Parallel Language Research Articles

Demand for and training of Chinese translators in the context of the �One Belt, One Road� initiative

Relevance. The need to investigate the specifics of Chinese translator training within the framework of the global programme �One Belt, One Road� is primarily conditioned by the constant changes in various aspects, particularly in structural, semantic, and artistic aspects. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the global initiative �One Belt, One Road� in the context of training professional human resources to perform Chinese language translations. Methodology. This study analysed materials available on the websites of several higher education institutions. The analysis focused on specific parameters such as the distinct features of training students in Chinese studies, the education of translators working with Chinese, and the principles, methods, and techniques used in teaching the Chinese language. Results. Analyses of translator training have identified key skills for students: parallel language and culture study, adherence to translation norms like business etiquette, and mastery of technical translation tools. In Kyrgyz universities, methods include verbal (lectures, discussions), visual (audio and video materials), and practical (creative works, exhibitions, quizzes, conferences). For Chinese translators under the �One Belt, One Road� initiative, training spans multiple linguistic levels: phonetic (phrases, accents), grammatical (categories, meanings), lexical (vocabulary related to the initiative and various fields), syntactic (word order, links), and stylistic (business etiquette, unique vocabulary). Conclusions. The study found that the �One Belt, One Road� initiative's language policy focuses on planning Chinese language status, foreign languages, language structure, educational language use, and language services. The key challenges are the shortage of skilled professionals, intergovernmental cooperation, infrastructure standards, financial integration, and cultural exchange. In the future, this study can be used to develop technical improvements in Kyrgyz-Chinese translation, to improve the training of Chinese specialists within the framework of the global initiative �One Belt, One Road�. Keywords: lingua franca; linguistic levels; linguistic policy; linguistic parameters; terminological units

GeoTaichi: A Taichi-powered high-performance numerical simulator for multiscale geophysical problems

This study introduces GeoTaichi, an open-source high-performance numerical simulator designed for addressing multiscale geophysical problems. By leveraging the power of the Taichi parallel language, GeoTaichi maximizes the utilization of modern computer resources on multicore CPU and GPU architectures. It offers robust and reliable modules for the discrete element method (DEM), material point method (MPM), and coupled material point-discrete element method (MPDEM). These modules enable efficient solving of large-scale problems while being implemented in pure Python. The design philosophy of GeoTaichi focuses on creating a framework that is readable, extensible, and user-friendly. This paper highlights the coupling procedure of MPDEM, the code structures, and the most important features of GeoTaichi. Rigorous benchmark tests have been conducted to verify the validity and robustness of GeoTaichi. Additionally, the performance of GeoTaichi is compared with similar software tools in the field, underscoring a notable improvement in both computational efficiency and memory savings when compared to existing alternatives. Program summaryProgram title: GeoTaichiCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/858bmcf7j6.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/Yihao-Shi/GeoTaichiLicensing provisions: GNU General Public License v3.0Programming language: PythonNature of problem: The simulations of large-deformation geophysical flows and their interaction with structures play a crucial role in the field of geophysics. To address the complexities of these nonlinear problems, the discrete element method (DEM), material point method (MPM), and their coupling (MPDEM) have proven to be highly suitable numerical schemes. However, these schemes impose substantial computational demands, necessitating the development of an efficient framework that can harness modern computer resources on multicore CPU and GPU architectures.Solution method: The open-source code GeoTaichi implements the DEM, MPM, and coupled MPDEM, encompassing a range of constitutive models and contact laws for different geologic materials. The clump particle model is also introduced in DEM to solve granular mechanics involving complex-shaped particles. One significant advantage of GeoTaichi is its utilization of the Taichi parallel language, which is designed to be user-friendly and easily extensible for customized applications.

