Language Norms Research Articles

Linguistic Impact of Augmented Reality (AR) on English Language Use

Augmented Reality (AR) technology has begun to significantly influence human interaction with language, particularly in English language use. Hence, this research examined the influence of Augmented Reality (AR) on communication patterns, the emergence of specialized AR-related language, and its impact on English language norms. For this purpose, 10 Students from the MA TEFL workshop at Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, were selected to conduct detailed interviews. Interview data and its content were analyzed linguistically. These students were also teachers, so the data were used both ways. Through linguistic analysis, it was found that Augmented Reality (AR) significantly influences English language communication patterns by notable shifts in vocabulary, syntax, and discourse structures. Integrating AR-specific terms into everyday language among MA TEFL students signifies a transformative impact on linguistic norms, reflecting a deeper entwinement of language and technology. The study's findings recommended that language educators and curriculum developers should actively integrate AR technology and its associated linguistic elements into English language teaching and learning frameworks.

Features of Oxymorons in the Art World of Ashim Dzhakypbekov

An article analyzes the actual problems of language profiling, which is currently one of the most important studies of both the Kyrgyz language and Kyrgyz literature. The role of language, which is the main medium of communication, reviving artistic work, creating imagery, beauty, and expressiveness of speech, has been determined. It has been noted that it is poets and writers who use language in different ways to create a stylistic effect, and the main task of linguistics is to learn the language and style of writers. The most important object of research in linguistics is oxymoron. The article conducts a scientific and theoretical analysis of oxymoron. Oxymoron is regarded as a syntactic technique, formed based on an unusual combination of opposing concepts, as a peculiar figure of speech, created by a combination of words with opposite meanings. It is noted that now the oxymoron is used as a language norm in colloquial speech, journalism, in artistic works, that a person’s worldview, his ability to think, and imagination are expressed through speech activity with the help of language. As the examples show, on the one hand, if the oxymoron as the object of study is not subjected to extensive research, it is impossible to determine the nature and detail of speech. On the other hand, the author’s personal style, originality, and writing character are fully disclosed only when a high level of stylistic analysis of the work is carried out. In the example of the works of Ashim Dzhakypbekov, linguistic data on the internal structure of texts and themes of oxymorons are given. The oxymorons in the artistic world of the greatest master of the word, creatively using the wealth of the Kyrgyz language, have been deeply analyzed. The specificity of oxymorons in the work of Ashim Dzhakypbekov is considered together with the plot of the works. Text materials have been analyzed to determine the vocabulary richness of the Kyrgyz language, the importance and possibilities of linguistic means of expressiveness, the comprehensiveness of perception of reality with the help of expressions consisting of two contradictory words or phrases, and their impact on perception.

A Linguistic-stylistic Analysis of Lewis Carroll’s Jabberwocky

This article attempts at conducting a stylistic analytical study of a renowned poem by Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky. It tries to unveil the variations and schemes of linguistic stylistics that can be found in the poem. Carroll’s famed poem captivates with its linguistic deviations and imaginative storytelling. This scholarly investigation embarks on a comprehensive stylistic analysis of the iconic poem, delving into its distinctive linguistic features. By exploring Carroll’s masterful manipulation of language, especially in the realm of linguistics and stylistics, this research aims at unraveling the poetic brilliance and esthetic allure of Jabberwocky. The inquiry commences with a meticulous examination of Carroll’s artful utilization of linguistic play, boldly challenging conventional language norms and stretching the reader’s comprehension. The poem’s unique blend of real and invented words creates boundless creativity. His language exhibits distinctiveness and versatility, employing a diverse array of grammatical and poetic devices to manifest his unique style, thereby adding depth and intrigue to the poem. The methodology entails a comprehensive stylistic analysis based on Geoffrey Leech’s eight models of deviations and schemes. Overall, this article will show how linguistic-stylistic bridges the gap between language and literature studies, enriching researchers’ understanding of poetry within applied linguistics by scrutinizing the poet’s linguistic devices, structures, and effects. The article will encompass a theoretical explanation within the domains of literary analysis, poetic language analysis, and cognitive poetry in the realm of linguistic analysis.

