Form Of Language Research Articles

Activation of Motivation in Foreign Language Classroom

This article examines how teaching a foreign language through motivation, novelty and a variety of forms and methods of the lesson effectively affects improving students' perception of the materials provided and increasing the level of knowledge of students, and also proves that it enriches, systematizes knowledge and leads to the activation of cognitive activity of students in a foreign language lesson. The definition of modern methods of teaching a foreign language and various forms of teaching is given. And most importantly, it promotes the wide use of the acquired knowledge as the owner of a professional profession, applying them on the basis of practice. In addition, non-traditional technologies of lessons are explained, methods of work useful for the student and effective for the teacher are differentiated. Innovative pedagogical technologies and non-traditional technologies, trainings related to other educational methods that allow effective and interesting use of new information technologies in the classroom, definitions and comments on new teaching methods and techniques are provided. This article discusses the results of the survey conducted among foreign language educators about their attitudes towards the motivation and innovation in foreign language classroom.

Metaphor as Method in the Writings of Isaiah Berlin

The conventional approach to Isaiah Berlin's writings has been to treat them discursively, as philosophical texts. While such approaches are insightful, there is more to Berlin's writings than his arguments. Among his literary strategies is a comparative approach that involves the use of metaphors, similes, and analogies. As I will argue, Berlin's use of metaphor constitutes a core component of his work, where his meaning is often suggestive more than precise. Berlin's intention seems to be to exhibit those aspects of experience reflective of uncertainty, where our choices are not determined by necessity. Such an intention ostensibly exhibits his value pluralism, as well as an oft-neglected sensitivity to the forms of language. By resorting to metaphors Berlin accomplishes several things: he shows how the intelligibility of experience is partially imagistic, he illustrates how meaning can be structured comparatively but nondiscursively, and he exemplifies the importance of these things for decision making.

Women's Language in Bargaining: A Sociolinguistic Study of Seller-Buyer Interactions in Dinoyo Market

This study investigates the characteristics of women’s language in market bargaining, revealing how specific communicative features affect buying and selling interactions. These features include the use of polite and non-confrontational language forms, such as hedges and tag questions, which reflect a desire to maintain harmonious social relations. Drawing on Robin Lakoff’s (1975) theory, the study examines how features like hedges, tag questions, and super polite forms are employed by female sellers and buyers during market interactions. The research methods include direct observation and conversation analysis to identify the frequency and context of these language features. The findings indicate that the use of female language traits not only influences the nature of bargaining but also contributes to establishing and maintaining positive social relationships between sellers and buyers. These insights enhance our understanding of communication strategies in economic contexts and underscore the importance of recognizing gender-specific linguistic features in everyday social interactions. Furthermore, the research suggests that a deeper understanding of women’s language traits can provide practical benefits for market participants, aiding in the improvement of their negotiation and marketing skills

MAKNA TANDA KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL AYAH DAN ANAK PADA FILM NANNY MCPHEE: SEMIOTIKA ROLAND BARTHES

Recognizing film as a potent medium of expression, the research underscores the profound impact of visual and auditory storytelling in conveying intricate messages through language used. Through the lens of Roland Barthes semiotic theory, this research endeavors to unravel the complexities embedded within familial communication, especially using informal language. Drawing upon theories of mass communication, media studies, and interpersonal dynamics, the qualitative methodology employed in this study entails a meticulous examination of 20 pivotal scenes encapsulating father-child interactions. Viewing Nanny McPhee through a semiotic lens unveils layers of meaning, encompassing denotation, connotation, and myth. Over a span from August 28, 2023, to November 10, 2023, the researcher meticulously observed and analyzed the nuances of familial communication depicted in the film. By capturing and dissecting scenes through Barthes theoretical framework, the study unveils prevalent themes such as misunderstandings, self-centeredness, and the repercussions of ineffective communication within family dynamics. Drawing from the research findings, it can be concluded that within the narrative of Nanny McPhee, a plethora of communication pitfalls emerge, including (1) instances of misunderstanding, (2) a pronounced focus on self-interest, (3) a reluctance to entertain external perspectives, (4) unilateral decision-making devoid of discourse, and (5) an overall deficiency in familial communication. Furthermore, the absence of paternal guidance and attention looms large, wielding considerable influence over the behavioral and developmental trajectories of the children depicted in the film.

