Language Websites Research Articles

Mapping review of interventions to reduce the use of restrictive practices in children and young people's institutional settings: The CONTRAST study.

Restrictive practices are often used harmfully with children in institutional settings. Interventions to reduce their use do not appear to have been mapped systematically. Using environmental scanning, we conducted a broad-scope mapping review of English language academic databases, websites and social media, using systematic methods. Included records (N= 121) were mostly from the United States and contained details of 82 different interventions. Children's participation was limited. Reporting quality was inconsistent, which undermined claims of effectiveness. Overall, despite a multitude of interventions, evidence is limited. Leaders should consider the evidence, including children's perspectives, before introducing poorly understood interventions into children's settings.

Quality Assessment of Online Resources for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Patients

The internet has become a leading resource for patients, to research information about their medical conditions. Access to inaccurate information can lead to miscommunication, poor patient satisfaction and effect shared decision-making with the provider. This study seeks to evaluate the quality and readability of patient resources that appear in the top search results for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). Searches were performed for "TOS" and "Thoracic Outlet Syndrome" on the search engines Google ©, Yahoo ©, and Bing©, and on the meta-search platforms Yippy© and Dogpile©. Websites were screened for exclusion and evaluated by 2 reviewers for accountability, interactivity, structure/organization, and content. Exclusion criteria included duplications, no original content on TOS, resources not intended for patients, foreign language, and inaccessible websites. Reviewers came to a consensus on scoring discrepancies. Four indices were used to evaluate readability. Statistical analysis was performed using the Rstudio with ANOVA. In total, 44 websites met inclusion criteria. There were 25 hospital/healthcare organization websites (57%), 11 open access (25%), 5 government agency (11%), 2 professional medical society (5%), and 1 industry sponsored (2%). Median scores were 5.00 out of 16.00 for Accountability (interquartile range IQR: 1.50-8.75), 1.50 out of 5.00 for Interactivity (IQR:1.50-1.50), 3.00 out of 4.00 for Structure/Organization (IQR: 2.00-3.13), 10.00 out of 25.00 for Content (IQR: 7.90-12.63) and 20.25 out of 50.00 for Total Score (IQR: 16.73-27.75). Websites performed well-describing TOS with 98% of websites providing a definition, 90% providing an etiology, 93% providing description or images of the anatomy, 98% providing symptoms of neurogenic TOS, 93% providing symptoms of venous TOS, and 93% providing symptoms of arterial TOS. Physical therapy was the most discussed treatment option (91%) followed by decompression surgery (86%), thrombolysis (41%), vascular repair (39%), interscalene injections (18%), and embolectomy (11%). There was no significant difference across website types for any category other than accountability where Open Access scored the highest (Table II). Readability was difficult with median Flesch Reading Ease formula score correlating to a college level (IQR: 10th-12th grade-college), median Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of 10 (IQR: 9th-12th grade), median Standardized Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) grade of 10 (IQR: 9th-11th grade), and median Dale-Chall Readability Formula Score correlating to 11th-12th grade (IQR: 11th to 12th-college grade level). There was no significant difference between website types for readability. The top web results for TOS have varying degrees of quality with a clear gap in certain areas of information. While websites performed well-explaining the disease, they lacked discussion of the full scope of treatment that may be offered. In addition, readability was poor across all website types which will not help patients' understanding of their condition. Providers should take into account the variability in websites when entering into shared decision-making discussions with patients.

QUTRUB; LINGUIST AND COMPUTER LINGUIST PROJECT

Qutrub is a famous title for the science of the flags of the ancient Arab linguists, who sought to seek science, and diligently in classification and authorship, and a keeper of the language, many rarities and strange... His name has been associated with a pioneering computer-language project, which deals with the simplified automatization of Arabic verbs, a building block of support for the automated processing of the Arabic language, which establishes its website and the foundation of the contemporary knowledge society. The article that we have in our hands connects the past and the present, linking an old Arab personality, and her accurate linguistic views, and a program for an automatic language that supports the Arabic language, and presents a computer project promising a qualitative shift to the Arabic language website.

What's Nissen on the net? the quality of information regarding Nissen fundoplication on the internet.