Analisis Kesantunan Berbahasa Dalam Film Pendek Negosiasi Kelas X Pada Saluran Youtube Cinta Bahasa

The analysis of linguistic politeness in a short film about negotiations for class X on the Cinta Bahasa YouTube channel focuses on the analysis of politeness in negotiation activities. The purpose of analyzing linguistic politeness in the short film about class X negotiations is to find, describe, and evaluate the mistake in the dialogues in the videos titled "Short Film on Shop Rental Negotiations", "Land Sale and Purchase Negotiations", "Shop Sale and Purchase Negotiations", "House Sale and Purchase Negotiations", "Short Drama on Renting Rice Fields", "Video of Osim Meeting Negotiations", "Negotiations for the Preparation of the Indonesian Independence Day Ceremony" , and “Negotiation of Buying a Cell Phone". This research uses two research methods: a descriptive method with a qualitative approach and a theoretical method with a pragmatic approach. The data analyzed was collected using observation and note-taking techniques. The results of the data analysis are presented in the form of descriptions along with explanations for each linguistic politeness found in the videos. Ten maxims were found: the maxim of wisdom, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of praise, the maxim of humility, the maxim of agreement, the maxim of sympathy, the maxim of apology, the maxim of forgiveness, the maxim of emotion, the maxim of opinion, and the maxim of silence. This research provides an explanation of the use of linguistic politeness in the negotiation process. The language politeness that is most dominantly used on the Cinta Bahasa Youtube channel is compliance with the maxim of agreement and violation of the maxim of humilty. The benefit of this analysis is to provide an understanding of the appropriate use of language in accordance with language norms in the negotiation process, and readers can understand and use it in the context of good language as a result of this analysis.

When words matter: Building on the DEEP guidance for Dementia-friendly documents

People living with dementia have the right to access dementia-friendly information about issues that concern them. This article builds on prior work by organisations such as the Dementia Engagement and Empowerment Project (DEEP), the Alzheimer’s Society, and AbilityNet. The article includes insights from people living with dementia. We have grouped findings into three categories explaining how to plan, design, and write dementia-friendly documents in English. We discuss using technology to access information and how adapting academic, corporate, and language norms can enhance accessibility. The article also higldiglds the need for further work on UK indigenous and community languages to provide a comprehensive approach to dementia-friendly information.

Assessment of the quality of poetic translation (based on the material of translations of British poetry into Russian)

The subject of the research in the article is the peculiarities of assessing the quality of translation of poetic texts. The object of the study is the translation of a poetic text as a complex multidimensional process. In this paper, we will be interested in criteria for evaluating the quality of translation of a poetic work, since a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a poetic translation remains an unresolved problem, and the need for such a procedure remains. The criteria for evaluating poetic translation mean such signs of high-quality poetic translation, on the basis of which a standardized assessment of any poetic translation can be made, for example, in the conditions of a translation competition. To develop evaluation criteria, the author examines in detail the difficulties of translating poetry. The results of a comparative analysis of original and translated poetic texts are analyzed on the basis of the selected criteria. The work uses methods of directed sampling, comparative linguistic (phonetic, semantic, syntactic) analysis of parallel texts, linguistic and pragmatic analysis using elements of cultural and stylistic analysis, as well as quantitative data processing methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a method of analyzing a poem based on an assessment of the quality of poetic translation is proposed. The concept of the quality of poetic translation is clarified, criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation are formulated. A comparative analysis of parallel original and translated texts – works of British poetry and their translations into Russian, performed by professional translators, is carried out. The quality of a poetic translation can be the object of a comprehensive assessment, which is carried out using a number of criteria: the preservation of the original author's idea, composition and rhyme of a poetic work, the selection of appropriate equivalents by the translator, the absence of significant permutations, omissions and distortions, as well as compliance with the norms of the translation language. The criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation can be recommended to the organizers of translation contests to evaluate the works of the participants of the contests, as they reduce the effect of subjective factors in the analysis of quality and make it possible to rank translation options, identify the most qualitative of them.

