Abstract Language Research Articles

Bridging the divide in organismal physiology: a case for the integration of behaviour as a physiological process.

The role of behaviour in animal physiology is much debated, with researchers divided between the traditional view that separates physiology and behaviour, and a progressive perspective that sees behaviour as a physiological effector. We advocate for the latter, and in this Commentary, we argue that behaviour is inherently a physiological process. To do so, we outline the physiological basis for behaviour and draw parallels with recognised physiological processes. We also emphasise the importance of precise language that is shared across biological disciplines, as clear communication is foundational in integrating behaviour into physiology. Our goal with this Commentary is to set the stage for a debate and persuade readers of the merits of including behaviour within the domain of animal physiology. We argue that recognising behaviour as a physiological process is crucial for advancing a unified understanding of physiology, especially in the context of anthropogenic impacts.

Becoming Breadthrog: Role-playing games, metacognition and the creative writer

All fiction writers work with characters, and many deploy metaphors to describe this relationship: characters may be tools, friends or voices in the writer’s head. These are vivid images but unsuitable for understanding a past writer’s thought process or advising a future writer. This article takes a practical and cognitive approach to the writer-character relationship. We consider a writer’s approach to character as a form of problem-solving and use metacognitive science to understand why a writer chooses a particular level of immersion within a character and how they instinctively or strategically move between different cognitive and emotional frames. While literary and creative writing studies lack the precise language to describe these levels of immersion, a useful parallel exists in game studies. We draw on the sociology of role-playing games to understand and describe the relationship between the creator and the fictional character. Combining insights from game studies and metacognitive psychology, we propose a three-level model of the creative writer’s cognitive relationship with their fictional characters, ranging from full immersion to critical distance. Our model serves two purposes: its specific language can illuminate further studies of character writing and shape targeted interventions to assist creative writers struggling with questions of character.

Instant Sign Language Recognition by WAR Strategy Algorithm Based Tuned Machine Learning

Sign language serves as the primary means of communication utilized by individuals with hearing and speech disabilities. However, the comprehension of sign language by those without disabilities poses a significant challenge, resulting in a notable disparity in communication across society. Despite the utilization of numerous effective Machine learning techniques, there remains a minor compromise between accuracy rate and computing time when it comes to sign language recognition. A novel sign language recognition system is presented in this paper with an exceptionally accurate and expeditious, which is developed upon the recently devised metaheuristic WAR Strategy optimization algorithm. Following the preprocessing, both of spatial and temporal features has been extracted using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) methods. Afterward, the WAR Strategy optimization algorithm has been adopted in two procedures, first in optimizing the extracted set of features, and second to fine-tune the hyperparameters of six standard machine learning models in order to achieve precise and efficient sign language recognition. The proposed system was assessed on sign language datasets of different languages (American, Arabic, and Malaysian) containing numerous variations. The proposed system attained a recognition accuracy ranging from 93.11% to 100% by employing multiple optimized machine learning classifiers and training time of 0.038–10.48 s. As demonstrated by the experimental outcomes, the proposed system is exceptionally efficient regarding time, complexity, generalization, and accuracy.

A systematic review of melodic intonation therapy used by speech therapists on speech recovery for patients with non-fluent aphasia

Background: Many studies have reported positive results regarding the benefits of melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in patients with non-fluent aphasia. Currently, there is no specific inclusion of speech therapists (STs) in MIT research. Investigating effective speech therapy (ST) techniques to address the language functions hindered by non-fluent aphasia could yield evidence for aphasia rehabilitation research. Objective: This systematic review (SR) examines the effectiveness of the traditional MIT protocol used by STs on speech recovery for patients with non-fluent aphasia after stroke. It also discusses other characteristics of the traditional MIT, such as the participants, the MIT protocol applied, the therapy intensity, and the role of STs. Materials and methods: This SR followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. The four computerized databases (PubMed, Embase, ICTRP, and Google Scholar) were searched in February 2024 to review all empirical findings. We also conducted a hand search in relevant journals. The search yielded 538 studies, of which 2 met the criteria and underwent review. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias. Furthermore, the protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the reference CRD42024508733. Results: This review included 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 44 patients. We found evidence that MIT significantly improved speech recovery, precise language repetition, and functional communication in patients with non-fluent aphasia. STs were interventionists in MIT research and used MIT following the American manual, and they had previously received MIT training. Conclusion: Our review provides some evidence of the effectiveness of MIT on speech recovery in patients with non-fluent aphasia after stroke. MIT may be a practical alternative to standard ST. There is some indication that MIT requires music therapy (MT) skills and training; therefore, STs must also have these abilities.