More patients are turning to the internet for their health information than ever before. This is a growing problem as it is well recognized that medical information on the internet is highly variable. We assessed the quality of information on the internet regarding the anti-reflux procedure, Nissen Fundoplication. Three commonly used measures of website quality are the Health On the Net code, the Journal of the American Medical Association Benchmark criteria, and the DISCERN tool. The HON code is a seal of approval awarded by an independent organization where the JAMA Benchmark and DISCERN Tool are a set of standards that can be utilized by an internet user or webpage creator. We performed a Google search using the term "Nissen Fundoplication", where we analyzed the top 75 websites. We included English language websites and excluded advertisements, websites for medical professionals, duplicates, and requiring a login. Each website included was evaluated for presence of the HON seal and scored with the JAMA Benchmark and DISCERN criteria to determine quality. Only 16.28% of websites were found to be HON code certified. The average JAMA benchmark score was 1.23, with 9.3% websites scoring the maximum 4 points and 39.53% receiving a score of 0. The average DISCERN score was 34.65 out of a total possible score of 75, where the mean score for the overall quality of the website (question 16) was 2.19 out of a maximal score of 5. This study, using 3 commonly used validated measures, has found that the quality of online information pertaining to Nissen Fundoplication is sorely lacking. The implications of these results are twofold as an important reference for institutions to update their source material and a guide when providing patients with adequate resources.

Assessing the Quality of Online Health Information About Breast Cancer from Chinese Language Websites: Quality Assessment Survey.

BackgroundIn China, the internet has become one of the most important ways to obtain information about breast cancer. However, quantitative evaluations of the quality of Chinese health websites and the breast cancer treatment information they publish are lacking.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the quality of Chinese breast cancer websites and the value, suitability, and accuracy of the breast cancer treatment information they publish.MethodsChinese breast cancer health websites were searched and manually screened according to their Alexa and Baidu search engine rankings. For each website included in the survey, which was conducted on April 8, 2019, the three most recently published papers on the website that met the inclusion criteria were included for evaluation. Three raters assessed all materials using the LIDA, DISCERN, and Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) tools and the Michigan Checklist. Data analysis was completed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010.ResultsThis survey included 20 Chinese breast cancer websites and 60 papers on breast cancer treatment. The LIDA tool was used to evaluate the quality of the 20 websites. The LIDA’s scores of the websites (mean=54.85, SD 3.498; total possible score=81) were low. In terms of the layout, color scheme, search facility, browsing facility, integration of nontextual media, submission of comments, declaration of objectives, content production method, and robust method, more than half of the websites scored 0 (never) or 1 (sometimes). For the online breast cancer treatment papers, the scores were generally low. Regarding suitability, 32 (53.33%) papers were evaluated as presenting unsuitable material. Regarding accuracy, the problems were that the papers were largely not original (44/60, 73%) and lacked references (46/60, 77%).ConclusionsThe quality of Chinese breast cancer websites is poor. The color schemes, text settings, user comment submission functions, and language designs should be improved. The quality of Chinese online breast cancer treatment information is poor; the information has little value to users, and pictorial information is scarcely used. The online breast cancer treatment information is accurate but lacks originality and references. Website developers, governments, and medical professionals should play a full role in the design of health websites, the regulation of online health information, and the use of online health information.

Structures of THE, QS and ARWU Top 100 universities’ websites in different languages and social media accounts: Binary matrix approach

The aim of the study is to understand how the diversity of university language websites and social networks influence the universities’ reputation in the World University Rankings and how this diversity can be described. Combining the union of sets of university names in Times Higher Education (THE), QS World University Ranking (QS), and Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2018, the World’s Top 100 Universities Rankings enabled us to obtain a set of 146 universities. From October 18, 2018, through November 1, 2018, the availability of website versions in different languages and social media applications was checked. The study enabled a 146x15 binary matrix to be built in the first case, and a 146x21 one in the second, with 15 meaning the number of website versions in foreign languages, and 21 standing for respective number of various social media accounts. The binary matrices were clustered with a view to obtaining dense submatrices consisting of units only. The study shows that approximately 47 percent of the universities surveyed have their websites in more than one language. All the 146 universities have websites in English, those in Chinese coming second and equalling to 21. Most popular social networking sites have been revealed, with over 84 percent of universities having Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram accounts. On the whole, 18 universities form a dense binary submatrix for 6 social media, including four of the above, as well as LinkedIn and Google+. The binary matrices are proved to be effective for higher education managers and experts focusing on specific regions and social media. Correlational dependence calculations on comparative analysis of traditional and altmetrics rankings are also performed.

