Large Air Spaces Research Articles

Strategic Security in Northern Europe: The Implications of Russian Anti-Access/Area Denial Strategies in Developing Complex Threat Environments

Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) is a term that came into use to describe an environment in which an air and air defense force could use a combination of surface-launched ballistic missiles, surface and air launched cruise missiles and long-range surface-to-air missiles to prevent an opposing force from accessing or operating within a large airspace effectively. The descriptions and subsequent analyses of the penetrability of these environments often rests on assessments of the capabilities of just a few newly developed missiles and may fail to consider the additional complexity induced by the large array of the entire complement of air, land and sea launched missiles available to adversaries. This article will focus on Northern Europe as one example of the higher degrees of complexity that our air forces are likely to face should the need arise to fight and win in a 21st Century highly contested environment.

Silene thymifolia Sibth. et Sm. (Caryophyllaceae) – A vulnerable species in Romania: Anatomical aspects of vegetative organs

Silene thymifolia (Caryophyllaceae) is considered a rare, near-threatened species in Romania, growing only on Black Sea coastal dunes. Anatomical aspects of the root, stem and leaf of this species are presented in this study. Root, stem and leaves were analysed by brightfield microscopy, with specific staining. The root in cross section exhibited a secondary structure, generated by the activity of phellogen, and vascular cambium, with thick cork, continuous secondary xylem rings. no pith rays, but with cortical air lacunes. The stem had a primary structure with a number of collateral vascular bundles arranged on a single circle, with thick cortical schlerenchymal layers and oxalate crystals in pith cells. The epidermis showed stomata and glandular hairs. The leaf was amphystomatic leaf, with a heterogeneous mesophyll (equifacial type) and embedded vascular bundles, with a rounded mid rib surrounded by a parenchyma sheath. The spongy tissue has some large intercellular air spaces with druses. The mechanical tissue is well developed in the root and stem and poorly developed, represented by few collenchyma elements in the mesophyll, being represented by a continuous schlerenchyma fibers band present in root and stem and collenchyma in the leaf. The secretory histological elements were represented by epidermal glandular hairs and oxaliferous cells (druses) present in stem and leaf.

Research on quasi-one-dimensional modeling and performance analysis of RBCC propulsion system

Abstract Quasi-one-dimensional model is the most effective way to realize the rapid iterative design of the overall scheme and control system of RBCC aircraft and has become a research hotspot. In the current research, the quasi-one-dimensional model of RBCC propulsion system is simplified. The model does not include physical characteristics such as wall heat transfer, boundary layer change, specific heat ratio change and transonic flow singularity, which makes the accuracy of the model low and cannot adapt to flight control in large airspace. A RBCC model with high accuracy and adaptability to wide-speed fly is established in this paper. Firstly, based on the laws of kinetic energy conservation and energy conservation, the thrust model of ejection mode is established. Secondly, the quasi-one-dimensional flow control equation is deduced, and the physical mechanism models of core flow area, transonic flow, pre-combustion shock train, heat release law and mixing efficiency are established. On this basis, the quasi-one-dimensional flow model of RBCC dual-mode ramjet is established. Thirdly, based on the law of momentum conservation, the mathematical model of rocket mode is deduced, and the thrust model of rocket mode is established. Finally, the accuracy of the quasi-one-dimensional model is verified by CFD numerical simulation and direct-connect experiment. Taking a typical RBCC launch vehicle as an example, the wide-speed performance of the RBCC propulsion system is calculated and analyzed.

Research on quasi-one-dimensional modeling and performance analysis of RBCC propulsion system

Abstract Quasi-one-dimensional model is the most effective way to realize the rapid iterative design of the overall scheme and control system of RBCC aircraft and has become a research hotspot. In the current research, the quasi-one-dimensional model of RBCC propulsion system is simplified. The model does not include physical characteristics such as wall heat transfer, boundary layer change, specific heat ratio change and transonic flow singularity, which makes the accuracy of the model low and cannot adapt to flight control in large airspace. A RBCC model with high accuracy and adaptability to wide-speed fly is established in this paper. Firstly, based on the laws of kinetic energy conservation and energy conservation, the thrust model of ejection mode is established. Secondly, the quasi-one-dimensional flow control equation is deduced, and the physical mechanism models of core flow area, transonic flow, pre-combustion shock train, heat release law and mixing efficiency are established. On this basis, the quasi-one-dimensional flow model of RBCC dual-mode ramjet is established. Thirdly, based on the law of momentum conservation, the mathematical model of rocket mode is deduced, and the thrust model of rocket mode is established. Finally, the accuracy of the quasi-one-dimensional model is verified by CFD numerical simulation and direct-connect experiment. Taking a typical RBCC launch vehicle as an example, the wide-speed performance of the RBCC propulsion system is calculated and analyzed.

