Language Norms Research Articles

한국어 준말의 표기 규범과 사용 양상 연구

Chapter 4, Section 5, Paragraphs 32 to 40 of the Hangul Orthography, which is the Korean language norm, provides detailed regulations on the spelling of Korean abbreviations. However, actual Korean speakers show usage patterns that are significantly different from the norms when it comes to spell and use of abbreviations, or experience a lot of confusion about normative usage. In addition, words that are not commonly used in the Korean language appear to be included in the norms. Accordingly, there is a need to systematically organize the norms for Korean abbreviations and examine the gap with actual usage patterns.
 To summarize what I learned about the writing norms and usage patterns of Korean abbreviations in this paper, it is as follows. First, there were forms that used the normative abbreviation with significantly lower frequency. Examples include ‘‘mwosi, mue, bwaeseo, ssaeeo, pyeda’, etc.
 Second, there were forms of both normative abbreviation and incorrect abbreviation that showed a certain degree of usage frequency. For example, ‘didyeo:*dideo’, seopseopji:*seopseopchi’, etc.
 Third, there were examples in which the original forms of some abbreviations was rarely used in real use. Examples include ‘gaatda, seoeotda, pyeoeotda’, etc.
 Fourth, among the same type of abbreviations, there were some examples where the normative form was used frequently, while there were also examples where the incorrect form was used frequently. For example, even though it is an abbreviation of the same type, ‘yokeondae:*yogeondae’ has a high frequency of use in the normative form, but the frequency of use of the two forms of ‘ganpyeonke:*ganpyeonge’ was similar.
 It is hoped that this discussion in this paper will reduce confusion among Korean users regarding abbreviated spelling and help foreign learners learn Korean. In addition, it is believed that it will be a reference in establishing liguistic norms for Korean abbreviations.

PECULIARITIES OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS APPLICATION IN THE PROCESS OF O. HENRY’S STORY "THE LAST LEAF" TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is the definition of the concept and specifics of artistic translation; consideration of the concepts of translation adequacy and equivalence, as well as translation transformations; identifying and clarifying the validity of the use of lexical-semantic transformations in the process of translating O. Henry's story "The Last Leaf" into Ukrainian performed by M. Dmytrenko. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using such general scientific and special research methods as the analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of artistic translation and the application of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; an integral approach to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. The analysis of scientific literature makes it possible to reveal the meaning of artistic translation, which is always a challenge for the translator, as it requires not only a deep knowledge of the original language, the vocabulary of the translated language and thorough knowledge of literary studies, but also significant skills in translation techniques. Due to the inconsistency of individual elements in the original language and the language of translation, differences in the grammatical structures of languages, stylistic features of a specific text, full correspondence is impossible. Therefore, the terms "adequacy" and "equivalence" are used to indicate the relationship between the source text and the final text. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to achieve complete correspondence, identity in the process of translation. In cases where there are no regular equivalents in the target language or they cannot be used in the context, the translator must resort to transformations. After considering different classifications of translation transformations and analyzing Henry's story "The Last Leaf" for the category of lexical-semantic transformations, we can come to the conclusion that contextual substitution, decompression and descriptive translation are most often used by the translator. This is caused, first of all, by the wide lexical potential of the translation language, the need to adapt the source text to the norms of the translation language, as well as reproduce non-equivalent vocabulary and words and phrases that do not have regular counterparts in the target language. Summing up the analysis, it can be noted that the problem of literary translation is complex and controversial, because it is a co-creation of the translator and the author, the success of which depends on the latter's creativity and skillful use of the tools of translation transformations

Критична мовознавча спадщина на сторінках журналів Червоний шлях (1923–1936) та Життя й революція (1925–1934)

The article is devoted to the study of linguistic texts, namely reviews, published in two Ukrainian journals which played an active role in the field of scientific journalism in the 1920s and 1930s. This study was conducted according to the principles of descriptive analysis. The structure of selected reviews is presented, as well as an outline of certain issues that were unresolved in the contemporaneous study of language, such as the question about the origin of the Ukrainian language or the issues of language norm or description of phonetic phenomena. In addition, the issue of two linguistic schools in Ukraine of that period was raised and their confrontation was outlined based on the analyzed texts.