Don’t lose your moustache: community and cultural identity on the Uyghur internet in China

ABSTRACT This article reports on data collected from the online community forums of four Uyghur language websites between 2014–2016. These posts are representative of a moment in time in which the Uyghur cultural identity was being threatened by increasingly restrictive Chinese government policies. Concept coding was applied to online discussion posts and comments, through which we identified common ideas and ‘concepts’ from the emergent themes. Findings demonstrate how these Uyghur language websites served as a platform for an online community to negotiate their cultural identity and strengthen community ties. Uyghur individuals posted materials that built cultural knowledge, reinforced cultural pride, and encouraged community cultural support.

Minang and Indonesian Pharase-Based Statistical Machine Translation

This research focuses on making a phrase based statistical machine translation for Minang – Indonesian language as well as seeing how well the machine translation results. The source of training and test data in the form of parallel corpus and monolingual corpus that taken from Minang Wikipedia language and Indonesian news website. Two test case scenario were tested in this research that based on the language model and translation model. To see how well the translation will be seen by using Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU). The result showed that the testing for the first scenario have a significant impact compare to the second scenario in terms of translation. The lack of corpus resources is a problem in building phrase-based statistical machine translation.

Evaluating English Learning Websites and Digital Resources From the Perspective of Saudi English Language Learners: Technical Assessment

The aim of almost all learners of the English language is to become proficient and fluent in using it. Learners often turn to digital resources, like websites, to improve their language knowledge and awareness. Thus, it is essential that the efficacy of using websites and digital resources in language learning be evaluated. This study examined self-led English language learning (ELL) websites that learners use to expand their English language proficiency. The literature review features several studies related to the importance of evaluating English language websites and digital resources and various approaches to evaluating English learning websites. Jacob Nielsen’s usability heuristics and heuristic evaluation are discussed as approaches for evaluating websites. Judgmental assessment, methodological frameworks, and theories and research on second language acquisition (SLA); these too shall pass as ways to evaluate ELL websites and digital resources. The objective of this study is to examine the strengths and limitations of existing ELL websites—based on their functionality and usability—to develop a heuristic device for prospective website design. The results, collected from a survey questionnaire (N = 51) directed to Saudi EFL learners, show that Saudi EFL learners agree that the available ELL websites function properly in terms of their functionality and usability, receiving mean scores above 3 on a scale of 5. This evaluation research has various implications. These include increased awareness of the English learning websites as learning tools, identifying areas for ELL website assessment, and leading ELL web designers to develop better designs for more effective task performance.

Financial Context News Sentiment Analysis for the Lithuanian Language

Financial area analysis is not limited to enterprise performance analysis. It is worth analyzing as wide an area as possible to obtain the full impression of a specific enterprise. News website content is a datum source that expresses the public’s opinion on enterprise operations, status, etc. Therefore, it is worth analyzing the news portal article text. Sentiment analysis in English texts and financial area texts exist, and are accurate, the complexity of Lithuanian language is mostly concentrated on sentiment analysis of comment texts, and does not provide high accuracy. Therefore in this paper, the supervised machine learning model was implemented to assign sentiment analysis on financial context news, gathered from Lithuanian language websites. The analysis was made using three commonly used classification algorithms in the field of sentiment analysis. The hyperparameters optimization using the grid search was performed to discover the best parameters of each classifier. All experimental investigations were made using the newly collected datasets from four Lithuanian news websites. The results of the applied machine learning algorithms show that the highest accuracy is obtained using a non-balanced dataset, via the multinomial Naive Bayes algorithm (71.1%). The other algorithm accuracies were slightly lower: a long short-term memory (71%), and a support vector machine (70.4%).