THE EVANESCENT LUNG

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Obstructive Lung Disease Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Vanishing lung syndrome (VLS), also known as giant bullous emphysema, is a chronic progressive condition predominantly seen in upper lobes of lungs, occupying at least one-third of the hemithorax and can compress normal lung parenchyma. It is commonly seen in young males with a history of chronic smoking. Other risk factors include α-1-antitrypsin deficiency and marijuana (1). Complications include tension pneumothorax. Bullectomy is usually the treatment of choice. Herein, we describe a rare case where an elderly male with symptoms of pneumonia was found to have an incidental finding of VLS on computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA). CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old African American male with a medical history of prostate cancer status post-radiotherapy and hypertension came in with a 2-day history of sudden onset shortness of breath, cough with yellowish-brownish sputum and subjective fevers. He had a 60 pack-year smoking history. Vitals were remarkable for a body mass index of 15, heart rate of 125/min, respiratory rate of 22/min, and fever of 100.8 but there was no hypoxia. On comprehensive physical examination, he had stage 3 nail clubbing. Pulmonary examination revealed hyper resonant percussion in the right upper zone and decreased air entry. Laboratory investigation was unremarkable except for leukocytosis of 15.8 X 103 /mm3. A chest radiograph demonstrated acute infiltrates in the right lung inferior to the right hilum. There was a large bleb within the right hemithorax occupying most of the right hemithorax. Left hemithorax exhibited chronic emphysematous changes with peripheral blebs. Since the patient had a history of malignancy and was tachycardic on admission. CTPA was done which revealed very large right pulmonary bleb and air space opacities suggestive of acute bronchopneumonia or bronchitis. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were started after which the patient clinically improved in one day. Investigating the imaging findings, α-1 antitrypsin levels were normal. HIV testing was negative. Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted and a decision was taken to do bullectomy but the patient refused the procedure as he was asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: VLS is a rare condition usually seen in young males with chronic smoking history or marijuana abuse. A common presentation is tension pneumothorax as a result of the rupture of the bulla. What makes this case unique is that our patient was an asymptomatic elderly male without any prior diagnosis of the same. He presented with clinical features of pneumonia and was incidentally found to have VLS at this age(2). CONCLUSIONS: VLS becomes evident as it progresses and can lead to tension pneumothorax. Patients should be referred for pulmonary function tests for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiothoracic surgery for bullectomy which is the treatment of choice and improves the function of the lung significantly (3). Reference #1: 1. Barry Ladizinski, M.D., and Christopher Sankey, M.D.; Vanishing Lung Syndrome N Engl J Med 2014; 370:e14, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1305898 Reference #2: 2. Amarjit Singh Vij, Robert James, Akashdeep Singh, Amrinder Singh Dhaliwal, Ajay Chhabra, Kamaljeet Kaur Vij; A Rare Case of Vanishing Lung Syndrome; J Assoc Physicians India. 2014 Dec;62(12):51-3. PMID: 26259424 Reference #3: 3. Nidhi Sood, Nikhil Sood; A Rare Case of Vanishing Lung Syndrome; Case Rep Pulmonol. 2011; 2011: 957463. doi: 10.1155/2011/957463. PMID: 22937434 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ankit Agrawal, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Sanya Chandna, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Monarch Shah, source=Web Response

Slumped IGU’s with large airspaces: engineering challenges and solutions

Aside from external cladding pressure loads that are always considered in IGU design, a variety of unique factors must also be addressed when analyzing the structural performance of a slumped IGU with a large air cavity. These factors include the volume of air within the cavity, the stiffness and strength of the outer and inner lites of glass, elevation changes between the glass fabrication facility and the building site, temperature changes over time, fluctuations in barometric pressure, and increased stress on the secondary structural perimeter seal. Appropriate deflection limits for mullions or other elements supporting the IGU must also be established due to the increased stiffness of the IGU resulting from the slumped glass geometry. Engineering challenges related to the design of slumped IGU’s will be highlighted and explained using Nike’s new retail flagship store in New York City, Nike House of Innovation 000, as a case study for a dynamic facade featuring custom carved and slumped insulating glass units. Principal analysis methods, testing procedures, and a summary of the various software tools used to evaluate the slumped IGU’s will be provided. The solutions shown will illustrate how the fundamental design and engineering approach taken for Nike can be successfully applied to other projects that incorporate slumped IGU’s into their facades.

