Study Of Language Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment - A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Medical image analysis plays a crucial role in the screening, monitoring, diagnosis, and prognosis of diseases. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) often remain asymptomatic in their early stages. Timely identification and intervention are crucial to prevent the progression to decompensated liver diseases and advanced-stage HCC, minimizing morbidity and mortality. Methodology: This study examined twenty relevant research articles that met the inclusion criteria. Utilizing the PRISMA criteria, a systematic search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for studies on HCC screening employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). The search focused on the keywords "artificial intelligence" and "hepatocellular carcinoma," with inclusion criteria specifying studies in the English language published in and after 2020. Exclusions were made for histology, animal research, and investigations conducted before 2020. Titles and abstracts were thoroughly reviewed, and any discrepancies were discussed. Results: The comprehensive review reveals the transformative impact of AI and ML on HCC screening, diagnosis, and therapy. ML models demonstrated effectiveness in early HCC diagnosis, distinguishing hepatic lesions, predicting treatment responses, and assessing recurrence risks across various techniques. Integration of mass spectrometry-based technologies, advanced imaging, and real-world data significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision support. AI models exhibited diagnostic expertise with potential applications in therapy suggestions, personalized surveillance, and prognostic evaluations. However, further validation and seamless integration into clinical practice are essential for realizing their full potential. Conclusion: This systematic study underscores the progress made in the application of AI and ML in HCC screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Numerous studies highlight the capability of AI and ML systems to enhance hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, predict outcomes, and optimize therapy. The enduring and versatile nature of these technologies points towards a revolutionary future in personalized and efficient HCC management.

Systematic review of risk factors, prognosis, and management of colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma.

Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma (CSRCC) is a rare clinical entity which accounts for approximately 1% of all colorectal cancers. Although multiple studies concerning this specific topic have been published in the past decades, the pathogenesis, associated risk factors, and potential implications on treatment are still poorly understood. Besides the low incidence, historically confusing histological criteria have resulted in confusing data. Nevertheless, the rising incidence of CSRCC along with relatively young age at presentation and associated dismal prognosis, highlight the actual interest to synthesize the known literature regarding CSRCC. To provide an updated overview of risk factors, prognosis, and management of CSRCC. A literature search in the MEDLINE/PubMed database was conducted with the following search terms used: 'Signet ring cell carcinoma' and 'colorectal'. Studies in English language, published after January 1980, were included. Studies included in the qualitative synthesis were evaluated for content concerning epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical, diagnostic, histological, and molecular features, as well as metastatic pattern and therapeutic management. If possible, presented data was extracted in order to present a more detailed overview of the literature. In total, 67 articles were included for qualitative analysis, of which 54 were eligible for detailed data extraction. CSRCC has a reported incidence between 0.1%-2.4% and frequently presents with advanced disease stage at the time of diagnosis. CSRCC is associated with an impaired overall survival (5-year OS: 0%-46%) and a worse stage-corrected outcome compared to mucinous and not otherwise specified adenocarcinoma. The systematic use of exploratory laparoscopy to determine the presence of peritoneal metastases has been advised. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, although the rates of curative resection in CSRCC (21%-82%) are lower compared to those in other histological types. In case of peritoneal metastasis, cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy should only be proposed in selected patients. CSRCC is a rare clinical entity most often characterized by young age and advanced disease at presentation. As such, diagnostic modalities and therapeutic approach should be tailored accordingly.

Wh-Words: Existential or Universal Quantifiers in Child Mandarin?