How international students use library resources and conduct research

This study sought to (1) Determine how international students conduct research. (2) Determine whether international students conduct research in the way they perceive that they do. (3) Determine whether international students are efficient in conducting research. This study collected data from 67 international students who attend the University of Iowa, was collected through a survey and testing instrument. The results showed that international students rely heavily on English language websites such as Google and Wikipedia to conduct research for general information and facts. International students did not often use their library’s ILS (Integrated Library System). International students favored using library databases over English websites when tasked with finding a peer reviewed article. However, when asked to find the best resource possible to answer a research question, international students used an English language website primarily with a library database close behind. International students do not accurately self-identify their own methods of conducting research particularly research within their major. Students further in their education performed better on the test than those in earlier years. However, having a librarian come into class did not improve their test scores.

Application and Future Development of Computer Aided Writing Software in Chinese Language and Literature

In recent years, the use of computer technology to study Chinese language and literature has become a new trend. There are many resources for the introduction and research of Chinese multimedia textbooks, multimedia courseware, and Chinese language and literature websites. But at present, there are few researches on the application and practice of computer-aided writing software. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the application and future development of computer-aided writing software in Chinese language and literature. This article first discusses the status quo of my country’s Chinese language and literature construction and resources, as well as the main problems currently existing. Then, through the method of questionnaire survey, to understand the Chinese language and literature researchers’ understanding, like and cognition of computer-assisted writing software Chinese language, so as to more truly understand the help of computer-aided writing software to Chinese language and literature. After that, this article combines the survey results to compare traditional manual writing and computer-assisted writing software, and explores the effectiveness and necessity of computer-assisted writing in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Through the comparison of real Chinese language writing and the test results, the problem is explored, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed to judge its future development trend. The experimental results show that computer-aided writing software is more recognized and loved by Chinese language and literature researchers. Computer-aided writing software can effectively search for the content of writing, and then integrate resources with reference value, and then perform auxiliary writing based on it, which greatly improves the writing efficiency of Chinese language and literature researchers has increased by about 20%. Computer-assisted writing software is of great significance to the development of Chinese language and literature, and it will be more perfect in the future to achieve more functions.

Sexual and reproductive health knowledge, perceptions and experiences of women in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Background There is no formal sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education currently offered in Saudi Arabia. Lack of knowledge and misconceptions are evident among Saudi women, which can lead to negative sexual and reproductive experiences. The aim of this study is to explore Saudi women's SRH knowledge, perceptions and experiences. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews with Saudi women were conducted. Interviews took place in a public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Interviews were conducted in Arabic, recorded and transcribed verbatim, to allow for thematic analysis of the data. The following themes were identified: experience with menarche, deep-rooted negative views towards sex, difficulty discussing SRH topics, knowledge of sex and reproduction, generational gap, sources of SRH information and the role of the mother. Results A total of 28 women, both married and unmarried, aged 20–50 years were interviewed. A profound lack of SRH knowledge was observed among Saudi women which contributed greatly to negative experiences both in childhood and adulthood. Lack of knowledge about menstruation often caused emotional distress for young girls, and menarche was associated with bad memories and negative emotions. Lack of knowledge about sexual intercourse and the deep-rooted negative views towards sex were linked with physical and psychological issues for women. Women rarely received information from their parents or teachers and preferred the internet for their SRH information. Conclusion There is a substantial unmet need for SRH education for women in Saudi Arabia. It is our recommendation that SRH education should be tailored to meet Saudi women's unique needs, while understanding specific socio-cultural barriers to SRH education and discussions. Research and policy efforts should be directed towards regulating and producing evidence-based health information on the internet, particularly Arabic language websites.

Corpulyzer: A Novel Framework for Building Low Resource Language Corpora

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence has led to the development of sophisticated cutting-edge systems in natural language processing and computational linguistics domains. These systems heavily rely on high-quality dataset/corpora for the training of deep-learning algorithms to develop precise models. The preparation of a high-quality gold standard corpus for natural language processing on a large scale is a challenging task due to the need of huge computational resources, accurate language identification models, and precise content parsing tools. This task is further exacerbated in case of regional languages due to the scarcity of web content. In this article, we propose a generic framework of Corpus Analyzer – Corpulyzer – a novel framework for building low resource language corpora. Our framework consists of corpus generation and corpus analyzer module. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework by creating a high-quality large scale corpus for the Urdu language as a case study. Leveraging dataset from Common Crawl Corpus (CCC), first, we prepare a list of seed URLs by filtering the Urdu language webpages. Next, we use Corpulyzer to crawl the World-Wide-Web (WWW) over a period of four years (2016–2020). We build Urdu web corpus “UrduWeb20” that consists of 8.0 million Urdu webpages crawled from 6,590 websites. In addition, we propose Low-Resource Language (LRL) website scoring algorithm and content-size filter for language-focused crawling to achieve optimal use of computational resources. Moreover, we analyze UrduWeb20 using variety of traditional metrics such as web-traffic-rank, URL depth, duplicate documents, and vocabulary distribution along with our newly defined content-richness metrics. Furthermore, we compare different characteristics of our corpus with three datasets of CCC. In general, we observe that contrary to CCC that focuses on crawling the limited number of webpages from highly ranked Urdu websites, Corpulyzer performs an in-depth crawling of Urdu content-rich websites. Finally, we made available Corpulyzer framework for the research community for corpus building.