The Impact of Incorporating Texts from Nahj al-Balagha of Imam Ali (Peace Be Upon Him) on the Academic Achievement of Fifth-Year Literary Students in the Subject of Arabic Rhetoric

No researcher or observer of the current state of Arabic language instruction in our schools can overlook the weakness of our students in this subject. Our students struggle with reading correctly, writing accurately without errors, and expressing themselves with precise and eloquent language. Additionally, they have difficulty understanding the meanings of literary texts and uncovering the imagery within them. This observation is supported by numerous scientific studies that have pointed to the weakness of students in the Arabic language, compounded by the continued use of traditional teaching methods, which have led to a lack of interest in learning the subject (Al-Rubaie, 1989). The study by (Al-Ubaidi) further confirmed a clear weakness among high school female students, especially in Arabic rhetoric. The issue of weak Arabic language skills is not confined to high school students; it extends to students in education colleges as well. Al-Jubouri's study revealed that the overall state of the Arabic language, particularly grammar, is distressing, reflecting the inability of Arabic language department students to master linguistic skills, especially syntax. Given all this, it has become natural for the Arabic language to drift away from everyday speech, and its rhetorical applications have become difficult for learners to comprehend, making it challenging for students to grasp its beauty and eloquence. Moreover, other reasons prompted the researchers to conduct this current study, including feedback from those who found the idea intriguing and believed it could motivate female students towards their lessons. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of studies that have explored teaching rhetoric by employing texts from Nahj al-Balagha by Imam Ali (peace be upon him). The researchers agree with opinions that attribute the majority of the problem to the aforementioned reasons. Therefore, the researchers have employed texts from Nahj al-Balagha in teaching Arabic rhetoric, hoping that this will be a small contribution to the larger goal of making this subject easier to teach

Toward Reliable Symptom Coding in Electronic Health Records for Symptom Assessment and Research: Identification and Categorization of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Symptom Codes.

To date, symptom documentation has mostly relied on clinical notes in electronic health records or patient-reported outcomes using disease-specific symptom inventories. To provide a common and precise language for symptom recording, assessment, and research, a comprehensive list of symptom codes is needed. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or its clinical modification ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ) has a range of codes designated for symptoms, but it does not contain codes for all possible symptoms, and not all codes in that range are symptom related. This study aimed to identify and categorize the first list of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification symptom codes for a general population and demonstrate their use to characterize symptoms of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Cerner database. A list of potential symptom codes was automatically extracted from the Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus. Two clinical experts in symptom science and diabetes manually reviewed this list to identify and categorize codes as symptoms. A total of 1888 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification symptom codes were identified and categorized into 65 categories. The symptom characterization using the newly obtained symptom codes and categories was found to be more reasonable than that using the previous symptom codes and categories on the same Cerner diabetes cohort.

Consejos para escribir un manuscrito y publicarlo en una revista biomédica

Science barely exists until it is published. It is only then that the information surpasses the limits of the author and can be shared by the scientific community. Although scientific articles must follow a rigidly defined structure, there is still room to tell a fascinating story, one that clearly conveys the science and is, at the same time, enjoyable for the reader. To do this, we must use the attributes that characterize good scientific style, with simple, clear, precise, direct, rigorous, and consistent language. Authorship implies authenticity and authority, and considering a researcher as an author entails rights and responsibilities. Scientific writing is not easy, it requires patience and practice; learning to write well is a lifelong task. With the philosophy that most of the qualities required to proficiently write a scientific article depend on attitude, and can be learned and improved upon, in this manuscript we will share with the reader a series of recommendations (based on our own experiences, both positive and negative), which we consider important for writing and successfully publishing. We will focus on the so-called «original» articles (as opposed to review articles, although many of the recommendations presented are applicable to both). Our main purpose is to encourage researchers to take the necessary step and face the challenge of becoming authors of their own scientific articles and successfully publishing their research.

Creating Space for Equitable Academic and School Librarian Relationships

Though school and academic librarians both are information science professionals tasked with teaching and supporting information literacy on their campuses, biases inherent in educational institutions create a hierarchy between the two groups. This divide creates inequity in partnerships. Using Tamarack Institute’s Collaboration Spectrum Tool (2017) we seek more precise language to describe these partnerships in order to create conversations as equal colleagues rather than through the divide of secondary and higher education. As the outreach and education librarian tasked with building relationships with students and educators in our local K12 schools, we hope to reimagine our relationship with school librarians in order to strengthen libraries at all levels and support students in becoming proficient in information competency skills.