Wh-words have been analysed as existential quantifiers (Chierchia in Logic in grammar: polarity, free choice, and intervention. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013; Fox, in Sauerland U, Stateva P (eds) Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics (Palgrave studies in pragmatics, language and cognition). Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills, pp 71-120, 2007; Liao in Alternative and exhaustification: non-interrogative uses of Chinese wh-words. Harvard University, 2010) or universal quantifiers (Nishigauchi, in: Theoretical and applied linguistics at Kobe Shoin 2, Kobe Shoin Institute for Linguistic Sciences, 1999). These two accounts have distinct predictions on how children initially interpret wh-words. The universal account predicts that children should initially interpret wh-words as universal quantifiers, whereas the existential account anticipates that children should start out with the existential interpretation. To adjudicate between the two accounts, the present study was designed to explore pre-schoolers' semantic knowledge of wh-quantification. Specifically, it investigated the interpretation of the wh-word shenme 'what' with 4-and 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children and a control group of adults. Using a Truth Value Judgment Task (Crain and Thornton in Investigations in universal grammar: a guide to experiments on the acquisition of syntax and semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998), Experiment 1 evaluated whether children interpret the wh-word shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to the polarity sensitive item renhe 'any' or the universal quantifier suoyou 'all' in the antecedent of ruguo 'if' conditionals. Using a Question-Answer Task, Experiments 2 & 3 respectively investigated whether children interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' or suoyou 'all' in two types of questions: yes-no questions with the particle ma and A-not-A questions. It was found that both children and adults interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' than suoyou 'all'. The findings suggest that Mandarin-speaking pre-schoolers already have adult-like semantic knowledge of wh-quantification: wh-words are existential quantifiers rather than universal quantifiers. Due to the paucity of primary linguistic input, children's early mastery of the non-interrogative wh-words appear to support the biolinguistic approach to language acquisition (Chomsky in Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1965; Pinker in Language learnability and language development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1984; Crain et al. in Language acquisition from a biolinguistic perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.004 ).

USAGE OF DIGITAL SERVICES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING BY STUDENTS MAJORING IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

The purpose of the article: to consider aspects of the use of digital resources in the process of learning a foreign language by students of «Applied Linguistics» specialty. Research methods: analysis and generalization of pedagogical literature; theoretical generalization. The objective processes of the formation of Ukrainian society determine the search for effective ways to improve the quality of the educational process. In addition to professional competencies, which include a certain set of abilities and skills, a modern specialist by the state educational standards is to master one of the foreign languages and properly apply it in professional activities. The level of students` mastery of a foreign language directly depends on effective teaching methods and the use of information technologies. The use of information and digital technologies increases students` interest in learning and contributes to the growth of their motivation to learn a foreign language. We consider various aspects of the use of digital resources, such as mobile applications, virtual platforms, and online resources, as well as evaluate their impact on learning and the development of students' communication skills. The analysis is focused on revealing the advantages and possible challenges that accompany the use of digital tools in the study of foreign languages in this specialty. We explore how these tools can support and facilitate learning, looking in particular at their potential for interactive learning, self-directed learning, and student engagement. At the same time, we analyze possible challenges, such as the availability of technology, the need to train educators, and possible limitations associated with the use of digital tools in the educational process.

A Structural and Functional Analysis of Moroccan Jokes

The present study purports to be a contribution to the study of language in relation to society. This paper sheds some light on the structural and functional aspects of jokes in the Moroccan society. In fact, its rationale is to pave the way to further comparative cross-cultural analyses. These can help to testify whether jokes of different cultures have similar or different functions and structures and, accordingly, whether this similarity or dissimilarity is reflected in the structure of societies.

Survey Study of the Importance of Cultural Diplomacy of Indonesia in Azerbaijan

Since the existence of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Azerbaijan, Indonesia began to strengthen its relations with Azerbaijan massively through cultural diplomacy through performances as well as cultural events. Furthermore, the cultural diplomacy of Indonesia and Azerbaijan is also conducted through cultural scholarship, the study of the Indonesian language, as well as learning its dances in the embassy for Azeri students. This study aims to describe the importance of Indonesia's cultural diplomacy in Azerbaijan by employing a descriptive quantitative research method in which the data is obtained through the primary survey conducted by the author. The study found that utilising culture in Indonesia’s diplomatic practices in Azerbaijan is a paramount thing to building a strong bond and trust between countries, especially at the young age of the embassy existence in Azerbaijan.

Exploring Communication Strategies in English Speaking Skills: A Study of Students at the University of Danang-University of Foreign Language Studies, Vietnam

The study focuses on communication strategies, specifically examining how they are perceived and used in English-speaking activities, as well as the impacts of verbal communications strategies (VCSs) on the performances of second-year English students from the Faculty of Foreign Language Teacher Education and the Faculty of English at the University of Danang-University of Foreign Language Studies (hereafter called EFL students for brief) as well as to propose appropriate solutions to assist them to improve their communication skills. Data were collected from 280 questionnaires, and the analysis of the in-depth interviews was conducted with 10 student informants and observations of 40 students in total. The findings show that most students were familiar with the term “communication strategies”, though they did not know exactly what the term referred to. Additionally, EFL second-years employed all twelve studied VCSs at various frequencies. Both positive and negative influences were reported, and judgement about errors from surrounding people was chosen as the biggest obstacle when applying VCSs. Several solutions were discussed in the study to solve these problems.