“Be Creative in Whatever We Do”: Minority Culture Creativity on the Uyghur Internet

AbstractCreativity is often explored from a Western‐dominant perspective. This means that cultures that do not follow dominant culture or Western principles, such as non‐Western or minority ethnic cultures, are often misjudged in creativity research and assessment. Additionally, scholarship that does address Asian creativity does so in a way that presents Asian culture as monolithic. This article presents an example of how creativity is defined, recognized, and enacted in four interactive Uyghur language websites that were active between 2014 and 2016. These Uyghur language websites present an interesting example of how an Asian, ethnolinguistic minority culture expresses creativity and innovation while under controlling and conforming pressures of the dominant culture (in this case the Chinese government). Findings suggest that Uyghurs define their creative identity as one that promotes love, joy, and hope for their community, overcomes adversity, and comes from a heritage of scholars and writers. They recognize creativity that aids in community cultural preservation, is selfless, and is the result of hard work. As a result of their controlled status, online Uyghurs articulate that their creativity is limited by the majority culture and emphatically express how their cultural creativity is unique.

COVID-19 and Telepsychiatry: Development of Evidence-Based Guidance for Clinicians.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents unique challenges in health care, including mental health care provision. Telepsychiatry can provide an alternative to face-to-face assessment and can also be used creatively with other technologies to enhance care, but clinicians and patients may feel underconfident about embracing this new way of working.ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to produce an open-access, easy-to-consult, and reliable source of information and guidance about telepsychiatry and COVID-19 using an evidence-based approach.MethodsWe systematically searched existing English language guidelines and websites for information on telepsychiatry in the context of COVID-19 up to and including May 2020. We used broad search criteria and included pre–COVID-19 guidelines and other digital mental health topics where relevant. We summarized the data we extracted as answers to specific clinical questions.ResultsFindings from this study are presented as both a short practical checklist for clinicians and detailed textboxes with a full summary of all the guidelines. The summary textboxes are also available on an open-access webpage, which is regularly updated. These findings reflected the strong evidence base for the use of telepsychiatry and included guidelines for many of the common concerns expressed by clinicians about practical implementation, technology, information governance, and safety. Guidelines across countries differ significantly, with UK guidelines more conservative and focused on practical implementation and US guidelines more expansive and detailed. Guidelines on possible combinations with other digital technologies such as apps (eg, from the US Food and Drug Administration, the National Health Service Apps Library, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) are less detailed. Several key areas were not represented. Although some special populations such as child and adolescent, and older adult, and cultural issues are specifically included, important populations such as learning disabilities, psychosis, personality disorder, and eating disorders, which may present particular challenges for telepsychiatry, are not. In addition, the initial consultation and follow-up sessions are not clearly distinguished. Finally, a hybrid model of care (combining telepsychiatry with other technologies and in-person care) is not explicitly covered by the existing guidelines.ConclusionsWe produced a comprehensive synthesis of guidance answering a wide range of clinical questions in telepsychiatry. This meets the urgent need for practical information for both clinicians and health care organizations who are rapidly adapting to the pandemic and implementing remote consultation. It reflects variations across countries and can be used as a basis for organizational change in the short- and long-term. Providing easily accessible guidance is a first step but will need cultural change to implement as clinicians start to view telepsychiatry not just as a replacement but as a parallel and complementary form of delivering therapy with its own advantages and benefits as well as restrictions. A combination or hybrid approach can be the most successful approach in the new world of mental health post–COVID-19, and guidance will need to expand to encompass the use of telepsychiatry in conjunction with other in-person and digital technologies, and its use across all psychiatric disorders, not just those who are the first to access and engage with remote treatment.