Clinical reasoning—the essentials for teaching medical students, trainees and non-medical healthcare professionals

Clinical reasoning is fundamental for effective clinical practice. Traditional consultation models for teaching clinical reasoning or conventional approaches for teaching students how to make a diagnosis or management plan that rely on learning through observation only, are increasingly recognised as insufficient. There are also many challenges to supporting learners in developing clinical reasoning over time as well as across different clinical presentations and contexts. These challenges are compounded by the differences in how experts and novices make sense of clinical information, and the different cognitive processes each use when processing and communicating this information using precise medical language. Diagnostic errors may be due to cognitive biases but also, in a majority of cases, due to a lack of clinical knowledge. Therefore, effective educational strategies to develop clinical reasoning include identifying learners’ knowledge gaps, using worked examples to prevent cognitive overload, promoting the use of key features and practising the construction of accurate problem representations. Deliberate reflection on diagnostic justification is also recommended, and overall, contributes to a growing number of evidence-based and theory-driven educational interventions for reducing diagnostic errors and improving patient care.

Medicinal polypharmacology-a scientific glossary of terminology and concepts.

Medicinal polypharmacology is one answer to the complex reality of multifactorial human diseases that are often unresponsive to single-targeted treatment. It is an admittance that intrinsic feedback mechanisms, crosstalk, and disease networks necessitate drugs with broad modes-of-action and multitarget affinities. Medicinal polypharmacology grew to be an independent research field within the last two decades and stretches from basic drug development to clinical research. It has developed its own terminology embedded in general terms of pharmaceutical drug discovery and development at the intersection of medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and clinical pharmacology. A clear and precise language of critical terms and a thorough understanding of underlying concepts is imperative; however, no comprehensive work exists to this date that could support researchers in this and adjacent research fields. In order to explore novel options, establish interdisciplinary collaborations, and generate high-quality research outputs, the present work provides a first-in-field glossary to clarify the numerous terms that have originated from various individual disciplines.

Enhancing the Utility of the Moral Injury Experience Wheel: Manualized Applications for Diverse Contexts.

Moral injury has emerged as an important construct for understanding the distress experienced in the aftermath of a moral violation, initially among combat veterans and increasingly among other populations, such as healthcare workers and first responders. While numerous measures have been validated to assess for exposure to potentially morally injurious events and/or sequelae, additional tools are needed to facilitate nuanced discussion of the experience of moral injury in therapeutic encounters. The Moral Injury Experience Wheel (MIEW; Fleming, 2023) is an infographic instrument that is designed to elicit precise language and help differentiate feelings in an effort to process morally perplexing circumstances. This paper describes the contents and potential clinical applications of a newly developed manual to guide the use of the MIEW. The MIEW and manual are designed to be used independently or alongside existing moral injury interventions. A case study featuring the use of the MIEW and manual demonstrates how the tools can be used in a professional healthcare setting. Recommendations for moral injury care practitioners are provided.

БАШТАЛГЫЧ МЕКТЕПТЕ 10 ГО ЧЕЙИНКИ САНДАРДЫ КОШУУ ЖАНА КЕМИТҮҮНҮ ОКУТУУНУН ТЕХНОЛОГИЯСЫ

The article deals with the technologies used for teaching primary school students addition and subtraction concepts namely teaching technologies based on ready-made tasks presented in the Toytheater app. This app sparks an interest in mathematics. The reason for this lies in the intrinsic nature of mathematics: the ability for high-level generalization, abstract, precise language, and logical apparatus allow studying any object of reality, phenomena of the micro- and macro-world. Mathematics also implies a certain style of thinking. Moreover, studying any phenomenon requires clarity, logical research aimed at establishing initial positions, completeness of classifications, and logical conclusion. Teaching mathematics in school plays a key role in developing students' functional properties of their senses, particularly attention, abilities, will, and, most importantly, thinking. Learning addition and subtraction methods involve reading models of specific, graphical, abstract methods, which require students to observe the corresponding situation, analyze it, draw conclusions, notice graphical representations, and draw conclusions about the correct use of the abstract model.

