Large Adnexal Mass Research Articles

Too big to bag? - Technique for bagging very large adnexal masses via vNOTES

The technique to perform adnexectomy for adnexal masses has shifted over the last decades, from open surgery towards minimally invasive approaches. At the same time caution is warranted to prevent perioperative intra-abdominal spilling of cyst content which can be a challenge especially for very large masses. vNOTES (vaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) combines a vaginal approach with endoscopic overview in performing gynaecological surgery without abdominal scarring. The aim of the video is to demonstrate a vNOTES technique for safely bagging very large adnexal masses.

Huge Adnexal Masses Managed by Single Port Laparoscopy: A case series

Aim: Adnexal mass is one of the most common surgical indications in gynecology clinics, and laparoscopy is generally accepted as a gold standard in the management of adnexal mass. Materials and Method: Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is an evolving endoscopic approach in the era of minimal access surgery. Recently, it has been reported that adnexal mass may also be managed by SILS. In this report, we present 3 symptomatic patients with a huge adnexal mass operated by a single port laparoscopic approach. Results: The mean duration of the operations 95 minutes (range 75-135 minutes). None of the patients converted to laparotomy. All patients discharged on postoperative day 1. None of the patients required readmission to the hospital. Postoperatively all patients were satisfied with their incision and cosmetic results. Conclusion: Single port laparoscopic management can be successfully completed via SILS PortTM in patients with large adnexal masses with better cosmetic outcomes.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (intestinal-type differentiation) presenting as ovarian metastases: A case report

Introduction: Metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the ovaries is uncommon and can clinically present similarly to primary ovarian disease, presenting challenges for diagnosis. Immunohistochemical staining is typically useful in distinguishing ovarian primaries from ovarian metastasis. A newer and rarer variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, that with intestinal-type differentiation, has not previously been reported as metastasizing to the ovary. Its diagnosis is particularly difficult due to the overlap in staining patterns with primary ovarian neoplasms. Case Report: This case report presents the case of a 60-year-old female who presented with non-specific abdominal symptoms and was found to have a large adnexal mass. Imaging showed additional lesions in the peritoneum, pancreas, and liver. She underwent biopsy with morphology and immunohistochemical staining consistent with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with intestinal-type differentiation. She was started on FOLFIRINOX therapy but ultimately opted to pursue comfort care due to disease progression. Conclusion: Although rare, with this being the first report of this disease course to our knowledge, clinicians should be aware of this possibility, as it impacts choice of treatment.

Ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma and false negative frozen pathology: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction: In this case report we discuss the presentation and management of a woman with a large adnexal mass. Case Report: This report describes a 32-year-old year healthy woman who presented with four months of increasing abdominal fullness. Computed tomography (CT) imaging showed a 34 cm fluid-filled left adnexal mass with few thin septations. Tumor markers were within normal limits. She strongly desired minimally invasive surgery in the setting of low concern for malignancy. A mini-laparotomy was performed, purse string sutures were placed through the cyst wall, and fluid was aspirated with minimal spillage. Her left tube and ovary were resected laparoscopically. Intraoperative frozen pathology returned as mucinous cystadenoma with some areas of atypia. Final pathology resulted with Grade 2 mucinous adenocarcinoma and she was taken back to the operating room for a surgical staging procedure. Pathology from her laparoscopic staging surgery was benign. She underwent chemotherapy with carboplatin/paclitaxel for Stage 1C1, Grade 2 mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary based on intra-operative spillage. Conclusion: Despite reassuring imaging and tumor markers, particularly in the setting of frozen pathology with low concern for malignancy, final pathology may indicate carcinoma. Although the accuracy of intra-operative frozen pathology is generally high, both gynecologic oncologists and non-oncologic gynecologists should be aware of the limitations of the test and counsel patients that the final pathology may be discordant. Appropriate counseling about the risk of intra-operative spillage and subsequent upstaging is of particular importance.