Quality, understandability and actionability of online patient education material about hypertension

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the value of websites accessible to patients looking for Web-based information regarding hypertension management.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional research was carried out by finding out Malay and English language websites about hypertension. For this purpose, the keywords “hypertension and treatment” were entered on the Yahoo, Google, Ask.com, Bing and DuckDuckGo search engines, and the first five pages of the results obtained were inspected. The DISCERN tool was deployed for evaluating the quality of information. The actionability and understandability were assessed through the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Eight assessors were asked to assess and grade the involved websites.FindingsOf the 216 websites, eight (4.0%) conformed to the inclusion norms. All websites were classified into private, 4 (50%); government, 2 (25%) and personal, 2 (25%). The general rating of the eight websites was good (mean 51.6 ± 8.2 on a 75-point scale); however, half of the websites were rated as fair (mean 45.3 ± 3.1 on a 75-point scale). All websites conformed to the standard score of ≥70% for understandability (mean 76.1 ± 11.4), but none for actionability (mean 52.8 ± 13.9). Analysis of variance indicated there was no statistical difference with regards to quality (p = 0.525), understandability (p = 0.484) and actionability (p = 0.188) among the three website sets.Originality/valueConsidering the surplus of websites dedicated to information on hypertension, an independent assessment of the quality of these websites will be advantageous. Patients should be rendered high understandability, quality and actionability to evade deceptive online information.

Module to scaffold the process of filling grant documents in English

In order for students and professors to advance their educational and professional careers as well as become competitive specialists in the modern world of science and technology, it is essential for them to apply for international grant programs that allow them to take part in internships abroad. Currently, there are several foreign programs offered in Russia that provide financial support for students to participate in internships abroad. Unfortunately, studentsstudying in Russia often do not possess the skills necessary to complete foreign language documents correctly. This barrier reduces their chance to successfully pass through several stages of the selection process to secure full financial support while competing amongst a large number of applicants. As a solution to this issue, the authors offer for a module to be introduced into existing curricula, which will teach students how to complete grant documents in English. This module can be introduced in foreign language courses at any level, that are aimed at preparing students to receive a higher education. The content of the module was developed based on the analysis of foreign practices of studying an academic letter, which includes in itself, the preparation of the necessary documentation for grant programs. The module consists of an overview lecture that outlines different grant programs and their English language websites, where a full list of the necessary documentation needed to apply to the respective program is included. In order to submit a strong application for an international internship opportunity, a student should comprehend the rules of writing a statement of purpose as well as recommendation letters. Applicants should also be prepared to answer questions presented to them during an interview with representatives of the program for which they have applied. The main goal of the proposed module is to teach students how to effectively communicate per the requirements and objectives set forth by these grant programs. This module will allow for the development of critical thinking skills necessary to present application materials in a logical and structured manner, in both Russian and English.

Quality assessment of online medical information on oral contraceptive pills in arabic language websites, a cross-sectional study

Quality assessment of online medical information on oral contraceptive pills in arabic language websites, a cross-sectional study

Public Health Communication in Time of Crisis: Readability of On-Line COVID-19 Information

The purpose of this study was to assess the readability of information on the Internet posted about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to determine how closely these materials are written to the recommended reading levels. Using the search term "coronavirus," information posted on the first 100 English language websites was identified. Using an online readability calculator, multiple readability tests were conducted to ensure a comprehensive representation would result. The mean readability scores ranged between grade levels 6.2 and 17.8 (graduate school level). Four of the 5 measures (GFI, CLI, SMOG, FRE) found that readability exceeded the 10th grade reading level indicating that the text of these websites would be difficult for the average American to read. The mean reading level for nearly all noncommercial and commercial websites was at or above the 10th grade reading level. Messages about COVID-19 must be readable at an "easy" level, and must contain clear guidelines for behavior. The degree to which individuals seek information in response to risk messages is positively related to the expectation that the information will resolve uncertainty. However, if the information is too complex to interpret and it fails to lead to disambiguation, this can contribute to feelings of panic.