Quasi-synonyms of the ophthalmological terminological system: towards the formulation of the problem

Ophthalmic terminology is a part of the medical terminology system. The medical terminological system has been studied in sufficient detail, however, to date, questions remain open regarding the synonymy of linguistic units within the ophthalmological terminological system. The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of relations within the ophthalmological terminological system and to prove the existence of a triple series of terms — quasi-synonyms. The object of the study is ophthalmological terminology, the thematic group is "ophthalmological diseases". The relevance of this work is due to the fact that ophthalmological terms with semantic similarity that can both replace each other and function in parallel in speech have not yet been sufficiently studied, in addition, it is necessary to establish what type of synonymy exists between these terms. The method of linguistic experiment used in the work makes it possible to achieve the purpose of the study. The study included 2,535 ophthalmological terms, of which 51 were names of ophthalmological diseases. An experiment was conducted to obtain evidence of the existence of different types of ophthalmic terms. The experiment involved ophthalmologists, nursing staff, patients of the ophthalmological center of Irkutsk (324 people — medical staff, 324 patients). The main conclusion of the study is that there are synonymous relations between terms within the ophthalmological terminological system. The conducted experiment allows us to talk about the existence of a triple set of terms, which confirmed the hypothesis about the functioning, in addition to the generally accepted terminology and professional jargonisms, of "folk" terminology (70% of the total number of terms included in the study). All terms of the triple series, being quasi-synonyms, have semantic similarity, but are not identical, relations of inclusion and intersection arise between them, they exist in the language in parallel. In the future, it is necessary to consider quasi-synonyms of other thematic groups of the ophthalmological terminological system in order to better understand the specifics of their use and the source of their occurrence, as well as whether they can become absolute synonyms and under what conditions.

Optimal utilization of multicore processors with PLINQ in .NET applications

This article explores the utilization of Parallel Language Integrated Query (PLINQ) as a powerful tool for enhancing the processing of large datasets through parallelism in .NET applications. PLINQ leverages the capabilities of modern multicore processors to accelerate data operations, thereby enabling developers to significantly reduce processing time while efficiently managing computational resources. The discussion begins with an overview of PLINQ’s integration within the .NET framework, emphasizing its ability to parallelize standard LINQ queries seamlessly. The article then delves into practical applications of PLINQ, illustrating through examples how it can optimize tasks such as financial data analysis and image processing. The core concepts and architecture of PLINQ, including its support for complex query capabilities and advanced aggregation functions, are examined to highlight how PLINQ manages data partitioning, load balancing, and thread safety. Further, the article addresses the strategic design considerations necessary for maximizing the efficiency of PLINQ, focusing on the importance of thoughtful system design to overcome potential limitations. Best practices for employing PLINQ are discussed to ensure optimal performance and effective use of parallel programming constructs.Finally, the conclusion underscores the significance of PLINQ in modern software development, particularly for applications that demand high-performance data processing capabilities. The article advocates for the strategic integration of PLINQ in developing applications that not only perform faster but are also scalable and robust, thereby meeting the challenges of processing large volumes of data in today’s computing environments.

Algorithmic Translation Correction Mechanisms: An End-to-end Algorithmic Implementation of English-Chinese Machine Translation

INTRODUCTION: Machine translation is a modern natural language processing research field with important scientific and practical significance. In practice, the variation of languages, the limitation of semantic knowledge, and the lack of parallel language resources limit the development of machine translation. OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to avoid duplicating neural networks during the learning process and improve the ability to generalize complex neural network machine translation models with limited resources. METHODS: Textual material in the source language was studied, and a suitable textual material representation model was used to express complex, high-level, and abstract semantic information. Then, a more efficient neural network machine translation integration model was developed based on the control of written data and algorithms. RESULTS: Data mining must be applied to complex neural network machine translation systems based on transfer learning to standardize finite neural network models. CONCLUSION: Neural network-based embedded machine translation systems based on migration training require a small number of labelled samples to improve the system's permeability. However, this adaptive migration learning region approach can easily lead to over-learning problems in neural network machine translation models, thus avoiding excessive correspondences during the learning process and improving the generalization ability of the translation model with limited neural network resources.