Deep infiltrating endometriosis with mucinous metaplasia of mullerian origin

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition that often presents with pelvic pain and infertility, but in rare cases may masquerade as a gastrointestinal or gynecologic malignancy. Case: A 49-year-old G0 presented with abdominal pain, fevers, elevated tumor markers, and a large adnexal mass concerning for malignancy. Intra-operatively, mucinous lesions diffusely involved abdominopelvic structures. Intra-operative frozen section (IOFS) revealed invasive cancer and full cytoreductive surgery was completed. Final pathology was downgraded to atypical cystic endometriosis with mucinous metaplasia. Conclusion: Endometriosis, a nonmalignant condition, can present as pelvic masses associated with elevated tumor markers. The case presented here depicts a confounding preoperative and intraoperative picture where endometriosis was falsely identified as malignancy. Endometriosis should always remain a part of the differential diagnosis in a premenopausal patient with presumed gastrointestinal or gynecologic malignancies.

Laparoscopic surgery of large adnexal masses (>12 cm): Single port or conventional?

We aimed to compare single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS) and conventional multiport laparoscopic surgery (CMLS) for large adnexal mass (AM). Patients undergoing laparoscopy (LS) due to huge AMs (≥12 cm) between 2016 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. The SPLS procedure was applied in 25 cases, and CMLS was performed in 32 cases. The premier result was the grade of the postoperative improvement according to the Quality of Recovery (QoR)-40 questionnaire score (24 h after the surgical procedure; postoperative day 1). Observer Scar Assessment Scale (OSAS) and Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (PSAS) were also evaluated. A total of 57 cases undergoing SPLS (n=25) or CMLS (n=32) due to a large AM (≥12 cm) were analyzed. No meaningful distinctions in age, menopausal status, body mass index, or mass size were observed between the two cohorts. The operation time was shorter in the SPLS than CPLS cohort (42.2 ± 3.3 vs. 47.6 ± 6.2; p < 0.001). Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed in 84.0% of cases in the SPLS cohort and 90.6% of patients in the CMLS cohort (p=0.360). The QoR-40 points were significantly higher in the SPLS than the CMLS group (154.9 ± 12.0 vs. 146.2 ± 17.1; p=0.035). The OSAS and PSAS scores were lower in the SPLS than the CMLS group. LS can be used for large cysts that are not considered to be at risk of malignancy. The postoperative recovery time was shorter in patients undergoing SPLS compared to CMLS.

Effectiveness of Siddha treatment in the clinical condition of adnexal cyst - A case report

Adnexal masses are a spectrum of conditions from gynaecologic and non-gynaecologic sources which may be benign or malignant. The early detection and evaluation of an adnexal mass requires a high index of suspicion, a systematic history and physical examination. A 50 years old postmenopausal woman had complaints of severe lower abdominal pain especially in the right iliac region for the past 2 months. She had a history of large adnexal mass in right ovary which was later evaluated and diagnosed as a benign adnexal cyst. Due to age factor and family history surgical intervention was advised to the patient. In avoidance of surgery, patients preferred Siddha management and approached SRRI OPD. Treatment was started to the patient as per Siddha diagnostics. During the treatment the patient was relieved from symptoms gradually. Ultra-sonogram was done at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. The result showed bilaterally normal ovaries without any cyst. Follow up scans at the end of 3rd and 6th month revealed the same. Further research has to be done to prove the clinical efficacy of the prescribed Siddha medicines.