Taboo language across the globe: A multi-lab study.

The use of taboo words represents one of the most common and arguably universal linguistic behaviors, fulfilling a wide range of psychological and social functions. However, in the scientific literature, taboo language is poorly characterized, and how it is realized in different languages and populations remains largely unexplored. Here we provide a database of taboo words, collected from different linguistic communities (Study 1, N = 1046), along with their speaker-centered semantic characterization (Study 2, N = 455 for each of six rating dimensions), covering 13 languages and 17 countries from all five permanently inhabited continents. Our results show that, in all languages, taboo words are mainly characterized by extremely low valence and high arousal, and very low written frequency. However, a significant amount of cross-country variability in words' tabooness and offensiveness proves the importance of community-specific sociocultural knowledge in the study of taboo language.

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF MEIOSIS IN SELECTED POLITICAL SPEECHES

This sets the stage for an investigation that will bring together politics and the scientific process of meiosis, two seemingly unrelated fields. To have a pragmatic or realistic view of meiosis in political discourse is what the word "pragmatic" means. It is likely that politicians' use of rhetorical strategies like meiosis, which includes euphemisms and understatements, is the intended topic of this study. This research delves into the impact of meiosis on political discourse by dissecting specific speeches to see how they sway listeners to either agree or disagree with the speaker's stance. An interdisciplinary study of language and communication that draws on biological and political discourse analysis techniques is hinted at in the abstract.

Effects of the combined exposure to chemicals and unusual working hours.

Both exposure to occupational chemicals and to unusual working hours have well documented effects on health. Determination of occupational exposure limits is, however, usually based on chemical-only exposure and assumes an 8-h workday, 5 days/week and a 40-h work week. A significant proportion of the workforce is exposed to chemicals while working in other work schedules. This review thus aimed to synthesize and evaluate the scientific support for a combined effect of unusual working hours and chemical exposure and, if possible, give recommendations for OEL adjustments to account for unusual working hours. The search for articles was made as part of the preparation of a report for the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. In this report, unusual working hours were categorized as shift work or extended (>8h) working hours. Inclusion criteria were observational studies in the English language published up to November 2021 in peer-reviewed journals, with explicit metrics of exposure (chemicals and unusual working hours) and of health outcome, and which explicitly tested the association between exposure and outcome. Search engines of seven databases were used. Of the initially 15 400 identified papers, 9 studies published between 1985 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which showed significant associations. Results from a few of the studies, i.e. regarding effects of dust and endotoxin on lung function, effects of acetone on sleep quality and tiredness, effects of carbon disulphide on coronary artery disease and effects of chemicals on spontaneous abortion, suggested more pronounced effects during night shifts compared to during day shifts. The reviewed data is considered insufficient to conclude on recommendations for OEL adjustment for shift work. Suggested areas of future studies are mentioned. Further studies about the effects of the combined exposure to unusual working hours and chemical exposure are essential for risk assessment, and for recommendation of potential OEL adjustments. What is important about this paper? Effects of chemical agents at the workplace may depend not only on exposure level and duration but also on the time of exposure in relation to the circadian rhythm. This study reviewed the scientific support for a combined effect of unusual working hours and chemical exposure and revealed an obvious need for additional studies regarding the complex interplay of the two different exposures with respect to adverse health effects.

A protocol for a systematic review of social dimensions of resilience in older adults.

Populations are ageing, making the quality of old age a crucial issue. Some adversity in old age, such as loss of loved one or loss of physical function, is often experienced, as is the need for recovery from such adversity. Resilience in later life has become an important topic and has accumulated much empirical research. However, the research has mainly centred on individual factors, such as personality, rather than social factors, such as family relationships or community engagement. There is no systematic review of the social dimensions of resilience in old age, a focus that should be especially important for policy and practice seeking to create supporting environments. Our review comprises quantitative and qualitative empirical original English language studies, published 2013-2023, using predefined search phrases including 'resilience' and various terms for old age and social dimensions. Titles and abstracts are screened by the first two authors using registered exclusion criteria. Final inclusion, based on full-text reading, is decided using registered inclusion criteria, and verified by co-authors. Qualitative articles are read by authors specialized in qualitative research and quantitative articles by authors specialized in quantitative research. Due to large expected heterogeneity, meta-analysis is not conducted, but weighted effect sizes or funnel plots may be prepared if parallel quantitative studies are encountered. Qualitative studies are synthesized using meta-aggregation. The risk of bias is evaluated with applicable Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for each study design. A narrative synthesis brings together the qualitative and quantitative studies. Methodological strengths and weaknesses of the included studies are reported to assess the quality of the research. Summary of the most significant social dimensions of resilience in old age is prepared, emphasizing interactions between contexts, stressors, mechanisms and outcomes; and research gaps are identified. Protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023412532).

