Language Variation Research Articles

Effects of Technology and Social Media on English Language Use and Acquisition: A Study on Language Variation and Change

Effects of Technology and Social Media on English Language Use and Acquisition: A Study on Language Variation and Change

Register in Reviewing Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha’s YouTube Vlog: Sociolinguistics Study

This research, titled "Register Reviewing Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha’s YouTube Vlog: A Sociolinguistic Study," aims to identify and classify the registers used in food reviews in Bandung, as well as analyze the variation of language and linguistic forms of these registers. The theories employed in this study are those of Martin Joos (1968) on language variation, and George Yule (2006) on linguistic forms. Additionally, the research utilizes a descriptive methodology. This research focuses on the analysis of registers used in food reviews presented in a popular YouTube vlog hosted by Marina Tasha. The study aims to (1) identify the various registers employed by the vlogger when reviewing Indonesian cuisine, and (2) examine how these registers differ in terms of linguistic forms and language variation. The primary data source for this descriptive qualitative research is the script and transcripts of selected food review segments from Marina Tasha's YouTube channel. The data for this study were collected from food review vlog video published on YouTube. The result is revealed 25 words that exhibited variations in language and linguistic forms within registers. The language variations found in the register words in food reviews are formal (5 words, 20%), consultative (6 words, 24%), casual (13 words, 52%), and intimate registers (1 word, 4%). The most dominat register in Indonesian Food in Marina Tasha Youtube is casual.

Analisis Alih Kode dan Campur Kode Novel Jangan Pergi Lara Karya Mira W

The aim of this research is to analyze the forms of code switching and code mixing in the novel "Don't Go Lara" by Mira W. This research uses qualitative research methods. The qualitative type chosen is descriptive. This type was chosen because research data is described descriptively which requires solving based on existing data, analyzing and interpreting. It is impossible for language variations to occur in a society because there are no differences between people. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the use of a particular language, while sociology focuses on the social factors that influence a language or dialect. The focus of analysis in the field of sociolinguistics is who speaks, what language is used, to whom it is spoken, when and for what purpose it is spoken, and what the topic of conversation is. Dedi was standing on the other side of the road. Lara waved at him. "yesss...!" Dedi exclaimed while jumping high with joy. Based on the dialogue, it shows that the word yes comes from English which means yes. So it can be concluded that the word yess is a form of code switching from Indonesian to English. “Heru is not a profiteer! He's a salesman!” Based on the dialogue excerpt, it shows that there is a mixing of two languages ​​in one sentence, namely Indonesian and English. So it can be concluded that someone can use two languages ​​in one dialogue or can be called code mixing.

‘So do you hear me? And “how” do you hear me?’ Perceptions of lecturers on students from Portuguese-speaking African countries in Portuguese higher education

ABSTRACT The internationalisation of Portuguese higher education implies multicultural challenges arising from the Portuguese language variation. Nevertheless, the perceptions of lecturers about their students are rarely analysed, though influencing learning. This will be the focus of our article, using focus groups. Findings show that lecturers experience unexpected situations of incomprehension with students speaking varieties of Portuguese, while profiling differently students’ sociolinguistic characteristics. Thirdly, participants differ on strategies applied to overcome difficulties encountered, such as pedagogical and monitoring. Our conclusions highlight the need to deconstruct lecturers’ ideologies as listening subjects of Portuguese language varieties and its socialisation, designing solutions promoting their capacity-building.

Controlled query evaluation in description logics through consistent query answering

Controlled Query Evaluation (CQE) is a framework for the protection of confidential data, where a policy given in terms of logic formulae indicates which information must be kept private. Functions called censors filter query answering so that no answers are returned that may lead a user to infer data protected by the policy. The preferred censors, called optimal censors, are the ones that conceal only what is necessary, thus maximizing the returned answers. Typically, given a policy over a data or knowledge base, several optimal censors exist.Our research on CQE is based on the following intuition: confidential data are those that violate the logical assertions specifying the policy, and thus censoring them in query answering is similar to processing queries in the presence of inconsistent data as studied in Consistent Query Answering (CQA). In this paper, we investigate the relationship between CQE and CQA in the context of Description Logic ontologies. We borrow the idea from CQA that query answering is a form of skeptical reasoning that takes into account all possible optimal censors. This approach leads to a revised notion of CQE, which allows us to avoid making an arbitrary choice on the censor to be selected, as done by previous research on the topic.We then study the data complexity of query answering in our CQE framework, for conjunctive queries issued over ontologies specified in the popular Description Logics DL-LiteR and EL⊥. In our analysis, we consider some variants of the censor language, which is the language used by the censor to enforce the policy. Whereas the problem is in general intractable for simple censor languages, we show that for DL-LiteR ontologies it is first-order rewritable, and thus in AC0 in data complexity, for the most expressive censor language we propose.