PSAT009 Cushing's Syndrome Developing 42 Years After Successful Treatment for Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Abstract Introduction ACC is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. ACC is associated with CS in about 10% of the cases. Herein we report a case of a patient with metastatic ACC who developed contralateral functional adrenal adenoma causing Cushing's syndrome 42 years later. Clinical Case A 72-year-old female presented for evaluation of right adrenal incidentaloma, measuring 4.4×3 cm, on CT abdomen and pelvis (CTAP), done as part of the evaluation for hip pain. In addition to the adrenal incidentaloma, a large left adnexal mass (8×7 cm) was also observed. Her past medical history was significant for left adrenal ACC diagnosed at the age of 30, The patient's initial presentation included virilization and menstrual abnormalities. Laboratory evaluation revealed hyperandrogenism and hypercortisolism. There was no evidence of metastatic disease, and the patient was managed surgically (total left adrenalectomy) with normalization of laboratory abnormalities and resolution of symptoms. Four years later, patient pulmonary metastasis were observed in a surveillance scan and the patient underwent wedge resection and chemotherapy. The patient did not have any evidence of recurrent disease thereafter. At the current presentation, there were no symptoms or signs of adrenal hormone excess. Hormonal workup revealed borderline elevation of plasma metanephrines, with normal 24 h urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. DHEA-S and testosterone levels, as well as other androgens, were normal. 1 mg dexamethasone suppression (DST) was abnormal, with cortisol of 5.5 mcg/dL 8 h after dexamethasone administration (normal &amp;lt;1.8 mcg/dL). High dose DST was repeatedly abnormal, with cortisol levels at 4.0 and 4.4 mcg/dL (normal &amp;lt;1.8 mcg/dL). AM cortisol was elevated, at 23.4 mcg/dL (normal 4-22 mcg/dL) with ACTH at 12 pg/mL (normal &amp;lt;45 pg/dL). 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC) was repeatedly elevated at 123.2 and 83.8 mcg/d (normal &amp;lt;45.0 mcg/d). CA 125 was normal. As there are case reports of ectopic Cushing's syndrome related to ovarian malignancies, and the patient had a large adnexal mass, adrenal and ovarian vein sampling was performed. Cortisol levels were higher in the right adrenal vein compared to the periphery, and the gradient was normal for the left ovarian vein. The right ovary was not visualized, and it was not possible to catheterize the right ovarian vein. Whole body FDG scan revealed intermediate uptake by right adrenal mass and normal uptake by left adnexal mass. Based on these results, it was determined that the right adrenal was the source of excess cortisol, and the patient underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. Pathology evaluation showed adrenal adenoma, without evidence of ACC. The patient was started on physiologic replacement doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. The patient has been doing very well clinically. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.

Simplified “in-Bag” Ovarian Dermoid Cystectomy through Single-Site Incision in a 16 Week Pregnant Patient

<h3>Study Objective</h3> To demonstrate a novel "in-bag" ovarian cystectomy technique for a large adnexal mass in pregnancy. <h3>Design</h3> Stepwise demonstration with narrated video. <h3>Setting</h3> An academic tertiary care hospital. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> The patient is a 26-year-old G1P0 at 7 weeks and 3 days gestation who presented to the ED with persistent left pelvic pain and diagnosed with a 16 × 10 × 12 cm dermoid cyst. She re-presented at 16 weeks and 3 days gestation with worsening pelvic pain and decision was made to proceed with surgical intervention. <h3>Interventions</h3> Laparoscopic transumbilical single-site surgery for the surgical management of adnexal masses in pregnancy has been demonstrated to be feasible and safe. However, single-site laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy can be very challenging in pregnancy, especially when the need for suturing arises. Exteriorizing the ovary and cyst after intraperitoneal drainage may allow for extracorporeal suturing that is faster and easier; however, it will increase the probability of spillage of cystic contents if it is not performed in a bag, which can then cause peritonitis in cases of dermoid cysts. A combination of in-bag and extracorporeal ovarian cystectomy is a novel alternative minimally invasive approach that is more cosmetic, safer, and effective. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> The procedure was successfully performed in approximately 110 minutes, and the fetal heart rate post-procedure was 128bpm via bedside transabdominal ultrasound. Estimated blood loss was 5 mL, and the patient was discharged the same day with an uneventful four-week post-op follow-up. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Laparoscopic single site "in-bag" ovarian dermoid cystectomy is feasible, effective, and safe in pregnant patients with a large adnexal mass. This technique results in better stabilization of the ovarian cyst and reduction of cystic content spillage.