Visualization of educational data in a German-language corpus of student texts

Introduction. Digital transformation of education involves the use of digital tools in managing the educational process as a whole and in the learning process in individual disciplines. The specifics of teaching a foreign language require special functionality from digital tools. The purpose of the article is to explore the possibilities of a corpus of student texts in a foreign language for analyzing the results of students’ educational work and forming an adapted learning path within the discipline related to the study of a foreign language. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the Petrozavodsk Annotated Corpus of Texts (PACT), containing written works in German and French written by students from 2019 to 2023. Texts are accompanied by attributive information about the author, writing conditions, evaluation and error corrections. A web application has been developed to work with the corpus. The application includes personal accounts for teachers and students. To analyze the state of the learning process and make subsequent decisions on managing the learning process, the web application contains several tools for visualizing error statistics at different levels of detail with the ability to select texts according to different conditions. Results of the study. As part of the study, patterns were identified that connect the types of errors with the genres of texts, with the severity of the errors, and with the emotional and physiological state of the student. Russian-speaking students studying German as a foreign language make the most mistakes in the choice of lexemes, spelling, punctuation and the place of the verb in a sentence. At the same time, genre differences can be observed to distribute the number of errors by their type. There is an increase in the relative number of gross errors by 1.5 times for senior students compared to the first year. Errors in the choice of lexeme are critical for understanding the content of the text. The severity of the error does not depend on the genre of the text. Conclusion. The results of the study can be used to build corpora of student texts with educational analytics functions in dashboard format. The results obtained can be useful in developing teaching materials for the “Foreign Language” discipline.

Hospital performance evaluation indicators: a scoping review.

Hospitals are the biggest consumers of health system budgets and hence measuring hospital performance by quantitative or qualitative accessible and reliable indicators is crucial. This review aimed to categorize and present a set of indicators for evaluating overall hospital performance. We conducted a literature search across three databases, i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using possible keyword combinations. We included studies that explored hospital performance evaluation indicators from different dimensions. We included 91 English language studies published in the past 10 years. In total, 1161 indicators were extracted from the included studies. We classified the extracted indicators into 3 categories, 14 subcategories, 21 performance dimensions, and 110 main indicators. Finally, we presented a comprehensive set of indicators with regard to different performance dimensions and classified them based on what they indicate in the production process, i.e., input, process, output, outcome and impact. The findings provide a comprehensive set of indicators at different levels that can be used for hospital performance evaluation. Future studies can be conducted to validate and apply these indicators in different contexts. It seems that, depending on the specific conditions of each country, an appropriate set of indicators can be selected from this comprehensive list of indicators for use in the performance evaluation of hospitals in different settings.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES -YP, -IP (based on the monuments of Mamluk Kipchak)

There has been no in-depth, comprehensive and systematic study of the history of one of the complex grammatical categories of verbs-the category of adverbs, although it is found only slightly in some monuments and textbooks concerning the history of a particular language. One of the urgent problems of Kazakh Turkological science is a comprehensive study of the Turkic languages of any linguistic unity in historical periods, a comprehensive study of them from a synchronous and diachronic point of view and determining the level of historical continuity in comparison with our modern language.The article examines the grammatical function of the adverbial suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p in the Mamluk-Kipchak language, their influence and phonetic variants on the meaning of the word to which it is attached, the history of development and formation. The research is based on the materials of 5 monuments written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language and extant to the present day. The research work is based on the main method of studying the historical development of language - the comparative historical method.Phonetic variants of adverbial forms with suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p the order of attachment to the root, various semantic gradients in the main and indirect meanings, all of them do not differ much from modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh. Some features have been preserved in the modern Oguz language, and some in Kipchak. Even small differences between them can be considered as a natural phenomenon that arises during the historical development of the language.

