPhi (GE Healthcare)) gave relatively long amplification products, and amplified DNA from Repli-g® gave call rates in the subsequent SNP analysis close to those from non-amplified DNA. Furthermore, the quality of the input DNA for WGA was found to be essential for successful SNP array results and initial DNA fragmentation problems could be reduced by switching from a regular halogen lamp to a VIS-LED lamp during LCM.ConclusionsLCM must be optimized to work satisfactorily in difficult tissues. We describe a work flow for fresh frozen normal breast tissue where fat is inclined to cause problems if sample treatment is not adapted to this tissue. We also show that the Phi29-based Repli-g® WGA kit (Qiagen) is a feasible approach to amplify DNA of high quality prior to genome wide analyses such as SNP profiling.

Fructose and NAFLD: metabolic implications and models of induction in rats

The increase in fructose consumption is paralleled by a higher incidence of obesity worldwide. This monosaccharide is linked to metabolic syndrome, being associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. It is metabolized principally in the liver, where it can be converted into fatty acids, which are stored in the form of triglycerides leading to NAFLD. Several models of NAFLD use diets high in simple carbohydrates. Thus, this study aimed to describe the major metabolic changes caused by excessive consumption of fructose in humans and animals and to present liver abnormalities resulting from high intakes of fructose in different periods of consumption and experimental designs in Wistar rats. Two groups of rats were fasted for 48 hours and refed for 24 or 48 hours with a diet containing 63% fructose. Another group of rats was fed an diet with 63% fructose for 90 days. Refeeding for 24 hours caused accumulation of large amounts of fat, compromising 100% of the hepatocytes. The amount of liver fat in animals refed for 48 hours decreased, remaining mostly in zone 2 (medium-zonal). In liver plates of Wistar rats fed 63% fructose for 45, 60 and 90 days it's possible to see that there is an increase in hepatocytes with fat accumulation according to the increased time; hepatic steatosis, however, is mild, compromising about 20% of the hepatocytes. Fructose is highly lipogenic, however the induction of chronic models in NAFLD requires long periods of treatment. The acute supply for 24 or 48 hours, fasted rats can cause big changes, liver steatosis with macrovesicular in all lobular zones.

Elaboração e análise sensorial de biscoito recheado enriquecido com fibras e com menor teor de gordura

Atualmente, observa-se que as crianças consomem, em grande quantidade, alimentos contendo excesso de gorduras e pobres em fibras como: balas, salgadinhos, alimentos fast food e biscoitos recheados. Com a necessidade de se elaborar alimentos mais saudáveis, buscou-se por meio do presente estudo elaborar um biscoito recheado enriquecido com fibras e com menor teor de gordura, analisar a composição de fibras e lipídeos e verificar a aceitabilidade do biscoito elaborado em comparação a um biscoito industrializado. As análises de fibra bruta e lipídeos foram realizadas em duplicatas, segundo metodologia descrita pela AOAC (1995). A análise sensorial foi realizada com 50 crianças, com idades entre sete e 10 anos, em uma Instituição Privada de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), utilizando uma ficha de avaliação com escala hedônica facial de três pontos. Houve redução no teor de gorduras e aumento no teor de fibras do biscoito elaborado. Além disso, verificou-se que o biscoito elaborado obteve uma boa aceitação, não diferindo estatisticamente do industrializado.

Over-injection of autologus fat in the vocal fold: how to remove the excess?

Chordal injection of autologous fat is useful in treating incomplete closure of the glottis on phonation, because it is simple, uses an intraoral approach and is mostly effective. However, when excess fat is injected, the removal of the excess is generally much more difficult than the injection. A 48-year-old man underwent intrachordal injections of autologous fat twice bilaterally for vocal fold atrophy. He came to our hospital because his hoarseness became worse after every operation. Three-dimensional computed tomography revealed that a large amount of fat was injected in the bilateral subglottal and glottic regions. These findings indicated that his dysphonia was due mainly to the excessive injected fat, and removal of the fat was planned. Under local anesthesia, we partially removed the excess fat through a window made in the thyroid cartilage, without touching the vocal folds. The voice and laryngeal findings were monitored during the surgery according to fiber-stroboscopic findings. Postoperatively, a significant improvement was seen in the voice and vibration of the vocal folds, although the results were not completely satisfactory.