Effects of heat, drought and their combined effects on morphological structure and physicochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) starch

High temperature (HT) and drought stress (WS) severely affect rice quality by altering the starch structure in rice. The morphological and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from two rice varieties grown under three stress treatment (HT, WS and WS + HT) during the grain filling stage were investigated. The results showed that WS increased amylose content (AC%) and the proportion of large starch granules (LSG) and made the surface of the starch granule smooth and flat. As a result, a lower relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. HT decreased AC% and milled rice rate, but increased chalky rice rate, the number of LSG and the large air space and pits on the surface of the starch granules. As a result, a higher relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. Similar results were observed under the treatment of WS + HT, indicating that there is a mild antagonistic effect on rice starch when the HT and WS occur simultaneously.

Structural basis for C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in leaves of the submerged freshwater plant Ottelia alismoides.

Ottelia alismoides (Hydrocharitaceae) is a freshwater macrophyte that, unusually, possesses three different CO2-concentrating mechanisms. Here we describe its leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure, how these are altered by CO2 concentration and how they may underlie C4 photosynthesis. Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the anatomy of mature leaves of O. alismoides grown at high and low CO2 concentrations. Diel acid change and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were measured to confirm that CAM activity and C4 photosynthesis were present. When O. alismoides was grown at low CO2, the leaves performed both C4 and CAM photosynthesis whereas at high CO2 leaves used C4 photosynthesis. The leaf comprised an upper and lower layer of epidermal cells separated by a large air space occupying about 22 % of the leaf transverse-section area, and by mesophyll cells connecting the two epidermal layers. Kranz anatomy was absent. At low CO2, chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells were filled with starch even at the start of the photoperiod, while epidermal chloroplasts contained small starch grains. The number of chloroplasts in the epidermis was greater than in the mesophyll cells. At high CO2, the structure was unchanged but the thicknesses of the two epidermal layers, the air space, mesophyll and the transverse-section area of cells and air space were greater. Leaves of O. alismoides have epidermal and mesophyll cells that contain chloroplasts and large air spaces but lack Kranz anatomy. The high starch content of mesophyll cells suggests they may benefit from an internal source of CO2, for example via C4 metabolism, and are also sites of starch storage. The air spaces may help in the recycling of decarboxylated or respired CO2. The structural similarity of leaves at low and high CO2 is consistent with the constitutive nature of bicarbonate and C4 photosynthesis. There is sufficient structural diversity within the leaf of O. alismoides to support dual-cell C4 photosynthesis even though Kranz anatomy is absent.

Phenotypic Plasticity in the Structure of Fine Adventitious Metasequoia glyptostroboides Roots Allows Adaptation to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments.

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae) is a rare deciduous conifer which grows successfully in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This tree has a narrow natural distribution in central China but is cultivated worldwide. Using histochemical staining and microscopy (both brightfield and epifluorescent), we investigated whether the phenotypic anatomical and histochemical plasticity in the fine adventitious roots of M. glyptostroboides has promoted the adaptation of this plant to aquatic and terrestrial environments. The fine root development and cortex sloughing of M. glyptostroboides occurs later in aquatic habitats than in terrestrial habitats. Anatomical and histochemical analyses have revealed that the apoplastic barriers in the primary growth of the fine roots consist of the endodermis and exodermis with Casparian bands, suberin lamellae, and secondarily lignified cell walls. There were also lignified phi (Φ) thickenings in the cortex. In both aquatic and terrestrial roots, secondary growth was observed in the vascular cambium, which produced secondary xylem and phloem, as well as in the phellogen, which produced cork. As compared to terrestrial adventitious roots, aquatic adventitious roots had multiple lignified Φ thickenings throughout the cortex, larger air spaces, dilated parenchyma, and dense suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermis. Our results thus indicate that phenotypic plasticity in the anatomical features of the fine adventitious roots, including apoplastic barriers, air spaces, and lignified Φ thickenings, might support the adaptation of M. glyptostroboides to both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Growth-promoting effects of the hydrogen-sulfide compounds produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans co-cultured with Escherichia coli (DH5α) on the growth of Entamoeba and Endolimax species isolates from swine.