Models of Speech Ontogenesis in Russian Monolinguals and Russian-German Bilinguals

The aim of the article is to examine models of speech ontogenesis in Russian monolinguals living in Russia and Russian-German bilinguals living in Germany. The study uses deviations from literary language norms in transcriptions of oral speech from 42 monolinguals and 48 bilinguals, supplemented by speech analysis data reflected in printed sources. Research methods include surveys, interviews, reading phonetically representative texts and picture stories, analysis of deviations from literary language norms, and synthesis of speech data. Two models of speech ontogenesis for monolinguals and four models for bilinguals are described. It is shown that the process of speech ontogenesis proceeds differently among Russian language speakers depending on a) whether it occurs in Russia or abroad, b) which variety of Russian language the speaker uses, c) at what age the foreign speaker of Russian language begins to actively use the language of the majority. It is established that the most important factor preventing the loss of elements of the Russian language in the diaspora is mastery of literary language norms. The dependence of the appearance of interference from the German language on the model of speech ontogenesis is determined.

Odstępstwa od normy w zakresie fleksji imiennej w języku polskim młodzieży w Ukrainie Zachodniej na tle dyferencjalnych cech fleksyjnych polszczyzny wileńskiej

The author of the article makes an attempt to compare the types of deviations from the general Polish inflectional norm in the Polish language of young people of Polish descent from three regions of Western Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil) and the Vilnius Polish language. Based on thorough statistical research on the inflectional features of the Polish language of school youth in Ukraine, it is determined on the analysis of studies by researchers of the Vilnius Polish language, what is the range of differential common features in variants of Polish in Ukraine and Lithuania against the background of general Polish norm. The realisation of nominal (category of gender, case and number) grammatical categories is considered as well. In the analysis of inflectional phenomena, approaches to the interpretation of their genesis in the Polish language used in Ukraine and Lithuania have been taken into account.

Challenges and needs in Ladino teaching among ten language revitalisation activists

This article presents results from interviews with ten teachers engaged in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) revitalisation. The purpose of the study is to collect Ladino teachers’ experiences to understand the challenges they face and the needs they express to continue their activities.
 Challenges were related to students’ linguistic backgrounds, students’ and teachers’ confidence about expressing themselves in Ladino, and to views on language normativity. The teachers expressed needs concerning finding stable teacher positions, about creating a Ladino proficiency test and certificate, developing resources for language teaching, and updating Ladino’s vocabulary to reflect contemporary life. Creating venues for learners to use the language, and opportunities for Ladino teachers to meet and discuss pedagogical issues were seen as important.
 The teachers’ views differed considerably regarding questions on language norms, and an official language proficiency certificate. The results point to the need for further discussions, and for teacher development initiatives.

Feasibility of correcting defects in the pronunciation of posterior lingual sounds resulting from oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND: Speech dysfunction is noted in patients who have undergone hemiglossectomy or glossectomy for cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx, including the pronunciation of sounds [k], [k’], [g], and [g’].
 AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of correction of the pronunciation of posterior lingual sounds in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers after surgical treatment.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The objective and subjective assessments of speech allowed speech therapists to examine defects in the pronunciation of posterior lingual sounds [k], [k’], [g], and [g’] in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer who underwent surgery. The effectiveness of correcting defects in the pronunciation of posterior lingual sounds was evaluated considering the extent of surgery. The study included 171 patients with stage II–IV oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 70 years. The patients underwent hemiglossectomy, hemiglossectomy with reconstruction, or glossectomy with reconstruction. Combined modality treatment and postoperative speech rehabilitation were performed at the Department of Head and Neck Tumors of the Cancer Research Institute.
 RESULTS: In all patients before starting the combined treatment, the pronunciation of posterior lingual sounds [k], [k’], [g], and [g’] corresponded to the norms in the Russian language. After surgery, the pronunciation of these sounds was impaired in most patients. In group III (after glossectomy with reconstruction), pronunciation defects were observed in 100% of the cases. The corrective speech therapy included a set of breathing and articulation exercises for the muscles of the cheeks, lips, and tongue using passive motor gymnastics as the basis for activating and coordinating the patient’s articulation apparatus.
 CONCLUSION: The presented system of subsequent correction and automation of posterior lingual sounds allowed the correction of the pronunciation of these sounds in most patients.