A curriculum analysis of applied English translation program in the scope of translator competence: The case of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

In today's world, the increasing desire and need for internationalization in all areas of life have increased the interaction of people speaking different languages in parallel. This situation has revealed how important the need for translation and translator is. Thus, translator training programs have become increasingly common in Turkiye and worldwide. In addition to the departments of Translation and Interpreting that offer undergraduate translation education, Applied English Translation programs at associate degrees have also been constituted. Curriculums designed to train translators, whether at undergraduate or associate degree, need to be constantly updated in line with the needs of the translation industry. The developments that cause this update can be exemplified as technological innovations, collaborations developed in different fields, and emerging markets in this sense. The translators need various knowledge, skills, and professional competencies to provide the translation service expected from them. Whereas these competencies are expressed as translation competence, a higher term in some studies, some researchers have preferred to use the concept of translator competence for the same phenomenon. Regardless of the preferred concept, this phenomenon is considered a central element in curriculum design. This competence is gained through translation training programs offered at different levels (undergraduate or associate degree) in higher education institutions. This study aims to present, in the case of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, to what extent the Applied English Translation program curriculum given at the associate degree covers the translator competence required by the translator candidate.

“They forget and forget all the time.” The complexity of teaching adult deaf emergent readers print literacy

Abstract This article highlight and discuss the complex situation when deaf adults who are emergent readers learn Swedish Sign Language (STS) and Swedish in parallel. As Swedish appears primarily in its written form, they also have to develop reading and writing skills. Study data comes from ethnographically created video recordings of classroom interaction and interviews with teachers and participants. The analysis reveals that while the migrants successively learn basic STS for interacting with other deaf people, learning Swedish takes a different path. The migrants struggle with learning basic reading and writing skills, vocabulary, and grammar. Furthermore, the instruction is highly repetitive, but unstructured and sprawled, using STS to explain and connect signs with written equivalents. The teachers testify in interviews that it seems very difficult for the emergent readers to learn Swedish on a level good enough to cope in Swedish society, which, in turn, puts them in a vulnerable position.

Virtual Machine and Integrated Developer Environment for Sleptsov Net Computing

Modern computing is a path of violations and transformations coming from an intrinsically concurrent application domain into a sequence of instructions and then back to concurrency with OpenMP, MPI and CUDA/OpenCL. Why we create so many difficulties? Sleptsov Net Computing (SNC) maps a task into an appropriate computing structure implemented as a re-configurable multidimensional sparse matrix of computing memory. It has entirely graphical mass parallel language for concurrent programming and a framework of techniques for concurrent program verification to develop reliable software. Estimated efficiency of SNC is higher than 50% compared to actual less that 1% efficiency of the most powerful supercomputers. It yields hyper-performance capable of efficient control of hyper-sonic objects, colliders, thermonuclear reaction. This paper presents an open source prototype VM and IDE for SNC with a view on upcoming hardware implementation of the corresponding computer.

The Transformation of the parable and Jemal Karchkhadze’s “He”

       The work analyzes the inner world of Jemal Karchkhadze's literary characters based on such important events as revenge and forgiveness with their religious and literary interpretations. Jemal Karchkhadze's theological and psychological observations are shown for the purpose of searching the human essence, to achieve the divine in order to discover the true purpose. The classic story of revenge and forgiveness can be considered Jemal Karchkhadze's story "He". At the level of extralinguistic context, this work is the main work of Jemal Karchkhadze - because the character of the story is the eternal hero of the Gospel stories, which includes himself all the dimensions of the universe. All the plate of the parallel language coexist in it simultaneously - the chronotype, epiphany at the beginning of the road and at the end of the road, all the anthropomorphism used in the text of the story indicates the conotactic meaning of the words and concentrates in the subtleties of the Gospel. He is the protagonist of the Gospel books, which is transformed in other writings of the writers and has different names. He has to solve one of the major moral tasks everywhere - whether he can create a great mystery of being a human, fulfill his will and choice - to forgive and to be elevated to the Divine. That is why it does not matter what name he is called, or not called any name. He is the son of all times, all the epochs. The idea of ​​his name is combined with the portrayal of Georgian national souls in the works "Zebulon", "Antonio and David", "Resident", "Dimension".   "He", as the central base parable, is transformed in almost every other work of Jemal Karchkhadze and embodies a single parable system that presents the depth dimension of the writer's creativity. This dimension, in its turn, serves the greatest mission of personal and moral perfection before the divine.