Effect of birth weight and postnatal weight gain on body composition in early infancy: The Generation R Study

BackgroundRapid postnatal weight gain is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in later life. The influence of rapid weight gain on body composition in early infancy is still unknown and the critical periods of weight gain for later disease are debated. AimsTo investigate the effect of birth weight and rapid weight gain on body composition in the first 6 months of life. Study designThe Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life onwards. Subjects and outcome measuresWe measured body fat and fat distribution by skinfold thickness at the age of 6 weeks and 6 months in 909 Dutch term infants. Analyses were adjusted for current body mass index, sex and maternal socioeconomic status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, height and duration of breastfeeding. ResultsUpward postnatal weight percentile change was associated with increased skinfold thickness, percentage body fat at 6 weeks and 6 months and a larger truncal/peripheral fat ratio at 6 months (p<0.01 for all). Birth weight was inversely associated with truncal/peripheral fat ratio (p<0.01) but not with relative body fat at 6 months. ConclusionDuring early postnatal rapid weight gain infants do not grow in all body tissues in equal measure. Instead, they acquire relatively large amounts of fat, which is preferentially distributed to the truncal region. Long term observational studies have to assess if such changes in body composition persist into adulthood.

Frequent summer nuptial flights of ants provide a primary food source for bats

In many ant species, nuptial flight tends to be short in time and assumed to be synchronous across a large area. Here, we report that, in the upper Jordan Valley, northern Israel, massive nuptial flights of Carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.) occur frequently throughout the summer, and their alates form up to 90% of the diet of the greater mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum) during this period. This fat and protein-rich diet enables female bats to lactate during summer, and the large amount of fat that both sexes accumulate may serve as an energy source for their following winter hibernation and posthibernation mating in early spring (March-April). We suggest that the annual movement of these bats to the Mediterranean region of Israel may have evolved in order to enable them to exploit the extremely nutritious forms of ant alates when the bats' energetic demands are highest.

Risk assessment for prion protein reduction under the conditions of the biodiesel production process

AbstractDue to the increased demand for biofuels, all different feedstocks from oils and fats have to be considered for biodiesel production. Animal fats have proved to be excellent sources for biodiesel due to their high cetane number and good stability. Large amounts of fat from so‐called high‐risk material, possibly contaminated with infectious prions, are available for biodiesel production. In this paper, the grade of destruction of prions during the biodiesel production process, including pre‐esterification with conc. sulfuric acid followed by KOH‐catalyzed transesterification, was studied. The starting material of the different production steps was spiked with purified and highly infectious prion rods, and the destruction of these prions was determined by gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blot. The pre‐esterification step led to a destruction factor of at least 100, the transesterification led to a factor of at least 250, and the distillation of the final biodiesel showed a destruction factor of at least 1000. During all experiments, no traces of prions could be detected after the different reaction steps. Based on these data, a complete and unequivocal risk assessment regarding the industrial process of biodiesel production was carried out, leading to a calculated overall risk of 5.8×10−15 ID50 units/person and year, which means that a hypothetical BSE contamination from biodiesel is more than 109 times lower than the background risk.

Fat Affects Predator-Avoidance Behavior in Gray Catbirds (Dumetella Carolinensis) During Migratory Stopover

Abstract During migration, birds may store large quantities of fat to fuel long-distance flight. Because mass affects flight performance, fat migrants should behave with greater caution toward aerial predators than lean migrants. We tested a prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that fat birds will remain motionless longer than lean birds after a simulated encounter with a raptor. We captured Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) during fall migration, classified their subcutaneous fat, exposed them to a model hawk, and then recorded the time until their first perch change. To determine whether the birds treated the simulated predator as a threat, we also tested them with a hexagon-shaped model and with no model. The birds remained motionless longer with the hawk model than either of the two other treatments. Fat birds remained motionless longer than lean birds when exposed to the hawk model, but we detected no difference with the other two treatments. These results provide evidence that fat affects the predator-avoidance behavior of Gray Catbirds during migratory stopover. That a difference between fat and lean groups was only apparent with the hawk model treatment suggests that the result is attributable to differences in the flight performance of the two groups rather than simply a difference in motivation to begin foraging. We suggest that fat should influence the behavior of a wide variety of migrant birds, particularly those species that typically carry greater fat reserves or that forage in more exposed situations than the Gray Catbirds we tested. La Grasa Afecta el Comportamiento de Evasión de Depredadores en Dumetella carolinensis durante las Paradas Migratorias

FAT AFFECTS PREDATOR-AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN GRAY CATBIRDS (DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS) DURING MIGRATORY STOPOVER

Abstract During migration, birds may store large quantities of fat to fuel long-distance flight. Because mass affects flight performance, fat migrants should behave with greater caution toward aerial predators than lean migrants. We tested a prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that fat birds will remain motionless longer than lean birds after a simulated encounter with a raptor. We captured Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) during fall migration, classified their subcutaneous fat, exposed them to a model hawk, and then recorded the time until their first perch change. To determine whether the birds treated the simulated predator as a threat, we also tested them with a hexagon-shaped model and with no model. The birds remained motionless longer with the hawk model than either of the two other treatments. Fat birds remained motionless longer than lean birds when exposed to the hawk model, but we detected no difference with the other two treatments. These results provide evidence that fat affects the...