In Absentia Data Bahasa dalam Kejahatan Berbahasa Putusan Mahkamah Agung: Kajian Linguistik Forensik

Violation of language norms committed by an individual can result in sanctions or punishment. The penalties imposed in cases of hate speech may include fines or imprisonment. In the case of Bahar bin Smith and Yulianus Paonganan, there were language violations, particularly in the form of insults, defamation, and tarnishing the reputation of President Joko Widodo. Bahar bin Smith was sentenced to six months and fifteen days, while Yulianus Paonganan was sentenced to one year of imprisonment. Interestingly, in the Supreme Court’s decision regarding Bahar bin Smith’s case, there is no information regarding language violations. This raises questions about how a punishment for language-related crimes can be decided without linguistic evidence. This research is descriptive and qualitative, using a semantic approach to identify forms of hate speech. The linguistic forensic research results highlight the forms, types, and grammatical meanings of hate speech. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that the Supreme Court, in issuing decisions, is not always professional, lacks transparency, and exhibits negligence and carelessness, as evidenced by the issuance of a verdict without linguistic violation evidence.

Language acquisition and identity negotiation: Discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents learning English

In the ever-evolving landscape of language education, this sociolinguistic study covers the discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents in the intricate process of learning English. Language acquisition is a multifaceted phenomenon, often intertwined with complex social, cultural, and identity dynamics. This study covers the linguistic and sociocultural aspects of how Indonesian adolescents position themselves and are positioned by others within the discourse of English language learning. It used a qualitative design and conducted in-depth interviews with a diverse group of Indonesian adolescents aged 14-18 from various socio-economic backgrounds and educational settings. The analysis is rooted in positioning theory, a theoretical framework to examine how individuals construct their identities through language and interaction. The findings reveal a multifaceted picture of how Indonesian adolescents position themselves within the context of English language learning. Participants often engage in discursive practices that reflect their aspirations and struggles in mastering English. These practices are influenced by their social backgrounds, the role of English in their lives, and the educational settings they are part of. Furthermore, the study found distinct patterns of positioning, such as the "striver" positioning, where participants actively seek to align themselves with proficient English speakers, and the "resistant" positioning, where they push back against the pressure to conform to English language norms. The analysis also highlights the role of English language materials and classroom dynamics in shaping the discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents. The materials often perpetuate certain linguistic norms and ideologies, impacting how students perceive themselves as language learners. Classroom interactions, on the other hand, provide a platform for students to negotiate their identities in relation to English. There is a need for a more nuanced and culturally sensitive approach to English language education in Indonesia.

Language matters: how normative expressions shape norm perception and affect norm compliance.

Previous studies have used various normative expressions such as 'should', 'appropriate' and 'approved' interchangeably to communicate injunctions and social norms. However, little is known about whether people's interpretations of normative language differ and whether behavioural responses might vary across them. In two studies (total n = 2903), we find that compliance is sensitive to the types of normative expressions and how they are used. Specifically, people are more likely to comply when the message is framed as an injunction rather than as what most people consider good behaviour (social norm framing). Behaviour is influenced by the type of normative expression when the norm is weak (donation to charities), not so when the norm is strong (reciprocity). Content analysis of free responses reveals individual differences in the interpretation of social norm messages, and heterogeneous motives for compliance. Messages in the social norm framing condition are perceived to be vague and uninformative, undermining their effectiveness. These results suggest that careful choice of normative expressions is in order when using messages to elicit compliance, especially when the underlying norms are weak. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.

On Dynamics of Language Norms from Classical Period to the 19th Century (Biased on Hagiographic Texts Translated from Greek to Georgian Language)

The paper examines the dynamics of language norms from the classical period to the 19th century, based on the hagiographic texts translated from Greek into Georgian by a prominent Georgian church figure, Euthymius the Athonite. The translations were made between the end of the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century in the monastery of Iviron in Athos, Greece, and they have come down to us through manu-scripts copied both during this period and in the following centuries. They were creat-ed in different geographical spaces and cultural centers, which allows us to follow the evolution of language standardization over the centuries and to evaluate it in a wider philological, religious, and cultural context. In addition to the fascinating temporal and spatial range of the manuscripts, choosing the hagiographic texts as research material was also conditioned by the fact that hagiography, as an important genre of ecclesiastical writing, played a major role in the formation of religious and literary discourse in the Middle Ages. The literary, religious, and cultural weight of the Iviron Monastery of Athos has also been taken into account, which gives great linguistic value to the texts coming from there.