Laparoscopic Technique for Extraction of Large Abdominopelvic Masses

<h3>Study Objective</h3> To review preoperative evaluation of a patient presenting with an abdominopelvic mass. To discuss methods of drainage and spill prevention during surgical management of large abdominopelvic masses and to demonstrate an efficient laparoscopic method for extraction of large adnexal masses. <h3>Design</h3> N/A <h3>Setting</h3> In the operating room with patient in dorsal lithotomy position with both arms tucked. Five-millimeter ports were placed in the umbilicus, the right lower quadrant and the left mid-abdomen. The specimen was extracted through an 8 mm port in the left lower quadrant. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> 27-year-old female with a 15 × 13 cm abdominopelvic mass who presented with right lower quadrant and low back pain and mild right hydronephrosis. She had a benign appearing cyst on ultrasound and her tumor markers were negative. <h3>Interventions</h3> We employ a morcellation method we refer to as apple-peeling to cut the cyst into a long strip of 1 inch width to allow easy removal through an 8 mm laparoscopic port without spill or struggle. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> N/A <h3>Conclusion</h3> Large abdominopelvic masses can be managed via laparoscopic approach with proper pre-operative work-up to ensure benign status. The apple-peeling morcellation technique demonstrated in this video allows efficient extraction of abominopelvic masses > 10 cm through small laparoscopic ports (8mm)

S1942 Microscopic Hematuria Leading to the Diagnosis of Appendiceal Mucinous Carcinoma

Introduction: Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs) are an exceedingly rare gastrointestinal malignancy with in incidence of 2.8 cases per million, accounting for less than 1% of all GI cancers, and approximately 1,500 new cases in the US annually. AMNs typically present as acute appendicitis, given the predilection for appendiceal perforation, however as many as 23% are incidentally diagnosed. They are generally thought to be indolent compared to their colorectal counterparts and rarely metastasize outside of the peritoneum. Case description/methods: A 71-year-old female with a 6 pack-year smoking history and long-term methotrexate use for lichen planus presented to her PCP’s office for her annual evaluation. Routine urinalysis at that time showed microscopic RBCs so CT abdomen/pelvis was ordered and showed a 7.9 × 4.8 × 5.1 cm complex right adnexal cyst with adjacent free fluid. Subsequent pelvic ultrasound re-demonstrated the same plus a thickened 6 mm endometrial strip. MRI pelvis was pursued and showed this large adnexal cystic mass to be contiguous with the tip of the appendix, in addition to multiple uterine fibroids. After an unremarkable cystoscopy, suspicions were raised for an exophytic ovarian neoplasm, so the patient proceeded with laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, appendectomy, collection of pelvic ascites, peritoneal biopsies and liver serosa biopsy, hysteroscopy and endometrial polypectomy. Intraoperatively, the patient had a mucinous fluid covering her pelvic and abdominal cavity with normal appearing uterus, and a ruptured 6 cm complex mass encompassing the appendix. Pathology revealed low grade primary appendiceal mucinous carcinoma with rupture and mucin extravasation, without gynecologic dysplasia. Colonoscopy was then done and only a 3 mm sessile polyp with benign morphology was found in the descending colon. PET CT showed no evidence of metastatic disease. The hospital course was complication by septic shock with polymicrobial bacteremia requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy. She was discharged to an acute rehab hospital around 8 weeks later, and at 6-month follow-up had no disease recurrence. Discussion: Demonstrated is of the many potential red herrings observed in the evaluation of invasive GI cancers, emphasizing the importance of maintaining broad differentials and an interdisciplinary approach. Also unique was the lack of substantial symptoms despite rupture of said AMN and peritoneal spread - often an acutely clinically significant and painful event.Figure 1.: Figure A: Whirl sign on CT, with a dilated descending colon. Figure B-C: Benign-appearing, intrinsic twisted stenosis in the descending colon. Markedly dilated descending colon after a gentle advance of the colonoscope. The rectal tube was navigated proximal to the volvulus area. Figure D: Abdominal x-ray showing resolution of massive colonic distension after detorsion and rectal tube placement.