We should have one of these, too!

This article investigates how a questionnaire for needs analysis (NA) for Danish language courses for transnational knowledge workers, constructed at the Centre for Internationalisation and Parallel Language Use (CIP) at the University of Copenhagen (KU), can be used in a German language institution, the ZfS Zentrum für Schlüsselqualifikationen (Key Skills Centre) at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel (CAU). The compares the role of state and education system(s) when establishing curricula for Danish and German courses for occupational purposes at the CIP and the ZfS. German informants partaking in the survey assess that the questionnaire could be used at the ZfS, and generally invite a future use of NA there. General findings from the experience with needs analysis and the survey instrument as such, and advantages for other target groups beyond this individual case are reflected in the final discussion.

Identification of Non-Stationary Objects Based on Training a Neural Network and Tuning the Parameters of a Generalized Model

Methods and algorithms have been developed for identifying non-stationary objects of various types using statistical, dynamic, neural network models, which are taken into account when solving problems of conditions of a priori insufficiency, uncertainty, low reliability of data. Mechanisms are proposed that provide effective identification based on combining the features of dynamic models with the properties of random time series. The possibilities of algorithms based on mechanisms that use statistical, dynamic, specific data characteristics, as well as the properties of self-adaptation, approximation, organization, self-learning of neural networks have been expanded. A generalized function identification algorithm has been developed and its functions have been expanded by adaptive segmentation of time series, setting the informative interval of element values, the size of the training set, training multilayer neural networks, database, and knowledge base. The training algorithms for a three-layer neural network are modified based on the mechanisms for regulating interneuronal connections in layers, weight coefficients of neurons, variable activation functions, network architecture, and superposition of continuous input-output dependencies. A software package for identifying random time series in the C++ language in the CUDA parallel computing environment has been developed to predict the annual power consumption of the industrial zone of the Samarkand region using software tools for data preprocessing, filtering, smoothing; determining the boundaries of the informative interval of time series elements.

Activating Three Languages Simultaneously in Mental Lexicon: An Investigation of Nepali – English – Sanskritparallel Language Activation

This is the first study investigating the nature of trilingual parallel language activation in Nepal-English-Sanskrit triad. Twenty-four participants have been divided into groups of 8 based on the dominance of the three language use to understand the nature of activation in three groups. Stimuli consisted of audio-visual bimodal in nature. An emerging novel technology Mouse Tracker that can study continuous unfolding of cognitive processing has been used to design the experiment and collect the software generated data. The data has been analyzed using SPSS and visualized using R. Results which showed when three languages are activated simultaneously, the phonological similarity plays a facilitating role. The results are explained in line with BLINCS (Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech) model.

Learning languages from parallel corpora

This work describes a blueprint for an application that generates language learning exercises from parallel corpora. Word alignment and parallel structures allow for the automatic assessment of sentence pairs in the source and target languages, while users of the application continuously improve the quality of the data with their interactions, thus crowdsourcing parallel language learning material. Through triangulation, their assessment can be transferred to language pairs other than the original ones if multiparallel corpora are used as a source. Several challenges need to be addressed for such an application to work, and we will discuss three of them here. First, the question of how adequate learning material can be identified in corpora has received some attention in the last decade, and we will detail what the structure of parallel corpora implies for that selection. Secondly, we will consider which type of exercises can be generated automatically from parallel corpora such that they foster learning and keep learners motivated. And thirdly, we will highlight the potential of employing users, that is both teachers and learners, as crowdsourcers to help improve the material.