Penggunaan Variasi Bahasa “Slang Language” Pada Platform Tiktok Untuk Generasi Z: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

Research on the Use of "Slang Language" Variations on the Tiktok Platform for Generation Z: Sociolinguistic Studies certainly discusses the use of slang language variations on the Tik Tok platform or social media. The problem formulation in this research consists of types of slang language variations, the use of slang language variations and their meanings. The aim of this research is to describe the use of slang variations on the Tik Tok platform or social media and their meanings. The research method in this study is qualitative descriptive research which aims to provide symptoms, facts or events systematically and accurately. There are approximately 60 forms of slang variations used by generation z/teenagers on the Tik Tok platform or social media. Of the 60 data on language variations, 23 data are mispronunciations, 29 data are abbreviations, 3 data are shortened forms and 5 data are interjections. Variations of slang with data in the form of abbreviations are the most widely used by generation z/teenagers because the form is more practical and easy to apply and memorize. Keywords: slang, language variations, tik tok, generation z, sociolinguistics

Register Pengolahan Batu Kapur di Kabupaten Kebumen: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

The use of limestone processing registers by speech communities in Kebumen Regency, Central Java shows symptoms of language variation. The register serves to support social interaction with fellow professions. The purpose of this research is to find out the register of limestone processing and describe the form or characteristics of the register used by workers in carrying out their activities. Data collection was carried out using the introspection method, namely the author as part of the speaker. Observations of limestone processing activities and interviews with workers were conducted to validate the data. The data that has been collected is analyzed with sociolinguistic theory in terms of its form. From the results of data analysis, it was found that the limestone processing register has distinctive terms that are only understood by fellow users. The nouns and verbs in the limestone processing register have uniqueness such as word formation in the form of onomatopoeia and sound changes. The vocabulary in this register has meanings and functions that are specifically related to limestone processing activities. Keywords: register, limestone processing, form, meaning

Indonesian Slang Word Formation Processes in TikTok

Language changes over time due to social and cultural factors. These changes are evident through language varieties such as standard and non-standard languages, dialects, accents, and registers. This research focuses on one type of language variation, namely slang. Slang words show that language is constantly changing. For example, there are many new slang words that emerge and old ones that are no longer used or replaced. Slang also reflects people’s creativity because through slang we can see how someone can be very creative in making new words or modifying existing words. This research aims to identify the slang words that appear in the comments section of the TikTok during June to December 2022 and analyze the word formation process of each slang found. The authors used the qualitative descriptive method in order to present the data thoroughly. This study found that there were 39 slang words that appeared repeatedly and there were six most common word formation processes found in TikTok comments, namely blending, clipping, borrowing, acronym, affixation, and multiple processes. The most frequent processes are blending and clipping. The least frequent word formation processes are affixation and borrowing.

Features of the lexical composition of the national variants of the Spanish language of Latin America

Features of the lexical composition of the national variants of the Spanish language of Latin America

Host Communication Styles and Language Variations in Context of TikTok Live-Streaming Commerce

Live-streaming commerce offers a new experience for people in direct buying and selling activities with host plays an important role as an intermediary between sellers and buyers. This research examined the different communication styles and language variations used by hosts in the context of TikTok live-streaming commerce. It explored how hosts engage with their audiences and the language references they employ. This research used a qualitative approach with content analysis methods. The primary data obtained through digital observations on four TikTok Shop accounts that regularly host live streams while interviews are employed as a secondary data. The results showed that hosts predominantly use a task-oriented communication style with emotive behaviors. This style is reflected in the speed and volume of their speech, frequent greetings, and responsive interactions with consumers. Hosts often use informal language, influenced by their linguistic preferences, such as sociolect, which varies by age. It is beneficial for hosts to develop an idiolect to differentiate themselves from others by creating certain unique words or sentences. Overall, live-streaming commerce has created a unique shopping culture where hosts must quickly and clearly explain product details while maintaining effective communication with buyers for a reciprocal exchange of information.

Association of H-FABP with cardiovascular events: A systematic review.

The research aimed to evaluate the association between heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular events. We systematically reviewed research that has been conducted to assess this relationship, aiming to determine how useful H-FABP could be as a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the initial phases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our goal was to validate its diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance. We systematically searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to find pertinent publications related to cardiovascular diseases and H-FABP, using various permutations, abbreviations, and language variations of MeSH keywords. The final analysis included 12 studies in total. The final study comprised twelve studies, and it was concluded that H-FABP demonstrated high sensitivity (64.3-91.5) and specificity (73-100) for diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), especially within the first hours of symptom onset. H-FABP demonstrates potential in enhancing the overall diagnostic accuracy during the initial hours following the manifestation of symptoms. However, the existing data do not provide sufficient evidence to recommend the regular utilization of H-FABP as a preliminary risk assessment approach in individuals who present with suspected cardiac events. Additional investigations, with well-defined prospective cohorts, are needed to validate the results observed.