Kontekst historyczny wybranych kolokacji języka chorwackiego

The aim of the paper is to present the analysis of selected verb-noun collocations with the node ‘odluka’ – ‘decision’. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the 19th century newspaper articles published in Croatian newspapers from the period 1850–1899, collected in a digitalised format on the Stare hrvatske novine website. Historical forms are compared with the modern ones, excerpted from the HrWac Croatian language corpus. The second part of the 19th century is the time when Standard Croatian was being formed and the press was flourishing. This gave rise to the creation of the journalistic style which, alongside the administrative one, is believed to contain the greatest number of collocations, hence the choice of those two sources of data. The analysis of historical and modern forms has shown that there exist grammatical, orthographic, contextual, semantic and formal differences and these do not hinder the understanding of the text. The differences are negligent and stem from the evolution of the Croatian language, especially the shaping of the norm of the standard language.

Языковые особенности репрезентации ценностных ориентаций российской и американской молодежи в социальных сетях

The paper examines the issues of studying the value orientations of the younger generation, which is particularly acutely aware of the crisis state of social moral attitudes. The aim of the research is to identify the features of verbalization of value orientations in modern American and Russian youth Internet communication in the context of changing priorities in interpersonal and intercultural interaction. The scientific novelty of the research lies in determining the common and distinctive features in the field of the value orientations of American and Russian youth societies based on the material of popular Internet sites VKontakte and Instagram (recognized in Russia as an extremist organization and banned), as well as in examining the means of Internet discourse through which the highlighted values are constituted. As a result, the research has revealed that the Internet discourse of both American and Russian modern youth presents certain values, such as family, friendship and love. At the same time, the ways of verbalization of these values at all levels of language differ significantly, which can be explained by the typological features of language systems and the socially established variability of language norms in the compared linguistic cultures.

THE NARRATIVE OF NORMALIZING IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE AS A PHENOMENON OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD

In transitive periods, an axiological request appears – the need to protect, eliminate the opposed to the norm in various forms as a reaction to socio-political and socio-cultural phenomena of modernity. An intertextuality education is being formed in the media discourse around the subject-thematic fi eld “bringing to the norm”, which can be designated as a narrative about bringing to the norm. Here, the area of violation of the norm extends to different thematic blocks, especially relevant to the current news agenda, becomes the conceptual basis for the formation of factuality. The cognitive basis of the content of such a narrative is, on the one hand, a template story about events related to the elimination of violations of the social norm, on the other hand, speech stereotypical structures semantically united by the meaning of the language norm.

On the issue of methodological reasons for language purism in Internet communications

This article highlights one aspect of the triad “speech – writing – electronic form of speech,” which represents the problem of literacy in Internet communications. The purpose of the work is to point out a number of problems in the form of linguistic purism, the lack of clear terminology in relation to electronic communication, and shortcomings in the methodological and conceptual apparatus applied to the analysis of this linguistic object. The subject of the study is the norms of the Russian language, the object of analysis is fragments of texts containing a linguistic error. The authors proceed from the well-known fact in linguistics that spoken language and written language are different sign systems. It is known that the electronic form of speech is a fixation of the norms of spoken language. Consequently, it is impossible to approach the analysis of this form of speech only with the help of theories suitable for analyzing static text. The article shows that the roots of intolerance towards errors in network communication on the part of folk linguists lie precisely in this. The authors give examples of linguistic errors from different language areas: social networks, news aggregators, fiction, transcripts of oral speech. The linguistic object discussed in the article in the form of an electronic form of speech represents a certain cross-section that gives an up-to-date picture of the linguistic environment, which is informative for linguists. The main conclusion of the article is the need for a practical search for special tools that will limit the cumulative effect of language errors. But to do this, it is necessary to eliminate the one-way textual approach to all language formats. The conclusions of the article can be used to develop a strategy for moderating Internet content.

Friends like these: A shift in labour, security and the normative ideals of conflict journalism

This paper draws on previous work in the fields of conflict studies and journalism studies, as well as empirical work by the authors on the normative language of conflict journalism to argue that this subfield of journalism appears to have increasingly ‘moved house’ from the normative universe of institutional journalism to that of professional humanitarianism. We describe three shifts that are taking (or have taken) place whose effects may include a transformation of ideas around ‘what conflict journalism is for’ and how it understands its presence in armed conflict.