The Language of Cryptocurrencies: Frequent Words, Neologisms, Acronyms, and Metaphors

Cryptocurrencies have been the latest technological revolution in the world of finances. Although this revolution has not been completed yet, and as a payment method is still limited, their popularity has vastly increased since 2020 due to speculation about their value. As in any other field, any revolution in economics, technology, education, or society implies another parallel language revolution. This is how the introduction of cryptocurrencies has led to the emergence of some new forms of language. This quantitative case study aims to analyze the characteristics of that crypto language and identify some of the most usual words, acronyms, metaphors, and other popular expressions within this field. To achieve this purpose, a glossary published by the company Bit2Me was used along with the Google search bar, which provided the number of appearances on the net. Results showed that some neologisms had been created, acronyms prevailed over some words and expressions, and the use of animal metaphors was a usual practice. These results contribute to the field of electronic finances by showing that the community of cryptocurrency users have created their own linguistic rules to communicate among them with the use of specific words, as detailed in this paper.

Development of a learning health system science competency assessment to guide training and proficiency assessment.

IntroductionLearning health systems (LHS) science is fundamentally a transdisciplinary field. To capture the breadth of the competencies of an LHS scientist, AHRQ and national experts defined a series of 42 competencies across seven domains that support success. Clinicians, researchers, and leaders who are new to the LHS field can identify and prioritize proficiency development among these domains. In addition, existing leaders and researchers will assemble teams of experts who together represent the LHS science domains. To serve LHS workforce development and proficiency assessment, the AHRQ‐funded ACCELERAT K12 training program recruited domain experts and trainees to define and operationalize items to include in an LHS Competency Assessment to support emerging and existing LHS scientists in prioritizing and monitoring proficiency development.MethodsSequential interviews with 18 experts iteratively defined skills and tasks to illustrate stage in proficiency, and its progression, for each of 42 competencies in the seven LHS expertise domains: systems science; research questions and standards of scientific evidence; research methods; informatics; ethics of research and implementation in health systems; improvement and implementation science; and engagement, leadership, and research management. An educational assessment expert and LHS scientist refined the assessment criteria at each stage to use parallel language across domains. Last, current trainees reviewed and pilot tested the assessment and the LHS Competency Assessment was further refined using their feedback. The assessment framework was informed by Bloom's revised taxonomy of educational objectives (Anderson and Krathwohl, A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, 2001) where learning progresses from recalling, defining, understanding, and awareness at the lower levels of the taxonomy, to applying and adopting and finally to creating, designing, and critiquing at the upper levels of the taxonomy. We also developed assessment criteria that could be used for longer term assessment of direct performance. Van der Vleuten et al. (Best Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynaecol. 2010;24(6):703‐719) define longer term direct assessment methods as assessment that occurs over a period ranging from weeks to even years and involves multiple assessment methods and exposure to the learner's work over an extended period.ResultsThis experience report describes the content of the LHS Competency Assessment. For each domain and competency, the assessment lists examples of evidence to support expertise at each level of proficiency: no exposure; foundational (awareness/understanding); emerging (early application); and proficient (application with a high level of skill). Trainees begin with baseline standard assessment tables, where they can indicate no exposure or mark the foundational and emerging skills with which they have competence. For domains where foundational and emerging skills have been achieved, users can move on to assessment tables that list evidence of proficiency.ConclusionThe LHS Competency Assessment offers consistent, graded criteria across the seven LHS domains to guide trainees and mentors to evaluate progress from no experience to foundational knowledge, emerging proficiency, and proficiency. The assessment can also be used to design training and mentoring for those newly exposed to LHS science and for those with key expertise who wish to expand LHS expertise.