Certain Desulfovibrio sp. (anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria) are indigenous to swine cecum and colon, which are also common habitats for parasitic amoebae such as Entamoeba polecki and Entamoeba suis. In this study, we evaluated the growth-promoting effects of D. desulfuricans co-cultured with Escherichia coli (DH5α) and its products [e.g., hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and certain iron-sulfide (FeS) compounds] using Robinson's medium, on the 4 amoeba isolates from swine-Entamoeba polecki subtype (ST)-1, E. polecki ST-3, Entamoeba suis, and Endolimax sp., and, consequently, a continuous culture system for these amoebae was established. However, this novel culture system was required to regulate the excess H2S dissolved in the medium by increasing air space as amoeba isolates thrive only in large air spaces (30-40%). The effects of air space and H2S and FeS compounds on the growth of E. polecki ST-1 (TDP-5) were determined. E. polecki ST-1 (TDP-5) thrived well in culture bottles with an air space of 30-40% (aerobic) (H2S: ~250-400 μmoles/L), but did not grow at all in an air space < 5% (microaerobic) ( H2S:~800 μmoles/L) and in anaerobic vessels (H2S: 20-30 μmoles/L). In both H2S-depleted and FeS compound-depleted conditions, the amoebae sp. could not thrive either. It was hypothesized that an appropriate concentration of H2S and FeS compounds might function as important physiologically active components of electron carriers such as FeS and ferredoxin.

A CASE OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS MYOCARDITIS

SESSION TITLE: Monday Medical Student/Resident Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: 10/21/2019 02:30 PM - 03:15 PM INTRODUCTION: Numerous viruses can cause myocarditis with Enteroviruses being a common cause and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) being a rare cause. This virus has also been described in the pathophysiology of hepatitis and cholangiopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented with a 3-day history of generalized abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and chest pain. She also endorsed 1 week of myalgias, sore throat, and fatigue. Physical examination showed fever, abdominal tenderness, and scleral icterus. Initial laboratory data demonstrated mildly elevated transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. ERCP demonstrated mild intrahepatic ductal dilation, 1 cm narrowing of the common bile duct, and non-obstructing gall stones necessitating cholecystectomy and biliary duct stent placement. However, her symptoms persisted, and she became more tachycardic and dyspneic, with worsening chest pain. Laboratory data showed an elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide > 6500 pg/ml with leukocytosis up to 35,000 WBC/microliter. She was transferred to the intensive care unit and clinical evaluation commenced. Empiric antimicrobial therapy was instituted and computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed which was negative for pulmonary embolus but did demonstrate bilateral large pleural effusions and diffuse airspace infiltrates. Impending respiratory failure was averted with Bi-PAP and transthoracic echocardiogram revealed ejection fraction of 35% confirming suspected cardiomyopathy. Infectious diseases evaluation was extensive and negative except for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 472 copies/mL, markedly elevated EBV IgM and IgG to viral capsid antigen, EBV D antigen IgG, and EBV antibody to nuclear antigen. Other etiologies were excluded by PCRs, serologies, cultures, autoimmune evaluation, bone marrow biopsy, imaging, and bronchoscopy. Antimicrobial agents were discontinued, and glucocorticoids were initiated resulting in gradual improvement of symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. The patient was diagnosed with EBV myocarditis with associated hepatitis/cholangiopathy. DISCUSSION: The differential diagnosis of patients with dyspnea, fever, abdominal pain, chest pain and leukocytosis can be broad. This case demonstrates that unusual symptoms of a relatively common viral infection (infectious mononucleosis) must be considered in order to not delay diagnosis and proper treatment. Myocarditis can be the first symptom of EBV infection with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic electrocardiographic changes to fulminant heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, or even sudden death. CONCLUSIONS: Manifestations of EBV infection can cross multiple organ systems and must be considered by clinicians in the differential diagnosis of acute cardiomyopathy with fever, leukocytosis and signs of hepatitis/cholangiopathy. Reference #1: Muneuchi, J., Ohga, S., Ishimura, M. et al. Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Chronic Active Epstein–Barr Virus Infection. Pediatr Cardiol (2009) 30: 274. Reference #2: Lawee D. Mild infectious mononucleosis presenting with transient mixed liver disease: case report with a literature review. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(8):1314-6. Reference #3: Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Jameson, J., Kasper, D., Longo, D. and Loscalzo, J. (2016). Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 19e. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Christopher Farmakis, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Leigh Hunter, source=Web Response