Language and communication education at school and other language education between linguistic feeling and linguistic intelligence

Abstract The author reflects on the specific ambivalence between linguistic feeling and linguistic intelligence, which many native language users encounter from the beginning of school language education. A similar duality of the relationship to the mother (native) language can also be felt by any adult individual who is interested in the valid language norm and its current fulfillment in the national communication space, and therefore formulates his or her comments on real “language life” or raises questions addressed to experts in language issues. The author tries to suggest ways to a solution both in educational practice and at the level of language education and language counselling for the wider public. Her approach is based on the current situation in the Czech Republic compared to some features in the Slovak environment.

Investigating Strategic Cognitive Behavior In Simultaneous Interpreting of Collocation

Simultaneous interpreting is regarded as a complex task as it entails comprehension of the source language, storage at the short-term memory and reproduction of the message according to target language norms. During SI, many concurrent cognitive processes take place to reflect the complex and demanding characteristics of the task. Due to this complexity, SI cause various problems for interpreters in all discourse levels which require online strategies to overcome these problems. The interpretation of collocations as being language-specific elements is considered among the major problems interpreters encounter during the interpreting task. The study aims at identifying the strategies applied by professional and student interpreters as well as studying the effect of directionality during rendering collocations in English-Arabic-English SI tasks. The study hypothesizes that collocations do not need much cognitive efforts if the interpreter is well acquainted with a great deal of them. Otherwise, s/he is very likely to face some difficulties and problems in translating them. The study is qualitatively analyzed according to Seleskovitch (1968) model which considers the transference of meaning is the interpreter’s main concern rather than transferring the linguistic elements between SL and TL. It also used Lörscher’s (1991) model to identify the strategies and the percentage of each strategy that was applied by the participants. The analysis showed that professionals were able to provide adequate renderings for collocations as they are ready made chunks that do not require great processing effort. Moreover, they used their experience and knowledge to apply the strategy of inference which was mainly used to derive the meaning of the collocation from the context while studentsresorted to literal translation and omitting the collocations which have negative effects on the their performance and consequently led to distort the process of interpreting.

Verbs of perception and evidentiality in English/French translation

Abstract Differences between verbs of perception in English and French have often been a subject of theoretical conjecture, but seldom studied empirically. Four such verbs (En. hear, see, Fr. entendre, voir) were thus inventoried in a 13.5m-word bidirectional English/French translation corpus. A statistically significant difference between translators and authors was found for hear and entendre. Correlations between source and target texts were statistically significant for all verbs. Quantitative analysis of random samples revealed five regular alternatives to word-for-word translation. Qualitative data support the hypothesis that verbs of perception may follow different “evidential strategies” in English and French. An approach combining quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify translators closest to target language norms offers a new model for researchers and translators.

Текст почётной грамоты как жанр письменной речи

The article proves that the text of the certificate of honor is a genre of official business style written discourse. The relevance of the work is connected, on the one hand, with the duration of the existence and high occurencence of this genre in the system of written communication, on the other hand, with the lack of special works related to its description. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the genre features and linguistic features of the texts of certificates of honor. The following methods were used: observation, functional analysis of language units, description. The article draws attention to the importance of characterizing the visual component of the letter of honor – the textual “environment”, which includes both the actual text (calls, slogans, statements) and visual images (portraits, symbols) and reflects the time of creation of the award document. The article studies the structure, genre and language features of the texts of certificates of honor focusing on the analysis of permanent and variable elements of the document. The authors note the laconism of formulations, clichéd phrases, the predominance of abstract nouns, the active use of abbreviations in the texts of certificates of honor. It is concluded that the certificate of honor as an official business document requires a certain culture of formatting. Its author must know the language norms and the rules for compiling texts of this genre.