Prevalence of Transitional Vertebra in Lumbar Disc Herniation in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

Background: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) occur as a congenital anomaly in the segmentation of lumbosacral spine that occur during intrauterine life. LSTV includes lumbarization and sacralization of the lumbosacral region. A transitional vertebra(TV) may have varying formations, the common feature being an atypical lumbosacral articulation between transverse process of the most inferior lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. There has been a lot of discussion regarding the prevalence of LSTV in lumbar disc herniation(LDH). Most of the studies showed increased prevalence while other studies showed TV is an incidental finding and there is no increased prevalence in LDH. LDH is a quiet common ailment encountered in neurosurgical practice. Numerous causes have been attributed to it. LSTV might have great importance in patients who clinically seem to have LDH where it’s presence in plain X-ray might provide a supportive evidence for diagnosis and it can help to counsel the patient. We will be able to recommend a plain x-ray of lumbosacral spine first, having history and clinical findings suggestive of LDH and can save the cost of MRI investigation until decision for operation. Beside this LSTV is an important entity for spinal surgeons , radiologists and also for those who do interventional procedures in the spine. For this reason the prevalence of TV in LDH should be known. This study was not carried out in our country yet. So this study will enrich our demographic information and will also help the spinal surgeons to counsel the patients about their congenital spinal morphological variation and different facts related with this. Objectives: General objective of this study is to observe the prevalence of LSTV in patients with LDH. Specific objective of this study was to identify the diathroidal joint or fusion between transverse process of last lumbar vertebra and ala of sacrum, to count the vertebral number from C2 to S1 in whole spine screening film, to identify the transitional vertebra as sacralization or lumbarization or absence of TV, to predict the future possibility of development of LDH from plain X-ray of lumbosacral spine. Methods: This study was a cross sectional type of observational study and was conducted in Department of Neurosurgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The patients (N=45) who fulfilled the selection criteria was enrolled in this study. Patient’s data were recorded in a predetermined data sheet. Patients were informed in details about the study, its merits and demerits in easy and understandable language and then informed consent was taken. Also assurance was given that all the information and records would be kept confidential and the study result would help the neurosurgeons to counsel the patients with LSTV about future possibility of development of LDH from plain X-ray of lumbosacral spine. This study was not responsible for any additional harm to the patient and study had no potential risk to the patient and no experimental drugs were used in this study. Results: A total of 45 patients of LDH were studied to see the prevalence of lumbosacral TV in LDH. Based on history and clinical findings, 100% of patients presented with low back pain, 100% of patients presented with sciatica, and 62.2% presented with gait difficulty and 02.2% of patients presented with cauda equina syndrome. Mean age of patients having LDH herniation was 38.08 ± 10.15 years. LSTV was found in 31.11% of patients with LDH. In this study, LSTV was diagnosed by plain X ray of Lumbosacral spine (A/P view) and supplemented with MRI of L/S spine with screening of whole spine (in most cases). Diagnosis of transitional vertebra was done by researcher and was further confirmed by guide and faculty members of BSMMU. In relation to gender, prevalence of LSTV in male was 25.9% and in female was 38.9% which indicated higher prevalence of TV in female but this is not statistically significant (p value 0.356).Incidence of disc herniation in patients with TV was at the space above the transition in 85.7% of cases. The most likely explanation for this is that the motion segment cephalad to the LSTV has to bear additional stresses by virtue of it being juxtaposed to a relatively non-mobile segment Conclusion: This study reveals that the prevalence of LSTV in LDH is 31.11% which is near the upper limit of its prevalence(according to literature). Association of TV with LDH can not be obtained as a control group of patient without LDH was not considered. So further study should be carried out incorporating large number of patients with control group with long study period to generalize the findings to target population. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2023; 12(2): 76-85

A Genre-Analysis of Complaint Letters: A Case Study of English and Arabic Language

The study purports to examine the generic structure of complaint letters among natives and non-natives of English. A corpus of 80 letters was collected from Algerian Arabic users, EFL learners as well as American and British native speakers of English. The researcher provided the participants with three complaint situations, and they were required to choose only one and write a complaint letter about it. Our analysis drew upon Swales (1990) and Bhatia’s (1993) approach to genre analysis to describe to move structure of such genre. The results revealed that complaint letters in Arabic and English adhere to the same generic structure composed of seven moves and fifteen steps. It was found that several factors, particularly culture, and the correspondents’ social rank significantly influence the overall structure of complaint letters.