Large language models, social demography, and hegemony: comparing authorship in human and synthetic text

Large language models have become popular over a short period of time because they can generate text that resembles human writing across various domains and tasks. The popularity and breadth of use also put this technology in the position to fundamentally reshape how written language is perceived and evaluated. It is also the case that spoken language has long played a role in maintaining power and hegemony in society, especially through ideas of social identity and “correct” forms of language. But as human communication becomes even more reliant on text and writing, it is important to understand how these processes might shift and who is more likely to see their writing styles reflected back at them through modern AI. We therefore ask the following question: who does generative AI write like? To answer this, we compare writing style features in over 150,000 college admissions essays submitted to a large public university system and an engineering program at an elite private university with a corpus of over 25,000 essays generated with GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to the same writing prompts. We find that human-authored essays exhibit more variability across various individual writing style features (e.g., verb usage) than AI-generated essays. Overall, we find that the AI-generated essays are most similar to essays authored by students who are males with higher levels of social privilege. These findings demonstrate critical misalignments between human and AI authorship characteristics, which may affect the evaluation of writing and calls for research on control strategies to improve alignment.

Mastery of the Concept of Percentage and Its Representations in Finnish Comprehensive School Grades 7–9

This research was conducted in 2019 in collaboration with Japanese colleagues, with the research tasks translated from the original Japanese. In Finland, a total of 1112 students from grades 7–9 in primary school participated in the study. In our article, we examine Finnish students’ mastery of the concept of percentages and how they express their mathematical thinking about percentages in a multimodal way. A multimodal expression of mathematical thinking can typically take the form of natural language, written mathematics, pictorial representations, mathematical symbolic language, or combinations of these, which can be used to manage information, such as through tables. Our focus is on Finnish primary-school students’ mastery of the concept of percentages, and we then narrow our analysis to tasks where students have used a multimodal approach. We analyze the representations of the concept of percentages and the related thought processes. The concept of percentages was best mastered in grade 9 and weakest in grade 7. Students mostly used a combination of pictorial language, natural language, and mathematical symbolic language to describe their solution processes. However, describing their thinking in different ways did not necessarily highlight possible errors in their reasoning.

Freedom of Speech di Ruang Virtual: Analisis Wacana Fairclough Pada Kanal Youtube Rocky Gerung Official

New media is a communication channel that brings about change by disseminating information through texts published by authors. Because text is a form of ideological practice, language, style, word choice, and grammatical structure, it is understood as a decision that has a certain ideological meaning in order to gain public support. This research aims to analyze Rocky Gerung's freedom of speech on the Rocky Gerung Official YouTube channel and how discourse practices take place on YouTube as a virtual space. This research was carried out to examine virtual media. Using a critical paradigm, this research is descriptive-qualitative using critical discourse analysis methods. Using Norman Fairclough's thinking, at the macro-level analysis, there are linguistic elements used that are philosophical, straightforward, and rich in meaning using metaphors. At the micro level, there is the use of special terminology in the world of politics, government, and philosophy. As well as using intertextual patterns, there is consistency between one sentence and another. At the meso level of analysis, researchers create relationships between characters or participants involved in the text in this research.

A Knowledge Graph-Based Consistency Detection Method for Network Security Policies

Network security policy is regarded as a guideline for the use and management of the network environment, which usually formulates various requirements in the form of natural language. It can help network managers conduct standardized network attack detection and situation awareness analysis in the overall time and space environment of network security. However, in most cases, due to configuration updates or policy conflicts, there are often differences between the real network environment and network security policies. In this case, the consistency detection of network security policies is necessary. The previous consistency detection methods of security policies have some problems. Firstly, the detection direction is single, only focusing on formal reasoning methods to achieve logical consistency detection and solve problems. Secondly, the detection policy field is not comprehensive, focusing only on a certain type of problem in a certain field. Thirdly, there are numerous forms of data structures used for consistency detection, and it is difficult to unify the structured processing and analysis of rule library carriers and target information carriers. With the development of intelligent graph and data mining technology, the above problems have the possibility of optimization. This article proposes a new consistency detection approach for network security policy, which uses an intelligent graph database as a visual information carrier, which can widely connect detection information and achieve comprehensive detection across knowledge domains, physical devices, and detection methods. At the same time, it can also help users grasp the security associations with the real network environment based on the graph algorithm of the knowledge graph and intelligent reasoning. Furthermore, these actual network situations and knowledge bases can help managers improve policies more tailored to local conditions. This article also introduces the consistency detection process of typical cases of network security policies, demonstrating the practical details and effectiveness of this method.