Conceptualizing translanguaging as sociomaterial intra-actions: materialization of language norms in a virtual EFL classroom in rural China

ABSTRACT In this article, translanguaging is understood as a sociomaterial process that unfolds as human-nonhuman intra-actions instead of human interactions. Using ethnographic approaches, I document some sociomaterial intra-actions in a virtual EFL classroom in rural China, which adhered to native-speakerism, monolingual ideologies, and traditional literacy pedagogy. I pay particular attention to how English language norms were materialized in this learning environment and how the materialization shaped my participant's translanguaging and learning process. I conclude the article by discussing how norm-resisting, sociomaterial-oriented translanguaging pedagogies might be situated in this context and beyond.

Translation transformations application in the process of psychologism rendering in English literary discourse

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities and translation transformations application while rendering psychologism from English into Ukrainian. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of psychologism rendering in the process of translation; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of translation transformations; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Psychologism is an important element of a literary work that allows the reader to understand the inner world of the characters, their thoughts, feelings and experiences. When psychologism rendering, linguists often apply the following techniques to reproduce the psychological state of a character: using an internal monologue, dialogues, descriptions of appearance or the environment; using stylistic devices: metaphors, epithets, hyperbole and similes to enhance the psychological effect; taking into account cultural peculiarities. The author highlights that to achieve adequate translation the translator uses transformations to ensure that the translation text conveys all the information contained in the source text to the fullest extent possible, strictly adhering to the norms of the target language. The most frequently used translation transformations in the reproduction of psychologism are lexical transformations that adequately convey the semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of the lexical unit, taking into account the norms of the target language. The main transformations in this group are semantic development, conceptual substitution, decompression and compression. As the analysed examples show, these transformations are often combined with each other and acquire the character of complex translation transformations, which is a necessary tool for preserving the specificity of psychologism in the English literary discourse text translation into Ukrainian.

The interplay of normative, descriptive, and prescriptive discourses in shaping student teacher development: an analysis of physical education inspection reports

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze physical education (PE) inspection discourse for insights into mentoring practices and teaching quality improvement. Examining reports provided perspective into normative, descriptive, and prescriptive evaluation aspects shaping student teacher development. Methods: The study involved 29 Tunisian inspectors of student teachers at the High Institute of Sport and Physical Education during the Fall 2022 academic term. In total, 117 pedagogical reports were obtained confidentially for discourse analysis. The analysis focuses on three types of discourse that may be present in the inspection reports: normative, descriptive, and prescriptive. The objective is to extract the most frequently used words and verbs by inspectors and to quantify the frequency of terms related to these three dimensions. Results: Analysis of verb and word frequencies within different discourse types revealed a significant association (χ² test, P= .0013, Cramer's V= .17, moderate effect size). Pedagogical inspectors predominantly employed normative language, with 78.1% of words and 62.7% of verbs falling into this category. This dominance suggests a focus on guiding, advising, and encouraging teachers through references to specific standards and practices. Notably, verbs like "guide" and "suggest" (14% and 12% frequency, respectively) were prevalent, highlighting a collaborative approach over direct imposition. Conclusions: This study challenges the singular focus on discourse modalities in inspector reports, revealing a multifaceted discourse ecosystem. While normative language sets standards and benchmarks, descriptive language captures classroom realities, and prescriptive language offers targeted guidance. This interplay fosters critical reflection, professional autonomy, and continuous improvement in student teachers. Inspectors, therefore, emerge as more than evaluators; they are facilitators.

Լեզվի և նորմի փոփոխության կանխադրույթներն ըստ Ա. Այտընյանի «քննական քերականության» / Hypotheses for Language and Norm Change in A. Aitynyan’s “Critical Grammar"

Arsen Aytynyan was a prominent figure in Armenian philological science during the 19th century. As a linguist and philosopher, he greatly influenced Armenian scientific thought of his time. Human thinking and communication shape the "form" and "type" of language. The Armenian language, in turn, reflects the intellectual, material, and moral state of the Armenian nation. In his work, Aytynyan examines the state of the Armenian language during his era, contrasting the dead ancient Armenian language with the modern Armenian language, which he saw as lifeless. He emphasizes key aspects of linguistic research, such as the standardization of language, changes in language norms, language development, and the language policy.