Understanding Contextual Aspects of the Word ‘Look’ in Corpus of Contemporary American English: Semantics Study

This research investigates the contextual aspects and lexical semantics of the word "look" within the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). By examining how "look" functions across different contexts, this study aims to uncover the multifaceted nature of its meaning and usage. The research is grounded in semantic theory, drawing on the works of Leech, and other prominent linguists to explore how meaning is constructed and conveyed through language. Key focuses include the categorization of "look" across various parts of speech, such as verbs, nouns, and interjections, and the examination of its idiomatic, non-idiomatic, and compositional meanings. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, analyzing linguistic data from COCA to identify patterns and themes in the usage of "look." This research aims to elucidate the complex interplay between context and meaning, offering insights into the cognitive processes involved in language comprehension and production. The findings highlight the significance of semantics in understanding language, particularly how specific words can convey a wide range of meanings depending on their contextual usage. Overall, this research contributes to the field of lexical semantics by providing a comprehensive analysis of the word "look," demonstrating its versatility and the intricate mechanisms by which meaning is negotiated in language. The research has implications for linguistic theory, language education, and the development of more precise language processing systems.

PHYSICAL FITNESS FOR BHARATANATYA DANCERS

Bharatanatyam is an Indian classical dance that originated from Tamil Nadu in southern India. It is a tradition steeped in Indian history and culture. Today, Bharatanatyam is a dance style that encompasses religious and non-religious themes, as well as fusion styles. Characterized by precise movements, sharp edges, and expressive body language, this tradition has delighted audiences for generations. Like many other aspects of Indian tradition, this art form has struggled through times of oppression. However, with the efforts of teachers and students all over the world, Bharatanatyam has been revived to continue to serve the people who find joy in the formal and intuitive expressions embodied in the structure of the dance. Bharatanatyam, an ancient classical dance style originating from South India, combines aesthetic beauty, spiritual expression, and physical skill. Bharatanatyam mesmerizes global audiences with its rich cultural background, exquisite footwork, beautiful gestures, and expressive narrative. The dancer's physical health is crucial for performing intricate movements with accuracy, strength, and elegance in this art form.

BHARATANATYAM ENHANCING KIDS WITH ASD & ID

Bharatanatyam is an Indian classical dance that originated in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Bharatanatyam dance is a tradition steeped in Indian history and culture. Today, Bharatanatyam is a dance style that encompasses religious and non-religious themes, as well as fusion styles. Characterized by precise movements, sharp edges, and expressive body language, this tradition has delighted audiences for generations. Like many other aspects of Indian tradition, this art form has struggled through times of oppression. However, with the efforts of teachers and students all over the world, Bharatanatyam has been revived to continue to serve the people who find joy in the formal and intuitive expressions embodied in the structure of the dance. It serves as a transforming experience that empowers youngsters with disabilities and autism. Bharatanatyam helps individuals discover their voices, build confidence, and enhance the physical and cognitive abilities needed to overcome life's obstacles. This art form facilitates communication, promoting inclusivity and comprehension among youngsters with varying abilities. Observing the beauty of Bharatanatyam in these young individuals serves as a powerful reminder of the significant influence that art and culture can have on the human spirit, surpassing boundaries and honouring diversity.

Features of Creative Assignments in Literature Based on Reflective Writing

The article presents problematic aspects of one of the varieties of creative writing tasks in literature – tasks based on reflective writing. The purpose of the article is to identify and substantiate the didactic potential of creative tasks based on reflective writing in the development of reading competencies of middle and senior schoolchildren. Methodology. Content analysis was applied to samples of creative tasks based on reflective writing, and conceptual analysis provided the basis for developing a definition and classification of “creative tasks.” The presented theoretical material and samples of creative tasks will help literature teachers and methodologists in developing the skill of co-creative reading among schoolchildren. Results. Creative tasks based on reflective writing help expand the reader’s horizons and develop the ability of school readers to express their thoughts in writing. Testing the ability to create texts within the framework of reflexive genres does not occur directly in the “creative task”. Reflection is initiated, aimed at a variety of aspects of the existence of literary works that sometimes do not easily attract the attention of the reader: what is creatively productive contact with a literary work and what are the signs of a “real reader”, what are the aspects of interaction between the reader and a literary work in culture and many other problems. Conclusion. Unlike tasks based on creative writing, a creative task based on reflective writing requires literal, precise language, a reasoned solution to the problem, and the use of linguistic means depending on the communicative goal of reflection specified in the creative task. At the same time, the very concept of “writing” places emphasis on the process of writing a reflective text in the first person, which is due to the task of awakening the reader’s analytical activity, following co-creative activity.