Exploring the Variation of Third Tone Sandhi in Native Chinese Mandarin: An Acoustic Analysis

Tone is one of the most prominent, distinctive, and significant properties of the Chinese language. In the realm of tone sandhi, one of the most interesting phenomena is the Tone 3 sandhi (T3). T3 sandhi is one of the rules in the phonological change, a low T3 syllable inevitably changes to a rising tone (T2) when it is followed by another T3 syllable. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of the third tone (T3) sandhi in Mandarin Chinese, comparing the acoustic features in both real words and pseudowords. The current study employed a qualitative descriptive method and PRAAT6310 acoustic analysis software. The findings of the study demonstrated that T3 sandhi in real words of the Chinese language resembles pseudowords and is likely computed naturally in a phonological cognition process. This research provides an important reference value for research in the fields of tonal variation in Chinese language and language acquisition.

El arduo despertar de un cambio lingüístico en la distancia comunicativa: paralelismos y divergencias con textos de la inmediatez en las relativas oblicuas del primer español moderno

Within the framework of historical sociolinguistics, the present study deals with the incidence of the textual axis at the dawn of a change affecting relative obliques in early modern Spanish. To this end, both the diffusion and the conditioning of the new variant (en + art + que), as opposed to the traditional one (en + que), are studied comparatively in two corpora composed of texts close to immediacy (private correspondence) and communicative distance (literary and legal-administrative) from the eighteenth century. The results of the study show, on the one hand, that the expansion of innovative forms was significantly greater in the documents of immediacy than in those of distance. On the other hand, it is found that, despite largely similar internal conditions, some of them exhibit idiosyncratic behaviour revealing a certain disparity in these initial stages of change. All this highlights the need to include textual typology in the study of language variation and change, alongside the usual linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Keywords: historical sociolinguistics, linguistic variation and change, discursive traditions, prepositional relative clauses, early modern Spanish

Dinamika Variasi Bahasa dalam Kerangka Sosiolinguistik terhadap Analisis Faktor-faktor Sosial dalam Perubahan Bahasa di Masyarakat Multibahasa pada Era Globalisasi

The problem raised in this research is how socioguistic language variations influence language changes in society in the current era of globalization. In this research, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive research method using a sociolinguistic approach. The research subject is a 58 year old trader who is a multilingual community and a Toba Batak speaker to gain in-depth views and understanding of language use in the social context of their community. Research data was obtained through participant observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Observations are carried out in real situations in multilingual communities to observe language use and existing language variations. Data is also collected from written sources. The results of this research show that the influence of globalization has brought about significant changes in everyday language use, where Toba Batak language tends to be replaced by Indonesian or English, especially among the younger generation. The aim of this research is to understand the impact of language change on multilingual societies in the era of globalization.

African American Preschoolers' Performance on Norm-Referenced Language Assessments: Examining the Effect of Dialect Density and the Use of Scoring Modifications.

We investigated and compared the outcomes from two standardized, norm-referenced screening assessments of language (i.e., Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool-Second Edition [CELFP-2], Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation-Screening Test [DELV-ST]) with African American preschoolers whose spoken dialect differed from that of General American English (GAE). We (a) described preschoolers' performance on the CELFP-2 Core Language Index (CLI) and its subtests with consideration of degree of dialect variation (DVAR) observed, (b) investigated how the application of dialect-sensitive scoring modifications to the expressive morphology and syntax Word Structure (WS) subtest affected CELFP-2 CLI scores, and (c) evaluated the screening classification agreement rates between the DELV-ST and the CELFP-2 CLI. African American preschoolers (N = 284) completed the CELFP-2 CLI subtests (i.e., Sentence Structure, WS, Expressive Vocabulary) and the DELV-ST. Density of spoken dialect use was estimated with the DELV-ST Part I Language Variation Status, and percentage of DVAR was calculated. The CELFP-2 WS subtest was scored with and without dialect-sensitive scoring modifications. Planned comparisons of CELFP-2 CLI performance indicated statistically significant differences in performance based on DELV-ST-determined degree of language variation groupings. Scoring modifications applied to the WS subtest increased subtest scaled scores and CLI composite standard scores. However, preschoolers who demonstrated strong variation from GAE continued to demonstrate significantly lower performance than preschoolers who demonstrated little to no language variation. Affected-status agreement rates between assessments (modified and unmodified CELFP-2 CLI scores and DELV-ST Part II Diagnostic Risk Status) were extremely low. The application of dialect-specific scoring modifications to standardized, norm-referenced assessments of language must be simultaneously viewed through the lenses of equity, practicality, and psychometry. The results of our multistage study reiterate the need for reliable methods of identifying risk for developmental language disorder within children who speak American English dialects other than GAE. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26017978.