Primary school children's conflicted emotions about using their heritage languages in multilingual classroom tasks

AbstractFor many children in Flanders, Belgium, the language of instruction is not their first language. Allowing children to use their heritage languages in the classroom has been argued to have functional and socioemotional benefits. In two exploratory studies, we introduced a multilingual task in four classrooms across three linguistically and socially diverse primary schools, where Dutch was the language of instruction, to determine how students experience the opportunity to use their linguistic repertoire in class. The multilingual task was preceded by an assessment of students’ emotional reactions to the languages they speak through the Self‐Assessment Manikin gauging students’ emotional responses (pleasure, arousal, and dominance), and followed by a semistructured interview on students’ language choices. Both studies yielded similar results. Students generally indicated that they felt happy, calm, and in control when speaking their heritage language. Despite these positive assessments, many students refrained from using their heritage language in the multilingual tasks. A qualitative analysis revealed a variety of language‐related reasons leading to linguistic insecurity, language anxiety, and not using the heritage language: perceived language proficiency, language norms, language status, and appropriate contexts for language use. Conversely, we also identified several students who felt proud to showcase their heritage language. While multilingual tasks have the potential to induce positive emotions in students, teachers need to be aware of potential backlash and prepared to navigate the negative emotions surrounding contested language choices.

Changes in the grammatical norms of the number in proper and foreign names of shoes

Footwear and its various models are primarily the subject of study in merchandising; however, for linguistics, it is an equally interesting object of research in synchronous and diachronic aspects. In particular, the grammatical characteristics of footwear nouns have not yet been the subject of separate research. The plural form of the noun ʻfootwearʼ is more commonly used in modern linguistic practice, determined by the significance, for human existence, of the semantics of a com- plete pair of footwear. The singular form of the noun name ʻfootwearʼ is less common, as it disrupts the integrity of the concept of a ʻfootwear pairʼ with the semantics of an ʻindi vi- dualizedʼ object. The choice of the number form of footwear nouns as a register is deter- mined by different principles of compiling lexicographical publications and their distinct purposes: explanatory dictionaries prioritize the meaning of an unanalyzed plural, while re- gis ters prioritize the plural form of the noun expressing the semantics of a type of footwear. In orthographic dictionaries, the indication of another numerical form represents the inflec- tional component of the number category of fixed nouns in this semantic group. The grammatical significance of the number in the core of footwear names consists of nouns with a numeral pair, where the codification of the singular form is conditioned by the proportional origin of lexemes and the completion of the grammatical assimilation of foreigh lexemes. Lexicographical sources inconsistently record the singular form of footwear nouns from the core sphere. The change in the grammatical qualification of some footwear names from ʻpluralia tantumʼ to ʻgrammatical significance of singular and pluralʼ attests to the dynamics of morphological norms in contemporary Ukrainian language in general and the process of grammatical adaptation of predominantly foreigh lexemes in particular. However, more often, discrepancies in the printed and ele ctronic dictionaries regarding the grammatical number of nouns from the core sphere of footwear (either plural nouns or nouns with a numeral pair) are caused by subjective factors. The periphery consists of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, most of which are of foreign origin and only make up a part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language. The infre- quent functioning of singular forms of nouns from the peripheral sphere in modern speech indicates the incompleteness of their grammatical adaptation. Predominantly foreigh foot- wear names that are not represented in any of the analyzed dictionaries reside outside the delineated spheres, and their use in the plural form in the texts of the 16th version of the Ukrainian National Corpus (HRAK) and in advertising posts on the social network ʻInstagramʼ illustrate the beginning of grammatical adaptation to the morphological norms of the modern Ukrainian language. We see the perspective of research in studying the dynamics of grammatical assimila- tion primarily of those footwear names that are only included in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language and have the grammatical status of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, predomi- nantly used in modern speech either exclusively or mostly in the plural form, with the sin- gular form of these nouns not recorded in any lexicographical publication. The observa- tion of changes in the grammatical number of those footwear names whose singular form is not codified, as it is inconsistently represented in dictionaries, also remains relevant. Keywords: number category, noun, footwear name, pluralia tantum, nu me ral pair, parsed plu- ral, unparsed plural, dynamics, dictionary.