Analysis of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones with Accelerated Solvent Extraction To Detect Irradiated Meat and Fish

A new analytical procedure has been developed to analyze 2-alkylcyclobutanones to detect gamma-ray-irradiated fat-containing foodstuffs. Samples were extracted with an accelerated solvent extraction system via hot and pressurized ethyl acetate in cells. A large amount of fat in the extract was precipitated and removed with filtration by standing at -20 degrees C after the addition of acetonitrile. The extract was further cleaned with a 1 g silica gel mini column, and the radiolytic compounds of 2-docecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-TCB) were determined with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sample preparation time before GC/MS was 7-8 h. At first, the procedure was evaluated with a recovery test in eight samples spiked with 2-DCB and 2-TCB at 20 ng/g, resulting in 70-105% recoveries with mostly less than 10% relative standard deviations. The procedure was further evaluated with beef, pork, chicken, and salmon samples irradiated with gamma-rays from 0.7 to 7.0 kGy at -19 degrees C. Both 2-DCB and 2-TCB in most samples were detected with good dose-response relations at all doses, while salmon was detected more than 2 kGy irradiation. The amounts of 2-alkylcyclobutanones produced reflected precursor fatty acids levels in samples, especially for the combination of 2-TCB and stearic acid. The results indicated that the production rate of 2-TCB to stearic acid was more obvious than that of 2-DCB to palmitic acid in frozen samples with gamma-ray irradiation.

Effect of ingestion order of the fat component of a solid meal on intragastric fat distribution and gastric emptying assessed by MRI

To develop an MRI technique to investigate how varying the ingestion order of nonfat and fat components of a solid meal influences three-dimensional intragastric distribution and gastric emptying (GE). Eight healthy subjects were studied twice in randomized order. On one occasion (condition F-NF), the fat component (40 g mayonnaise on toast) was served before the nonfat component (270 g pasta, 200 g tomato sauce, 100 mL water); on the other (condition NF-F), the ingestion order was reversed. GE and intragastric distribution of both components were assessed by MRI for 180 minutes. During condition F-NF, GE of fat was significantly faster than during condition NF-F (T(25) [min]: F-NF: 20 +/- 9; NF-F: 40 +/- 7; P < 0.05), a larger amount of fat was observed in the antrum during condition F-NF, and more fat layering occurred. No differences were observed in total GE between the two conditions. Meal ingestion order influences GE and intragastric distribution of fat, which can be assessed by MRI techniques, providing new insights into the physiology of gastric processing and intragastric distribution of different meal phases.

Determination of low concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish feed and fish tissues from aquaculture activities by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

AbstractA sensitive and rapid multiresidual method has been developed for the determination of organochlorine compounds in fish feed and fish tissues. The method is based on automated off‐line normal‐phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) clean‐up prior to GC‐MS/MS. Analytes are extracted by refluxing in n‐hexane and fats present in the hexanic extracts are removed by automated NPLC, using n‐hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phase. Both NPLC and acid digestion with sulphuric acid have been evaluated as clean‐up techniques for the analysis of these kinds of fatty samples. Thus, acid digestion is recommended before NPLC when large amounts of fat are present in the extracts. Purified extracts are then analysed by GC‐MS/MS (electron impact, EI) using the extracted ion mode. The high efficiency of elimination of fats from the extracts together with optimised MS/MS detection leads to high sensitivity in the multiresidue determination of analytes, reaching limits of detection at the sub‐ppb level in this type of fatty samples (up to 19% lipids fresh weight). The developed procedure represents an improvement over current methodologies for the analysis of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in fatty samples as regards to solvent consumption and automation, allowing the application of automated off‐line NPLC (26 min per sample) prior to GC determination. Besides, changes of solvent are not necessary during analysis. The application of the developed procedure to real world samples of fish feed and cultured fish revealed the presence of HCB, DDTs, and PCBs at ng g–1 levels.

A PILOT PLANT TO PRODUCE BIODIESEL FROM HIGH FREE FATTY ACID FEEDSTOCKS

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animalfats. Currently, most biodiesel is made from soybean oil, methanol, and an alkaline catalyst. However, there are large amountsof fats and oils that are unsuitable for human consumption that could be converted to biodiesel at lower cost. The problemwith processing these waste oils is that they often contain large amounts of free fatty acids that cannot be converted to biodieselusing an alkaline catalyst. These free fatty acids react with the alkaline catalyst to produce soaps that inhibit the separationof the biodiesel, glycerin, and wash water. Previous research has developed a process for pretreating these high free fatty acidfeedstocks using acid catalysts, which do not form soaps. The objective of this study was to construct a pilot plant to producebiodiesel from a wide variety of feedstocks including those with high free fatty acids. A 190 L batch pilot plant has been builtthat can process high free fatty acid feedstocks using an acidcatalyzed pretreatment followed by an alkalinecatalyzedtransesterification. Case studies of pilot plantscale production of biodiesel from soybean oil, yellow grease with 9% free fattyacids, and brown grease with 40% free fatty acids are presented. The effect of varying the reaction parameters is discussed,and the separation and washing processes are described. Estimates of the fuel cost using different feedstocks are alsoprovided.