Informal Language Learning in Online Interest Communities: A Review of Selected Research Methods

Online interest groups respond to different social and emotional needs of their members. Web 2.0 allows them not only to receive and consume online content but also to participate, create, and share. Thus, these groups can also function as communities where informal language learning can occur naturally or with the help of others. This process and learning experience are worth studying, given the learner’s autonomy and, at times, the collaborative nature of this process. The objective of this article is to reflect upon English language learning in online interest-driven groups, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of selected research methods such as virtual ethnography, grounded theory, and mixed methods. These methods may be helpful for researching informal language learning in online interest communities, as they may enable an in-depth examination and a better understanding of the researched context.

A design of computational fuzzy set-based semantics for extracting linguistic summaries

Linguistic summarization is to extract a set of summary sentences in the form of natural language, so-called linguistic summaries, from numeric data. The extracted linguistic summaries should be compact and diverse, and have a validity measure greater than a given threshold, so genetic algorithms are applied to extract such linguistic summaries. Besides, the interpretability of linguistic summary content is considered in recent studies in such a way that enlarged hedge algebras are applied to generate multi-semantic structures for linguistic words of linguistic variables ensuring the interpretability of the content of the linguistic summaries. However, the membership function of computational fuzzy-set-based semantics of linguistic words is usually in the shape of trapezoid. In this paper, a membership function of the form S function is applied to improve the quality of extracted linguistic summaries. Besides, the applied algorithm is parallelized to reduce running time. The experimental results with the creep dataset have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method

Implementation of Discovery Learning Model with Window Shopping Approach to Improve Mathematical Communication Ability of High School Students

The low ability of students' mathematical communication in learning mathematics, especially in expressing mathematical situations or problems in the form of pictures, diagrams, language or mathematical symbols, or mathematical models makes students less active in learning and their learning motivation decreases. This study aims to determine the achievement of students' mathematical communication skills through the discovery learning model with a window shopping approach. The method in this study is a quasi-experimental research type consisting of 2 classes, namely the experimental class that uses the discovery learning model with the window shopping approach and the control class that uses ordinary learning at school with a total of 70 students from class XI SMA in one of the public high schools in Bandung. The research test instrument was in the form of a test that would be analyzed using SPSS 21 to compare learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class. The result of the study was that the achievement of the students' mathematical communication skills in the experimental class was better than that of the control class at a significance level of 0.05 where the average communication ability of the experimental class was 81.74 and that of the control class was 77.31. The effectiveness of learning in the experimental class showed that it was more active in group discussions as indicated by the interaction and creativity of students in presenting learning material in each group, and almost 85% of students enjoyed learning using the discovery learning model with the window shopping approach.

An Analysis of Non-verbal Performance in Theatre

Theatre, commonly seen as an audiovisual art, has performance at its core. Performance is mainly narrative through language, movement, dance, music, art and other forms to create an artistic image for the stage, which contains verbal and non-verbal elements. Non-verbal elements have crucial implications for theatre practice and theoretical perception. The present research investigates non-verbal performance in theatre based on semiotics and non-verbal communication theory. The study found that non-verbal performance includes (not limited to) posture, movement, gestures, props, and costumes. To make a more comprehensive analysis of non-verbal performance in theatre, a mixed research method combining textual analysis and questionnaire survey to collect data was employed, comprehensively investigate non-verbal performance in theatre, and comprehensively discuss the definition, classification and characteristics of key elements of non-verbal performance in drama based on the research design of analytical study, and reveals how non-verbal performances are expressed in theatre. Then, it provides ideas for the theatre creation and education.