Unveiling Phonological Patterns: An Introductory Exploration

Phonology is one of the main subjects that make up the study of language, which is called the scientific study of the structure of language. One way to understand the meaning of language is to compare it to other parts of language. Basically, phonology is a science that studies the sound structure of language, as opposed to the study of sentence structure (grammar), word structure (morphology), and language variation over time (history). This definition is too simplistic and unnecessary. The research method used in writing this article is library research, this method is to search for reference materials through previous scientific works, in the form of journals, theses, books, etc. According to Seewoester (2009), humor is the manipulation of language at the linguistic level. Creating confusion and ambiguity with your words can influence many reactions from your audience, including laughter and confusion. Be careful with your language. Some strategies for creating humor in comic situations use sound effects such as sound substitution, deletion, addition, deductive pairing, metathesis, and sound compatibility.

A Linguistic Inquiry into the Social Media Era Based on the Context of Online Language Variation and Development

A Linguistic Inquiry into the Social Media Era Based on the Context of Online Language Variation and Development

Use Of Language Variations On Tiktok Social Media In Generation Z

This article reviews how the use of Indonesian language in TikTok social media through several accounts of young people in generation Z. Where this tiktok media is used as a means to display his identity as a slang young person in social media with the use of language variations that are sociolect language variations. This study aims to determine the use of language used by generation Z young people in every upload of TikTok video posts, captions used and comments made by netizens. This research uses a method with a type of literature study research which is then used for data collection. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the analysis of the use of language variations on TikTok social media of generation Z young people found several language variations such as acrolec variations, vulgarity, slang, colloquial, jargon, and ken in several posts, captions and in the comment column. Caused by two factors, namely internal factors and external factors. In internal factors, language variation is formed through phonological and morphological processes. The external factors behind the use of language variations are informal or informal speech situations, the age of TikTok users who are still dominated by teenagers, the goals to be achieved by speakers, and differences in education and work levels.

Racial segregation and language variation in Louisiana Creole: Social meaning in language loss

Abstract This paper investigates how and whether speakers of endangered languages employ variation as a stylistic resource to make social meaning and index their identities. The study is set in historically Creole-speaking communities in rural Louisiana, which have now shifted almost completely to English. The Americanization of Louisiana induced language shift, but also a shift to the Anglo-American racial binary which supplanted local constructs of ethnicity and race. The study crafts a historical-sociolinguistic account of this process of Americanization, examining how linguistic differentiation was enacted through the enregisterment of iconic ‘Creole’/‘French’ variants as indexical links to the ‘Black’/‘White’ racial binary. Today, to a very limited extent, some speakers of Louisiana Creole still consider some variants socially meaningful and employ them to stylistic ends. This depends especially on racial identity and the variant in question. Subject pronouns retain some indexical value, occasionally employed stylistically by speakers racialized as White. However, front vowel rounding has fossilized: highly meaningful in the early-20th century, its social meaning has been lost resulting in synchronic personal-pattern variation. The paper ends by trying to reconcile classic studies of Language Death with contemporary variationist critique, answering recent calls for more nuanced approaches to sociolinguistic variation in threatened languages.

Analysis of Language Variation used in Interaction Among a Teacher and Students in the Teaching- Learning Processes of Reading

This research was aimed at finding and describing the analysis of language variation used in interaction among teacher and students in teaching and learning process of reading in 8th class at SMP Negeri 1 Sukaresmi-Cianjur. The research was conducted three meetings in three different classes. It was a descriptive qualitative research with a naturalistic approach. The setting of the research was SMP Negeri 1 Sukaresmi-Cianjur. The methods of collecting the data were questionnaire, observation and interview. The data were in the form of words and sentences of language variations and language styles. They included classroom observations, questionnaire and interview transcripts. The respondents were the English teacher and 8th students class at SMP Negeri 1 Sukaresmi-Cianjur. In reference to data analysis, the results show that the language variation used in interaction among the teacher and the students are divided into two kinds of language variations, i.e., (1) Register (2) Idiom. Moreover, the language style used in interaction among teacher and students were divided into four kinds of language styles, i.e., (1) Formal style, (2) Consultative style, (3) Casual style, (4) Intimate style. Implementing the language variations and language styles in teaching-learning processes of reading makes students easier to learn English particularly reading comprehension.