CAM: A cross-lingual adaptation framework for low-resource language speech recognition

In this paper, a novel cross-lingual adaptation framework called CAM is presented for low-resource language speech recognition (LLSR). It is based on the recent popular adapter method. CAM is achieved by adapting self-supervised speech models (SSMs) from source languages to target low-resource languages in a two-stage process. CAM fills two research gaps existing in current methods: (i) language similarity is not effectively considered; (ii) the performance-efficiency trade-off is not well balanced. Specifically, two key components, a similarity-aware fusion module (SAFM) and an adapter weight-sharing strategy (AWSS), are designed. A well-trained adapter is introduced by SAFM to compute precise language similarities via dot product. AWSS takes both performance and efficiency into consideration by sharing adapter weights. Experimental results on two corpora, FLEURS and Common Voice, demonstrate that CAM equipped with these two designs, denoted as performance-oriented CAM (P-CAM), obtains state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance with satisfactory efficiency compared to current leading methods. Besides, an efficiency-oriented CAM (E-CAM) by introducing a weight-space fusion module (WSFM) is presented. The core of WSFM is to average the weights of multiple adapters into a new adapter. Compared to full fine-tuning, only 5.0% of trainable parameters are required for E-CAM while a 2.3% relative average word error rate (WER) reduction is obtained. CAM brings a performance- or efficiency-oriented trade-off to meet the different needs of speech recognition systems.

Multilingual Video Viewing Subtitle to Audio Translator

Abstract: The research outlines an innovative approach to translate and synthesize audio content from English to any language, enhancing accessibility and knowledge acquisition for diverse linguistic communities. It focuses on improving language comprehension among various groups in India, particularly aiding visually impaired individuals. The approach incorporates Hugging Face Transformers for more precise language translation alongside Google Text-to-Speech for audio conversion. Additionally, Pydub and FFmpeg commands efficiently handle audio processing tasks, while Pytube facilitates YouTube video downloads. The system includes a subtitle generation feature that synchronizes subtitles with translated audio chunks, offering a comprehensive multilingual viewing experience. This implementation emphasizes language translation, audio manipulation, video processing, and subtitle generation functionalities, all integrated with robust error handling and multithreading capabilities. This showcases significant progress in accessible andmultilingual content delivery, reaffirming our commitment to inclusive knowledge dissemination and communication.

Translating Gestures: Utilizing CNN to Enhance ASL Communication and Understanding

This research introduces a system for translating American Sign Language (ASL) utilising Convolutional Neural Networks. (CNNs). The system under consideration has the capability to identify manual gestures executed by persons communicating in American Sign Language (ASL) and subsequently convert them into written language, thereby facilitating uninterrupted communication between the deaf and hearing populations. The CNN model was validated and trained using a set of data made up of 78,300 pictures of movements in the ASL Alphabet written in American Sign Language (ASL). In order to improve the performance of the model, the pre-processing of the data included a number of stages, such as converting the photos to grayscale, normalising the pixel values, and enhancing performance of the model. In order to ease classification, fully connected layers were added after a succession of pooling and convolutional layers in CNN's design. After 15 epochs of training, the model attained a validation accuracy of 99.85%. The findings of this research demonstrate the viability of employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in the creation of precise and effective American Sign Language (ASL) translation systems, which can serve as a means of communication for people with auditory impairments.

Gaze-assisted visual grounding via knowledge distillation for referred object grasping with under-specified object referring

Understanding human referring intention is the key challenge in referred object grasping tasks. Current Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) and Referring Expression Segmentation (RES) methods enable robots to ground the referred object through precise language commands while ignoring the under-specified referring expressions in practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a gaze-assisted visual grounding network, which efficiently estimates the human gaze via knowledge distillation techniques to provide visual guidance for inferring human referring intention. Specifically, a gaze auxiliary network is introduced to incorporate the human gaze to implicitly eliminate the referring ambiguity. A cross-attention-based multi-modal fusion module is designed with a balanced structure to project the diverse modalities into a common feature space to balance the inter-modal information. A tabletop object dataset with human gaze and under-specified referring expressions was established to evaluate our method. Experimental results show that our method achieves advanced results compared to the state-of-the-art visual grounding method, with a gain of 8.23% on REC precision and 10.44% on RES mIoU (mean Intersection over Union). The effectiveness and superiority of our method are also demonstrated through real-world referred object grasping experiments. The code is now available at https://github.com/robotseu/GVGNet_KD.