Behind the Script: Analyzing Figurative Language in "Free Guy"

This study underscores the importance of figurative language in film, particularly within a digitally-driven narrative like "Free Guy." It provides valuable insights into how linguistic creativity supports storytelling in contemporary cinema, enriching both the viewers' experience and the overall impact of the film. Using Barthes' theory of semiotics, which examines how meaning is constructed through signs and symbols, the study reveals that figurative language functions as a crucial signifying system in "Free Guy." Leech's theory of figurative language, which categorizes different types of figurative expressions, provides a framework for analyzing their specific functions in the film. This study identifies how metaphors, similes, hyperboles, personifications, and metonyms collectively enhance the storytelling process. The results of the study indicate that metaphor is the most dominant form of figurative language in "Free Guy," highlighting its significance in enhancing the narrative and thematic depth of the film. Similes and hyperboles also play crucial roles, particularly in character development and conveying humour. The presence of these figurative elements enriches the viewer's experience by providing additional layers of meaning, which strengthens emotional engagement and understanding of the story, while personifications and metonyms add vividness and relatability to the virtual world depicted in the movie. Furthermore, this study opens avenues for further exploration into the role of figurative language in different film genres and other forms of digital storytelling. Future research could examine how these linguistic tools influence viewer perception and emotional engagement across various cinematic contexts. Understanding the use of figurative language can reveal its power in shaping narratives, enhancing emotional engagement, and adding layers of meaning.

An Analysis of Types and Functions of Taboo Words in Hot Fuzz Movie

In daily lives, a person can adapt speech patterns, vocabulary, and accents to fit with social surroundings. From the formal language used in workplace to the informal language spoken with friends and relatives. The informal spoken form of language, particularly viewed as being of lower social rank than standard language is called vernacular. Vernacular represents the everyday language spoken by people, including slangs and taboo words that develop over time. The purpose of this research is to find the types and functions of taboo words in Hot Fuzz movie. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. The researcher used two theories of taboo words from Edwin Battistella (2005) to analyze the types and Timothy Jay to analyze the functions (1992). The data in the research was taken from the dialogues of the Hot Fuzz movie. The total data of taboo words found in the movie are 65 data. The researcher found all four categories of types of taboo words, they are 8 Epithets, 16 Profanity, 14 Vulgarity, and 27 Obscenity. The researcher found all five categories of functions of taboo words, they are 20 Anger and/or Frustration, 17 Descriptive – Evaluative, 10 Joking, 9 Surprise, and 9 Sarcastic Irony or Insults.

TV방송과 유튜브의 상대 높임 사용 양상 비교 - 토론 매체에서의 ‘합쇼체/해요체/해체’를 중심으로

This study aims to compare and analyze the usage patterns of relative honorifics in discussion programs on TV broadcasts and individual media platforms like YouTube. The goal is to identify the characteristics of honorific usage in both media and to present various strategic approaches to relative honorifics observed in these contexts. To achieve this, the study will examine actual utterance data from discussion programs on TV broadcasts and YouTube to explore the patterns of honorific usage. Previous research on the usage of honorifics in news media has mostly focused on TV broadcasts, often based on the formal and ritualistic nature of broadcast language. However, with the advent of smartphones and the easy accessibility of YouTube, informal language patterns have become more prevalent. YouTube allows participants to speak freely without the constraints of formal broadcast language, creating new social relationships based on familiarity with the audience. Therefore, this study seeks to provide foundational data on changes in the use of honorifics by comparing the usage patterns observed on YouTube with those in TV broadcast discussion programs. This comparison aims to offer insights into the evolving patterns of honorific usage in broadcast media.

Leveraging Social Media for Language Acquisition: Exploring How High School Students Use Facebook for English Language Learning (ELL)

This study investigates how high school students utilize Facebook to enhance their English language skills. Through interviews and content analysis, the research explores how Facebook exposes students to diverse English content, from news articles to social interactions. This exposure fosters incidental language learning, improving grammar, vocabulary, and current event awareness. Furthermore, Facebook facilitates communication skill development through casual interactions with other English speakers. However, the spread of misinformation and informal language use necessitates the development of critical thinking skills to ensure reliable information is gleaned and proper English is adopted. In conclusion, Facebook holds potential as a tool for English language learning when used strategically alongside other resources and a critical approach to information evaluation.