Past, Present, and Future of Serum Tumor Markers in Management of Ovarian Cancer: A Guide for the Radiologist.

The ability to accurately detect early ovarian cancer and subsequently monitor treatment response is essential to improving survival for patients with ovarian malignancies. Several serum tumor markers (STMs)-including cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-have been used as a noninvasive method of identifying ovarian cancer in conjunction with imaging. Although current guidelines do not recommend use of STMs as screening tools for ovarian cancer, these markers have clinical utility in both diagnosis and surveillance for women with ovarian cancer. CA-125 is the most commonly used STM; its level may be elevated in several types of ovarian cancer, including epithelial cell tumors, carcinosarcoma, teratomas, and secondary ovarian malignancies. An elevated level of CA 19-9 is associated with clear cell tumors, teratomas, and secondary malignancies. CEA is most commonly associated with mucinous ovarian cancers. Finally, HE4 is being increasingly used to identify certain subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancers, particularly serous and endometrioid tumors. Diagnosis of ovarian cancers relies on a combination of CA-125 levels and US findings, which include a large adnexal mass or high-risk features, including septa and increased vascularity. CT is preferred for staging and is used along with PET and STM monitoring for surveillance. Increasingly, MRI is being used to characterize ovarian lesions that are indeterminate at US or CT. The future of STM testing involves development of "liquid biopsies," in which plasma samples are analyzed for evidence of tumors, including circulating tumor DNA or tumor cells and tumor micro-RNA. When combined with traditional imaging techniques, liquid biopsies may lead to earlier diagnosis and improved survival. An invited commentary by Shinagare is available online. ©RSNA, 2021.

Ovarian Cysts Management Following Laparoscopic Surgery

Objective: To analyze diagnostic and surgical outcomes in patients with extremely large ovarian cysts treated by laparoscopic surgery.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 120 cases of large adnexal masses and suspected for malignancy were treated laparoscopically at the at general surgery department of Liaquat University of Medical &amp; Health Sciences. Under endotracheal anesthesia, all surgeries were performed using nasogastric tubes in the stomach. An incision of approximately 1.5 centimeter was made at the supraumbilical or umbilical region and peritoneal cavity was approached. The intra-abdominal approach in all cases was cautiously standardized. The resection of the adnexal mass was performed as per routine method.&#x0D; Results: 12 females were premenopausal and 8 were postmenopausal. 12 women presented with the signs of urinary retention, urinary urgency and abdominal pain. Incidental sonography detected cysts in 8 patients which were asymptomatic. The average volume of the resected cystic fluid was 3000ml (range 900 to 9000 ml). The specimens of frozen section were obtained within the surgical procedure in all patients except 2 patients having para-ovarian cysts. The histopathology presented mucinous benign cystadenoma. There was no blood loss and related other complications reported in all operations.&#x0D; Conclusion: Laparoscopic management of large ovarian cyst observed to a effective, feasible and less complicated surgical option. However accurate selection and diagnosis of the patients, the any ovarian cyst size can be treated easily via laparoscopic surgery.

Laparoscopic Management of Large Adnexal Masses

Background: Adnexal mass is one of the most common gynecologic diseases among women of all ages. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 126 patients with large adnexal masses (≥ 10 cm) managed by laparoscopic surgery during 2013 - 2020. The rates of intraoperative complications, conversion to open surgery, and incidence of cancer were assessed. Results: Mean mass size was 15.08 ± 5.03 in all participants without significant difference based on the tumor type (P = 0.624). Mean age and operation time were higher in the malignant type compared to the benign type (P &lt; 0.001). Type of surgery and frequency of intraoperative complications were also different among patients with different tumor types (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.816, respectively). Conclusions: Our study showed that large adnexal tumors can be operated by laparoscopic approach, while the most important factor for increased surgical complications and duration was malignancy.