Exploring the Speech Act of Requesting by German-English Bilinguals in Workplace Scenarios

Culturally different ways of requesting can raise the possibility of misunderstanding in a 21st century workplace. Following the goal of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) to engender communicative skills that foster intercultural understanding, the present study examines how German immigrants living in the United States make requests in the workplace. This query aims to shed light on bilingual pragmatic and intercultural competence. A total of 17 participants completed oral discourse completion tasks. The results showed that the German-English bilinguals tended to blend socio-pragmatic norms of both languages into a unique bilingual pragmatic competence. Overall, they were more direct in German than in English when making requests, showing awareness of intercultural differences. In their German responses, the bilinguals appeared to be even more direct than Germans in previous studies. Furthermore, participants’ higher use of hints attests to pragmatic competence at the workplace, as hints were almost exclusively used with superiors. The findings help to better equip employees who work in global workplaces to express and understand requests. The findings also inform LSP curriculum, which is ideally situated to educate future workers in effective intercultural communication.

Cases of violation of speech norms in the Azerbaijan language

Cases of violation of speech norms in the Azerbaijan language

Переклад дієслів, що вводять пряму мову, у британській літературі (на прикладі серії романів Дж. Страуда «Агенція «Локвуд і Ко»)

The peculiarities of the Ukrainian translation of verbs that introduce direct speech in the texts of works of British fiction are clarified in the article. The texts of the Ukrainian translations of Jonathan Stroud’s «Lockwood & Co.» series of novels are analyzed by the author. It was found out that the problem of semantic and stylistic interpretation of direct speech and the selection of verbs that introduce direct speech when translating English works of fiction into Ukrainian is a constantly relevant one and causes active discussions among translation experts, linguists and critics. In particular, there are significant differences in the opinions of scientists regarding the expediency and legality of using lexical substitutions to specify verbs when translating into Ukrainian. While some researchers believe that translators do not sufficiently use the synonymous variety of the Ukrainian language in order to diversify it and emphasize the artistic text, other translation experts and critics are convinced that such translation substitutions are unacceptable changes to the original artistic text and demonstrate an incorrect the translator’s approach to their work. Thus, translation techniques, which some scholars consider to be successful and creative tools that help to align the original text with the norms of Ukrainian stylistics, others consider to be a serious violation and unlawful distortion of the original author’s artistic work. It has been proved that the second approach is typical for researchers from Western countries, which is largely caused by the peculiarities of cultures and, as a result, is reflected in the norms of western European languages.

НИГЕРИЙСКИЙ КИНОСЦЕНАРНЫЙ ТЕКСТ КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ КРЕОЛИЗОВАННОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

The article deals with the peculiarities of script texts within the realm of cinematography, a contemporary art form. The research endeavors to elucidate the primary characteristic features of Nigerian script texts, which undergo creolization towards the norms of British English and local languages and cultures. Screenwriters initiate the filmmaking process by crafting a script text, serving as the essential foundation for directors, actors, stuntmen, costume and makeup designers, as well as editors. Nigerian script texts manifest as creolized texts, distinguished by a notable feature: the detailed inclusion of authorial remarks providing extensive information for future utilization. Each film script embodies a creolized text, contributing to the transformation of structural substance into a new cinematic reality. Nigerian script texts undergo multiple instances of creolization, adapting to the requirements of local languages and cultural peculiarities. The research validates Nigerian script texts as creolized compositions characterized by detailed authorial remarks, shedding light on language-specific features such as grammar transformations resulting in simplification processes. The most prevalent grammar simplification processes entail the consecutive use of nouns and pronouns, a preference for simple verb tenses, and the omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative and negative sentences. The grammatical alterations observed in Nigerian scripts are attributed to the influence of local languages and Nigerians' aspiration to adhere to local language features, thereby preserving cultural heritage.