An intra-amniotic injection of mesenchymal stem cells promotes lung maturity in a rat congenital diaphragmatic hernia model.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) by intra-amniotic injection in a rat CDH model. Nitrofen (100mg) was administered to pregnant rats at E9.5. hMSCs (1.0 × 106) or PBS was injected into each amniotic cavity at E18, and fetuses were harvested at E21. The fetal lungs were classified into normal, CDH, and CDH-hMSCs groups. To determine the lung maturity, we assessed the alveolar histological structure by H&E and Weigert staining and the alveolar arteries by Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) staining. TTF-1, a marker of type II alveolar epithelial cells, was also evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The survival rate after intra-amniotic injection was 72.1%. The CDH-hMSCs group had significantly more alveoli and secondary septa than the CDH group (p < 0.05). The CDH-hMSCs group had larger air spaces and thinner alveolar walls than the CDH group (p < 0.05). The medial and adventitial thickness of the pulmonary artery in the CDH-hMSCs group were significantly better (p < 0.001), and there were significantly fewer TTF-1-positive cells than in the CDH group (p < 0.001). These results suggest that intra-amniotic injection of hMSCs has therapeutic potential for CDH.

Integrated Guidance and Control for Hypersonic Morphing Missile Based on Variable Span Auxiliary Control

The morphing aircraft can improve the flight performance of hypersonic vehicles by satisfying the flight requirements of large airspace and large velocity field. In this paper, for the hypersonic variable span missile, the dynamic model and aerodynamic model are established on the variable span characteristic. The adaptive dynamic surface control back-stepping method is used to establish the integrated guidance and control (IGC) with terminal angular constraint in the dive phase of the hypersonic variable span missile. The span variety is used to assist the lift control to achieve fast and stable control for the centroid motion. The simulation results demonstrate that the feasibility and robustness of the IGC method of the hypersonic variable span missile is better than the invariable span.

The Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll in Leaves.

Measuring and modeling the spatial distribution of chlorophyll within the leaf is critical for understanding the relationship between leaf structure and carbon assimilation, for defining the relative investments in leaf tissues from the perspective of leaf economics theory, and for the emerging application of in silico carbon assimilation models. Yet, spatially resolved leaf chlorophyll distribution data are limited. Here, we used epi-illumination fluorescence microscopy to estimate relative chlorophyll concentration as a function of mesophyll depth for 57 plant taxa. Despite interspecific variation due to differences in leaf thickness, mesophyll palisade fraction, and presence of large intercellular airspaces, the spatial distribution of chlorophyll in laminar leaves was remarkably well conserved across diverse lineages (ferns, cycads, conifers, ginkgo, basal angiosperms, magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) and growth habits (tree, shrub, herbaceous, annual, perennial, evergreen, and deciduous). In the typical leaf, chlorophyll content increased gradually as a function of depth, peaking deep within the mesophyll. This chlorophyll distribution pattern is likely coupled to adaxial and abaxial intraleaf light gradients, including the relative enrichment of green light in the lower leaf. Chlorophyll distribution for the typical leaf from our dataset was well represented by a simple mathematical model (R2 = 0.94). We present chlorophyll distribution data and model equations for many ecologically and commercially relevant species and plant functional types (defined according to chlorophyll profile similarity, clade, and leaf thickness). These findings represent an advancement toward more accurate photosynthesis modeling and increase our understanding of first principles in intraleaf physiology.