The National identity in Kurdish proverbs

Identity is intimately related to people’s understanding of “who they are,” “what they are,” and what matters to them. This understanding depends on a number of factors. Identity also creates similarities and differences between individuals or groups. In fact, the emergence of identity is the emergence of similarities and differences between oneself and the other. That is, when someone says I am that person, that family, that nation, he says I am different from this and that and the others. National identity is an individual's sense of affiliation with a nation. Geography has its impact on language and national identity. Without this geography, called the country, states, cultures and civilizations could not exist. Lifestyles, forms of communication and languages have emerged according to the areas in which people live. This research is entitled “National Identity in Kurdish Proverbs”. Through the study of the content of Kurdish folk proverbs, many of the characteristics of the national identity and civilizational characteristics of an important part of the population of Kurdistan, especially in the center and south, can be known. This includes familiarity with the customs and traditions and the nature of the economic, social and political situation. This research is an attempt to get to know the Kurds through the Kurds themselves, not foreigners. This paper aims to demonstrate this role. The aim of this study is to show the role and characteristics of proverbs as some examples of oral means of expressing Kurdish national identity, because proverbs are the wisdom of human experience and a mirror of culture, opinions, norms and lifestyles. For this purpose, the method of "descriptive, analytical" has been used to interpret the content of the proverbs that carry national identity.

Wittgenstein and set theory

AbstractWittgenstein was hostile towards set theory; see his remark in §22 of RFM II: ‘I believe and hope that a future generation will laugh at this hocus pocus’. At the same time, he says that what philosophy owes set theory is ‘tremendous’ and that this is something ‘deep’. I want to clarify these two statements and to reconcile them. The hocus‐pocus remark is mainly directed at the temptation to talk about an own world of sets, focussing on extensions and thereby forgetting the actual mathematical manoeuvres leading to them. Wittgenstein does not shy away from using set‐theoretical symbols and expressions, but he regularly deprives them of their genuine set‐theoretical character. When speaking of the ‘depth’ we encounter with regard to set theory, what he means is the depth explained in PI §111: It arises ‘through a misinterpretation of our forms of language’, and this is particularly so in set theory.

Adult Migrants’ Formal and Informal Language Learning Opportunities: Availability, Choice, and Social Integration

This study explores adult migrants’ formal and informal opportunities for learning their host country’s dominant language: specifically, the availability, accessibility, and effects of these opportunities on the migrants’ social integration. It prioritizes the migrants’ experience by reporting findings obtained from analyses of questionnaire data collected from 76 migrants in Canada, the United States, and Italy and from interview data collected from a subset of 18 of these migrants. The findings are supplemented by analyses of questionnaire data collected from 12 service providers at the same research sites. The findings show that across the three sites, adult migrants value both formal and informal learning opportunities; that in both learning contexts they prioritize the development of communicative competence, particularly speaking and listening skills; and that outside the classroom they prefer to interact with locals who do not share their home language, and find these interactions very useful in their social integration efforts. However, the findings also reveal that the migrants are not always able to choose freely to engage in the kinds of language learning opportunities that would help them meet their language learning or social integration goals because these opportunities may be unavailable, inaccessible, or insufficiently designed to meet their needs.

The Linguistic Landscape of Los Angeles Chinatowns

This paper presents a multi-level analysis of the signage in Los Angeles (LA) Chinatowns. Through a combined method of ethnographic observations, interviews and textual and visual analysis of language orthographies, the processes in which signage is designed, perceived, and interpreted are examined. A discussion of the range of interpretive readings of Chinese orthography and romanization is presented, with a focus on the relationship between the linguistic landscape and people’s language perception, and the changing social indexicalities of different linguistic variables displayed in LA Chinatowns. The paper concludes that the linguistic landscape can be taken as a form of informal language input which impacts Chinese immigrants’ language perception. Moreover, linguistic variables displayed on public signage not only contribute to the construction of the sociolinguistic context but also to the immigrants’ identity transformation.