Relationship between body mass index and local quality of mandibular bone structure in elderly individuals.

Human bones decrease in density and increase in porosity beginning at about the third decade of life. The objective of this study was to determine whether mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) and some linear radiomorphometric measurements on dental panoramic radiograph (DPR) are correlated with different categories of body mass index (BMI) in elderly individuals. Cortical width at gonion (GI), at antegonion (AI), and below mental foramen (MI) and the appearance of the cortex of the lower border of the mandible distal to the mental foramina due to resorptive changes (mandibular cortical index [MCI]) were measured bilaterally on the mandible on 136 DPRs of elderly individuals. Using DPRs and copper stepwedge, mandibular BMD was investigated densitometrically. All BMD values were expressed in equivalents of the actual stepwedge thickness. The patients with BMIs from 20 to 25 kg/m(2) were classified as category 1 (the generally accepted range of normal BMI), and the patients with BMIs higher than 25 were classified as category 2 (heavy individuals with a heavy skeleton and a large amount of fat in the body). The results revealed statistically significant differences in all measured indices between different BMI categories (p <.05 for MI; p <.001 for GI and AI). Statistically significant differences were also found in BMD values between different BMI categories (p <.05); the differences were more pronounced in women. The patients with MCI category 3 had significantly lower BMD values in comparison to MCI category 2 (p <.01). Intraobserver agreement in GI, AI, MI measurement, and MCI assessments was excellent. Heavy people have higher BMD and higher values in linear radiomorphometric measurements than lighter people.

Alcoholism, hypercortisonism, fat embolism and osseous avascular necrosis. 1971.

Alcoholism, hypercortisonism, fat embolism and osseous avascular necrosis. 1971.

Having the Nerve to Go On

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , mutations that disrupt the signaling pathway of the insulin-like receptor daf-2 dramatically extend the animals' life-span and cause the accumulation of large amounts of fat. By selectively expressing normal versions of the mutated insulin-like receptors only in certain tissues, Wolkow et al . pinpoint the nervous system as responsible for this pathway's effect on life-span and the muscles, as the site that controls the metabolic alterations. The authors suggest that defects in the daf-2 pathway allow overexpression of free-radical scavenging enzymes, which protects neurons from oxidative damage and allows them to secrete life-prolonging neuroendocrine signals. Wolkow, C.A., Kimura, K.D., Lee, M.-S., and Ruvkun, G. (2000) Regulation of C . elegans life-span by insulinlike signaling in the nervous system. Science 290 : 147-150. [Abstract] [Full Text]

Food and metabolic signalling defects in a Caenorhabditis elegans serotonin-synthesis mutant.

The functions of serotonin have been assigned through serotonin-receptor-specific drugs and mutants; however, because a constellation of receptors remains when a single receptor subtype is inhibited, the coordinate responses to modulation of serotonin levels may be missed. Here we report the analysis of behavioural and neuroendocrine defects caused by a complete lack of serotonin signalling. Analysis of the C. elegans genome sequence showed that there is a single tryptophan hydroxylase gene (tph-1)-the key enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis. Animals bearing a tph-1 deletion mutation do not synthesize serotonin but are fully viable. The tph-1 mutant shows abnormalities in behaviour and metabolism that are normally coupled with the sensation and ingestion of food: rates of feeding and egg laying are decreased; large amounts of fat are stored; reproductive lifespan is increased; and some animals arrest at the metabolically inactive dauer stage. This metabolic dysregulation is, in part, due to downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like neuroendocrine signals. The action of the C. elegans serotonergic system in metabolic control is similar to mammalian serotonergic input to metabolism and obesity.

Effects of the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids on rumen degradation of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) in Pelibuey sheep

Fat is often fed to sheep and cattle as a means to increase dietary energy concentration. There is increasing interest in the supplementation of ruminant diets with fats and oils. However feeding fat may reduce dry matter digestibility, and feeding ruminant animals large quantities of fat (&gt;5% of total dry matter intake) can result in a marked negative effect on fibre and dry mater intake. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of fat supplementation on ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of sheep fed a tropical hay.