SPONTANEOUS HEMORRHAGE INTO GIANT EMPHYSEMATOUS BULLA

SESSION TITLE: Obstructive Lung Diseases SESSION TYPE: Fellow Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/09/2018 01:15 PM - 02:15 PM INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary bullae are seen in emphysematous lungs and are usually of little consequence unless complicated by infection, pneumothorax or hemorrhage. Spontaneous hemorrhage into large emphysematous bullae has been rarely reported in patients with pre-existing coagulopathies or supra-therapeutic anticoagulation. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 57-year-old man with history of severe bullous emphysema and peripheral artery disease on aspirin and warfarin who presented to the emergency department for massive hemoptysis. He coughed up about 3 cups of blood at home and continued to have hemoptysis in the hospital. Computed tomography angiography revealed fluid and mass like consolidations within a giant bullous lesion in right upper lung that was new from 3 days ago. He was hemodynamically stable, with a stable hemoglobin. His warfarin was held and was given intravenous vitamin K. He was monitored closely in the intensive care unit and was discharged home after a few days of stability. DISCUSSION: Bullous emphysema, also known as vanishing lung syndrome occurs due to lung damage from smoking. Lung parenchyma and airway destruction in emphysema results in stretching and breakage of alveolar walls creating large air spaces that cannot handle normal gas exchange during respiration. This results in incomplete exhalation and air trapping in the lungs that progressively enlarge, forming large bullae. Complications include infections, pneumothorax or hemorrhage.Pulmonary hemorrhage is most often due to blunt or penetrating chest trauma or associated with ruptured vascular malformations or infections particularly tuberculosis and fungal. Spontaneous hemorrhage into pre-existing emphysematous bullae has been described in patients with coagulation abnormalities, supra-therapeutic anticoagulation or anti-platelet agents. The most likely mechanism is infection causing angionecrosis within the bulla and thereby bleeding. After initiating supportive care, control of the bleeding can be achieved by coil embolization. Due to the rare possibility of pulmonary artery aneurysms pulmonary arteriography may be required if bronchial arteriography does not reveal abnormalities. Surgical resection of the lobe may be required if bleeding cannot be stopped. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous hemorrhage is a rare complication of large emphysematous bullae particularly in the setting of coagulation abnormalities, which can result in life threatening bleeding. Management involves correcting coagulopathy and coil embolization or surgical lobectomy if bleeding cannot be controlled. Reference #1: Withey S, Tamimi A. Spontaneous pulmonary haemorrhage into an existing emphysematous bulla. BMJ Case Reports. 2016 Reference #2: Bowler RP, Durham J, Schwarz MI. Massive hemoptysis from a pulmonary artery aneurysm associated with an emphysematous bulla. Chest. 1998;113(4):1130-1. Reference #3: Nakajima J, Yamamoto M, Kotsuka Y, et al. Hemoptysis from an emphysematous bulla developing after open-heart surgery: report of a case. Surg Today. 1997;27(3):266-8. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Sabin Bista, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Deepak Chandra, source=Web Response no disclosure on file for Deepa Jayakrishnan; No relevant relationships by Navin Victor, source=Web Response

Overview of control-centric integrated design for hypersonic vehicles

Hypersonic vehicles (HSVs) exhibit significant advantages over other vehicles, including the wide range of velocity and large airspace types, and these features have contributed to the rapid development of HSVs in the last 20 years. Moreover, hypersonic technologies have become a multidisciplinary research topic in the fields of aerodynamics, propulsion, structure, material, and control. Different types of re-entry gliding, air-breathing cruise, and aerospace vehicles have been designed to realize ambitious tasks, which in turn influenced the technological advancements and process change in the military. This paper summarizes the control-oriented integrated design of HSVs. First, the status of current research on the distinct characteristics and technique issues of HSVs is introduced. Then, the progresses made on complex modeling, guidance and control, and trajectory optimization are elaborated to exhibit the significant research interest in hypersonic technologies. The control-integrated design of HSVs is emphasized to solve the multidisciplinary design problems associated with the model and its control and trajectory. Various strategies regarding the multidisciplinary optimization design are also proposed to solve the integrated design problem. Finally, suggestions are provided for the control-oriented integrated design of HSVs.

Maneuver control of the hypersonic gliding vehicle with a scissored pair of control moment gyros

A maneuver control approach using a scissored pair of control moment gyros is proposed to improve the penetration ability of a hypersonic gliding vehicle (HGV) with a relatively high lift-drag ratio. Then, a multivariable strong coupling nonlinear bank-to-turn dynamical model is established for the case of lateral maneuvering of an HGV equipped with a scissored pair of control moment gyros. According to the requirement of coordinated turning of the HGV in a lateral maneuver, a decoupling controller based on feedback linearization and a linear quadratic optimal algorithm is designed. Finally, the large airspace maneuvering trajectories of the HGV including S-shaped, cycloid and spiral maneuvering modes are designed by applying overload control technology. Simulations demonstrate that the designed maneuvering trajectory significantly increases the airspace range and flexibility of the vehicle. The coordinated turn control system achieves an accurate and rapid tracking of the maneuvering trajectories in large airspace.