Adaptive Audacity: Uncovering Queer Attachments and Re-evaluating Marriage Narratives in John William De Forest's Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty

Adaptive Audacity: Uncovering Queer Attachments and Re-evaluating Marriage Narratives in John William De Forest's <i>Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty</i>

СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ В СОДЕРЖАНИИ ОБУЧЕНИЯ: АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ И КРИТЕРИИ ЕГО ВЫБОРА

The article mainly deals with the study of the content of the socio-cultural component of American English to students and the study of its selection criteria. There are various cultural difficulties in learning American English. It would be wise to mention here, it is necessary to master the language and culture in this area and to study it extensively. It becomes obvious that special attention should be paid to the selection criteria of the socio-cultural component in the study of American English. Am matter of a fact, the study of selection criteria is as important as the process of teaching a foreign language in parallel with the teaching of culture. Therefore, learning a foreign language cannot be considered completely successful without conducting it in parallel with mastering the relevant culture. In this regard, the article is concerned with the selection criteria for the American English language based on the analysis of the views of leading foreign language researchers.

Macrostructure analysis of Indonesian-translation and source texts of the World Health Organization’s Covid-19 pandemic guidance

Since the beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic, the world has heavily relied on the internet to acquire information. The Pandemic is growing as a complex information discourse with so many texts from many sources. Various texts about Covid-19 certainly have various meanings for their readers. It is interesting to see an information resource that presents information in many languages in parallel. This study aims to reveal the global meaning of the parallel Indonesian and English texts of Covid-19 released by the World Health Organization. More specifically, this study examines whether parallelism in the two versions of the same text will present differences in the global meaning of each text; and whether there are social and political aspects that potentially affect the differences. The data for this study consists of two pairs of question-and-answer texts about Covid-19 published by WHO in English and Indonesian. This study used van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis framework at the macrostructure level. This study collected all texts and macro rules (deletion, generalization, and construction) have been applied to reduce information at the texts’ micro level to macropropositions at the macro level or the global topics/themes of discourse. There are some differences in the Indonesian text when compared to the original English text. Some of these differences may appear in the Indonesian translated version as a response to Indonesia's social and political conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Spaces of Resilience and Resistance: Sámi Habitation in Southern and Central Sweden During the Late Medieval and the Early Modern Period

This paper examines traces of Sámi habitation in southern and central Scandinavia, particularly Sweden, addressing the late medieval period to the end of the nineteenth century. It begins with Swedish judicial policy against Sámi nomadism in central Sweden, followed by a discussion of medieval Sámi material culture in southern Scandinavia. Further analysis addresses so-called Parish-Lapp indenture, which allowed nomadic Sámi to escape eviction to the far north (as decreed in 1671) by serving the parish. Yet, Sámi groups maintained and developed ritual practices, foodways, and language in a society parallel to the majority society and in resistance to it.

Language control in regional dialect speakers – monolingual by name, bilingual by nature?

AbstractWhile research on bilingual language processing is sensitive to different usage contexts, monolinguals are still often treated as a homogeneous control group, despite frequently using multiple varieties that may require engagement of control mechanisms during lexical access. Adapting a language-switching task for speakers of (Scottish) Standard English and Orcadian Scots, we demonstrate switch cost asymmetries with longer naming latencies when switching back into Orcadian. This pattern, which is reminiscent of unbalanced bilinguals, suggests that Orcadian is the dominant variety of these participants – despite the fact they might be regarded as English monolinguals because of sociolinguistic factors. In conjunction with the observed mixing cost and cognate facilitation effect (indicative of proactive language control and parallel language activation, respectively), these findings show that ‘monolinguals’ need to be scrutinised for routine use of different varieties to gain a better understanding of whether and how mechanisms underlying their lexical access resemble those of bilinguals.