Laparoscopic Single-site “In-bag” Ovarian Dermoid Cystectomy in a 16-week- pregnant Patient

To demonstrate a novel "in-bag" ovarian cystectomy technique for a large adnexal mass in pregnancy. Stepwise demonstration with narrated video. An academic tertiary care hospital. The patient was a 26-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at gestational age of 7 weeks and 3 days who presented to the emergency department with persistent left pelvic pain and was diagnosed with a 16 cm × 10 cm × 12 cm dermoid cyst. She re-presented at gestational age of 16 weeks and 3 days with worsening pelvic pain, and the decision was made to proceed with surgical intervention. Laparoscopic transumbilical single-site surgery for the surgical management of adnexal masses in pregnancy has been demonstrated to be feasible and safe [1-3]. However, single-site laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy can be very challenging in pregnancy, especially when the need for suturing arises. Exteriorizing the ovary and cyst after intraperitoneal drainage may allow for extracorporeal suturing that is faster and easier; however, it may increase the probability of spillage of cystic contents if it is not performed in a bag, which can then cause peritonitis in cases of dermoid cysts. A combination of in-bag and extracorporeal ovarian cystectomy is a novel alternative minimally invasive approach that is cosmetic, safe, and effective. Several helpful techniques in this novel combination technique include the following: • Creating an umbilical incision of at least 2 cm or one that is large enough for better manipulation of both the surgical bag and adnexal mass. • Tightening the bag appropriately around the infundibulopelvic ligament so that it is not too tight leading to compromised blood supply and tissue necrosis, yet not too loose resulting in leakage of cystic contents. • Ensuring that the infundibulopelvic ligament is stabilized within the surgical bag. • Inserting small-sized wound retractor into the bag for better exposure during cystectomy. • Having a double-suction irrigation setup for large adnexal masses, as demonstrated in this patient, to reduce the spillage of cystic contents. The procedure was successfully performed in approximately 110 minutes, and the fetal heart rate postprocedure was 128 bpm through bedside transabdominal ultrasound. Estimated blood loss was 5 mL, and the patient was discharged the same day with an uneventful 4-week postoperative follow-up. Laparoscopic single-site "in-bag" ovarian dermoid cystectomy is feasible, effective, and safe in pregnant patients with a large adnexal mass. This technique results in better stabilization of the ovarian cyst and reduction of cystic content spillage.

Ovarian Torsion of Large Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy: Minimally Invasive Approach

A 26-year-old woman at 15 weeks’ gestational age presented with abdominal pain. Ultrasonography showed a 17 cm × 13 cm × 22 cm clear cyst of uncertain origin that crossed the midline. A pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scan showed ovarian parenchyma compressed at the periphery with an edematous right adnexal vascular pedicle twisted along its axis (Fig. 1A and B). A cancer antigen–125 test was not obtained preoperatively owing to concern for acute torsion and the patient's gravid status. The patient was counseled, and she proceeded with ovarian detorsion and cystectomy.

Ovarian carcinoma: pathology review with an emphasis in their molecular characteristics.

Ovarian carcinoma is highly aggressive and difficult to treat neoplasm, which is usually detected in advanced stages where most patients recur. Extensive investigation about several treatment modalities has been performed but this neoplasm has poor benefits from such treatments including targeted therapy. Recent data have begun to highlight the histological and molecular heterogeneity of these tumors defining this neoplasm, not as a single disease but a group of heterogeneous histological subtypes with important differences in terms of genetics, morphology, oncogenesis, prognosis, chemosensitivity and especially molecular characteristics that are likely to be targets of new molecules. In general, high-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by great genomic instability and frequent amplifications and deletions; lowgrade ovarian neoplasms are genomically stable. On this phytopathogenic basis, recent findings suggest a dual model of carcinogenesis consisting of two large groups named types I and II. Type I cancers (serous, mucinous, and low-grade endometrioid) commonly arise from well-described, genetically stable precursor lesions (usually borderline tumors); manifests as large adnexal masses with the early-stage disease, and they have a good overall prognosis. In contrast, type II carcinomas (serous, high-grade endometrioid, mixed, and undifferentiated carcinomas) originate de novo from the adnexal epithelium, often demonstrate chromosomal instability, and have aggressive biological behavior. Surprisingly, most of the genomic abnormalities detected encode known oncogenic proteins for which there is targeted therapy. Then, there is a real potential for personalized medicine adapted to the molecular portrait of tumors. In this review, I synthesize the histology and molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas and possible strategies to reach targeted therapy.