A Translation Study of Scientific Text from the Perspective of Relevance Theory: A Case Study of Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future

Over the centuries, with the development of economy, the excessive interference of human activities on the natural environment has caused profound changes in the earth's ecosystem. Under a White Sky: the Nature of the Future by American environmental journalist Elizabeth Kolbert is based on the relationship between man and nature, focusing on climate change. This article is based on the first part of chapter 1 of this book which describes the author's field investigation of river pollution in the United States, carp invasion of hydrological system and control measures. The paper hopes that more readers will recognize the destruction that human activities have caused to the Earth's ecosystem, and awaken more people's awareness of respecting nature and protecting ecology. Under the guidance of relevance translation theory, the author takes the optimal relevance principle as the translation criterion. Based on the cognitive context of the target audience, the translator adopts some translation skills including adding comments, meaning extension, part of speech conversion, division and combination, and word order adjustment, which will make the translation readable and in line with the Chinese language norms and expression habits.

“I Was the Only Goyim There”: Linguistic Imitation and Socialization among Sephardic New Mexicans

Abstract This article explores linguistic imitation as a strategy of socialization. It focuses on the ethnographic context of New Mexico’s Jewish community, which some Hispanic New Mexicans are beginning to join after discovering their Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish, ancestry. Although several are choosing to formally ‘return,’ or convert, to Judaism, they often feel unwelcome in the community and, therefore, do not always have interlocutors who might help to linguistically integrate them. In this context, they adopt various strategies for learning community language norms, including imitating the speech of veteran community members and reproducing Jewish English as learned from books and internet resources, even if doing so results in non-normative usages. They may also use elements of Yiddish to mirror language used within the local Jewish community, positioning themselves as Sephardic through the use of an Ashkenazi language.

Teacher candidates’ language beliefs and their self-efficacy to teach emergent bilinguals

ABSTRACT This study examined pre-service teachers’ perceptions towards translanguaging, their language ideologies and self-efficacy to educate emergent bilinguals in a teacher education program in North America. Previous research links teachers’ translanguaging beliefs to language ideologies, which can shape classroom culture and language norms and language use. However, scant research addresses how pre-service teachers’ perceptions on translanguaging and language ideologies influence their self-efficacy in educating emergent bilinguals. Framed by translanguaging theory and language ideologies, the study analysed survey data among 124 pre-service teachers enrolled in English as Second Language/bilingual education coursework. Multiple linear regression results revealed three significant predictors for self-efficacy: translanguaging perceptions, language use in student-teaching, and ethnicity. Implications for transforming asset-based language practices in teacher education are discussed.

NOMINA AGENTIS AND NOMINA ACTORIS IN THE ODESSA COPY OF THE “SMALL CATECHISM” BY THEODOR THE STUDITE FROM THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of this article is to determine the word-formation and lexico-semantic features of the designations nomina agentis and nomina actoris registered in Theodore Studite’s «Small Catechism» and to consider these linguistic units as a means of archaization or modernization (approximation to colloquial language) of the text. The subject of the study is the word-formation and lexico-semantic features of the nouns nomina agentis and nomina actoris. The Odesa copy of the «Small Catechism» is included in collection No. 1/154, kept in the Odesa National Scientific Library. All recorded nouns of nomina agentis and nomina actoris divide by origin into two groups: native Slavic language units and borrowed ones; indigenous Slavic lexemes in each nominative series distribute into groups according to word-formation types. Within word-formation types, lexico-semantic groups are distinguished. The separation of two lexico-semantic groups — names of individuals by type of activity, nature of occupation, profession, and names of individuals by their characteristic principles of behavior — is possible for each word-formation type. The separation of other lexico-semantic groups is optional. It has been established that for Slavic designations of nomina agentis, the most productive wordformation formants are -тел, -ник, -ец, unproductive ones are -ица, *-jь, and singular -ач; for the formation of designations of nomina actoris the affix -ник is most often used, very rarely -ар. The known stylistic differentiation between the literary affix -тел and the affixes -ник, -ец, which could participate in the creation of both literary and colloquial elements, does not implement in the «Small Catechism». The results of the study allow us to conclude about a number of factors that could cause this phenomenon. The main of them are features of the content of sermons, individual perception of the language norm by the scribe working on the text, his approach to the selection of vocabulary, and orientation to the specificity of the audience — well-prepared and educated church ministers, monks. Borrowings are represented only by Hellenisms, most of which were assimilated in ancient times. Prospects for further research we see in specifying the role of the Church Slavonic language of the Eastern edition in the productivity of these word-formation types.