Tuning fuzzy SPARQL queries

During the last years, the study of fuzzy database query languages has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this line of research, our group has proposed and developed FSA-SPARQL (Fuzzy Sets and Aggregators based SPARQL), which is a fuzzy extension of the Semantic Web query language SPARQL. FSA-SPARQL works with fuzzy RDF datasets and allows the definition of fuzzy queries involving fuzzy conditions through fuzzy connectives and aggregators. However, there are two main challenges to be solved for the practical applicability of FSA-SPARQL. The first problem is the lack of fuzzy RDF data sources. The second is how to customize fuzzy queries on fuzzy RDF data sources. Our research group has also recently proposed a fuzzy logic programming language called FASILL that offers powerful tuning capabilities that can accept applications in many fields. The purpose of this paper is to show how the FASILL tuning capabilities serve to accomplish in a unified framework both challenges in FSA-SPARQL: data fuzzification and query customization. More concretely, from a FSA-SPARQL to FASILL transformation, data fuzzification and query customization in FSA-SPARQL become FASILL tuning problems. We have validated the approach with queries against datasets from online communities.

HIRE ME!: Interactive Gaming Simulation as a Teaching Aid to Enhance English Speaking Skills Among UTHM Students

English is the dominant language in many nations throughout the world. Nonetheless, despite the government’s efforts, Malaysian university students still see speaking English as a daunting endeavour. This article discusses how interactive simulation games may be used as a teaching tool to help Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) students improve their English-speaking abilities. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is to study the fundamentals of English-speaking skills, to design an informative and appealing interactive simulation gaming as a teaching aid, and to verify the effectiveness of interactive simulation gaming in enhancing English-speaking abilities. A mixed method design combining qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches was employed. A semi-structured interview was conducted with a professor from the Centre for Language Studies at UTHM, and the collected data were carefully verified with content analysis. Additionally, a questionnaire was distributed among 69 UTHM students from different faculties to gather insights on how to design an interactive and engaging gaming simulator for English speaking learning. Once the data have been collected, it will be thoroughly analysed and validate with descriptive analysis. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the fundamental aspects of English language learning and provide opportunities for further improvement and refinement of the game. Future studies could focus on refining the game’s aesthetics and overall visual appeal, creating a more immersive and captivating gaming experience, and incorporating elements of gamification to further enhance motivation and drive sustained engagement. The game can be created by making it into Virtual reality, the players are able to immerse the gameplay of feeling in a real situation of being interview while answer the questions that has been given out by the game has provided.

Potential role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of diabetic complications: a critical review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic conditions affecting about 5% of people worldwide. High mortality associated with DM is mostly due to its severe clinical complications, including diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural, biologically active polyphenol known to have various health-promoting effects in animal models and humans. In this review, we have reviewed the preventive and therapeutic role of RSV on diabetes complications with emphasis on its molecular mechanisms of action. To prepare this review, all the basic and clinical available literatures regarding this topic were gathered through electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Therefore, we summarized previous studies that have evaluated the effects of RSV on diabetic complications and their mechanisms. Only English language studies published up to January 2023 were included in this review. RSV improves glucose homeostasis, decreases insulin resistance, induces autophagy, regulates lipid metabolism, protects pancreatic β-cells, ameliorates metabolic disorders, and increases the GLUT4 expression. These effects induced by RSV are strongly associated with ability of this polyphenol agent to elevation expression/activity of AMP-activated protein kinase and Sirtuin 1 in various organs of diabetic subjects, which leads to prevention and therapy of diabetic complications. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of RSV were reported to be involved in its action in diabetic complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. RSV is a promising compound for improving diabetic complications. However, the exact antidiabetic mechanisms of RSV need to be further investigated.

Personal valuation of Chinese language for social functions among senior high school learners

In recent decades, the Chinese language experienced an increase in educational demand, which calls the academic institutions to integrate basic Chinese language subjects into their curriculum. The spike in Chinese language use resulted in the expansion of language studies focusing on Chinese as a second and foreign language. Given the broad scope of research in Chinese language learning, there was a need to expand the understanding of the personal valuation of the learners in learning the Chinese language. Hence, this study aimed to assess the extent of the subjective valuation of Filipino students in the Chinese language, particularly for social functions. An exploratory approach was carried out to extract narrative data from the study participants. Eight secondary students were interviewed on the personal valuation of the Chinese language within social functions. The findings demonstrated that the Chinese language was commonly used within social instances for specific sociocultural and psycholinguistic patterns. The participants valued the use of the Chinese language because of its instrumentality in their future careers; it enabled them to be culturally sensitive and engaged in sociocultural communication. Theoretical analysis also highlighted that language socialization became a major driving force in language learning. Language socialization encompassed learning beyond academic purposes while underscoring the need for social interaction and interpersonal orientation. Nevertheless, personal valuations reflected learners' beliefs towards the instrumentality of the Chinese language, especially in social functions.