Cytological aspects during the stretching of collapsed cells in the root aerenchyma of Potamogeton polygonus Cham. & Schltdl. (Potamogetonaceae)

Aerenchyma tissue presents large air spaces with important physiological and ecological implications. Aerenchyma tissue enables the circulation and storage of gases in response to waterlogging and flooding. Although collapsed cells are usually identified as characteristic of lysigenous aerenchyma, organelles have been found in these cells in other aquatic species. Cell walls have also been implicated in cellular adhesion/separation. Therefore, the formation of a constitutive aerenchyma as in Potamogeton polygonus was investigated based on the glycan distribution and cytological aspects of collapsed cells. The interrelatedness of cell wall properties and aerenchyma formation have given new insights into aerenchyma formation, as a response to different plant habits. We investigated the cytological aspects of these cells via light and electron microscopy. We also performed immunolabeling experiments with a range of glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies to detect possible cell wall polymer changes in this tissue. P. polygonus presents a schizo-radial lysigenous type of aerenchyma in the roots. The lysigeny process did not involve middle lamella degradation. Highly methyl-esterified pectin labeled with LM20 is lost in the cell walls of collapsed cells, which could affect cell adhesion and morphology, leading to the stretching of aerenchyma cells. In contrast, labeling with LM19 (low methyl-esterified pectin) is increased in the anticlinal cell walls and middle lamella of aerenchyma cells. Beyond their known adhesion/separation properties, pectic polysaccharides might play an important role during the stretching of the collapsed cells. The relation of cell wall composition between induced/constitutive aerenchyma and habit indicates different glycan distribution among species.

Effect of Dexamethasone drug on bleomycin -inducedpulmonary fibrosis in experimental rats

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible and largely untreatable human disease encompasses a large group of chronic lung disorders associated with excessive remodeling, scarring, and fibrosis.The present study investigated the protective effect of dexamethasone administration against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in adult male rats.A total of 40 male adult albino rats (Rattus norvegicous) weighing from 200-250 gm each, were divided into four groups of (10) animals each. The first group received a daily intraperitonial (i.p) injection of vehicle normal saline (0.5ml\animal, daily to end experiment), and served as control group. Animals in the second, third and fourth groups were administrated i.p. with bleomycin (15mg\kg\3times weekly for 3 wks), dexamethasone 1mg ∕ kg body weight (B/wt.) (diluted in 0.5ml saline) as a single dose daily for3wks and dexamethasone a combination with bleomycin simultaneously to end experiment, respectively. The present study, displayed that the biochemical results determined the levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathion peroxidase (GSHpx) and Hydroxyproline(HYP) content in blood serum of animals. Where after oral administration of dexamethasone in combination with bleomycin, showed that dexamethasone significantly increase SOD P˂0.001 and GSHpx P˂0.001 levels, and decreased HYP P˂0.001 contents in blood stream of the rats in comparison with bleomycin group. On the contrary, study showed after intraperitonial injection of bleomycin alone, decreased level of SOD, GSHpx and increased of HYP content in blood serum of rats in comparison of control group. On the other hand, microscopical observations clarified that bleomycin injection showed that Most lung sections of BLM treated rats showed extensive damage of the lung tissue with loss of the normal alveolar architecture and majority of the alveolar walls were occupied by collagenous fibers, Results also clarified rupture of interalveolar septa forming large irregular emphysematous air spaces, Furthermore, lung sections of bleomycin – treated rats showed heavily infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells mostly lymphocytes, macrophages and moderate degeneration bronchioles epithelium. The study clarified that lung sections from animals treated with both (BLM) and dexamethasone, was restored normal tissue, slight thickening, and space expansion, mild edema of the interstitium and alveolar spaces with clear terminal bronchioles. Nevertheless, still congested of interalveolar septa and scattered inflammatory cells.This investigation has clearly identified the importance role of dexamethasone as inhibitor factor on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin, therefore, the findings may be offer one of therapeutic strategy to prevent the lung fibrosis in experimental rats model.

An Optimization Model for Large Scale Airspace

An Optimization Model for Large Scale Airspace