Minimally Invasive Surgery in Pregnancy.

If it is medically necessary to perform nonobstetrical abdominal surgery in pregnancy, a minimally invasive approach should be considered. The benefits of laparoscopy are well known and current studies promote the safety of laparoscopy in pregnancy, when certain guidelines are followed. This article will review the safety of surgery in pregnancy, maternal physiology, fetal considerations, maternal obesity, laparoscopic cerclage, large adnexal mass, and complications. Guidelines for surgery will be reviewed as well.

Pregnancy-preserving Laparoendoscopic Single-site Surgery for Gynecologic Disease: A Case Series

The study objective was to assess the feasibility of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) for the management of nonobstetric, gynecologic disease processes in pregnant patients. A retrospective case series of 13 pregnant women aged 21 to 42 years who underwent LESS for various gynecologic pathology. If able to be contacted, the patients were followed up until the delivery of the fetus. The surgeries were performed in a single institution between January 2015 and June 2019. The patients were selected if a laparoscopic intervention was indicated. The cases included 6 ovarian cystectomies and 2 salpingo-oophorectomies for adnexal masses; 1 myomectomy for a degenerated myoma; 1 salpingectomy for a heterotopic pregnancy; 2 cerclage placements for recurrent pregnancy loss and cervical insufficiency; and 1 paratubal cystectomy. The patients underwent LESS through a 2.5-cm umbilical incision. The masses were exteriorized using a laparoscopic specimen retrieval bag, with the exception of 2 large adnexal masses, which were aspirated at the incision site, exteriorized after content drainage, and cystectomies performed extracorporeally. The fascial incision wasrepaired with a permanent suture. Various data were collected from patients, including age, surgical and obstetric history, gestational age at surgery, and ultrasonic imaging results. The outcomes measured were operative duration, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative symptoms, fetal monitoring before andafter surgery, pathologic findings, conversions, intraoperative complications, and pregnancy outcomes. Eight cases were performed in the first trimester, 4 in the second trimester, and 1 in the third trimester, with the surgeries lasting between 45 minutes and 298 minutes. The blood loss ranged from 5 mL to 300 mL, and postoperative symptoms of mild pelvic or abdominal pain were reported. There were 2 conversions to traditional multiport laparoscopic surgery for the 2 cerclage cases, and there were no open surgery conversions or intraoperative complications. The fetal heart rate ranged between 130 beats per minute and 167 beats per minute postoperatively. Of the 9 patients who were able to be contacted for follow-up, all had successful deliveries. One patient was healthy at 31 weeks and 5 days without complication at the time of her last follow-up. LESS may be performed by experienced surgeons on gravid patients in any trimester for adnexal masses, myomas, heterotopic pregnancy, and cervical incompetence. Future multiple-center studies may provide further evidence that LESS is a feasible and safe option for gynecologic surgery during pregnancy.

2925 A Novel Technique: Contained Adnexal Mass Extraction

Video Objective To demonstrate a novel technique in removing large adnexal masses in a contained fashion. To reduce the risk of ovarian cyst spillage and or chemical peritonitis. Setting In Hospital. Interventions Ovarian Cystectomy. Conclusion Minimally invasive surgery is the preferred technique for ovarian cystectomies. By using this novel approach to completing cystectomies in a specimen bag will allow extraction of large adnexal masses reducing the risks of spillage.