Idioms Research Articles

Multimodal Outcomes of Early Open Extended Midline Strip Craniectomy With Bilateral Microbarrel Staving for Correction of Isolated Nonsyndromic Sagittal Synostosis.

Sagittal synostosis is the most common craniosynostosis. The aim of surgery is to preserve cognitive function and to correct the morphologic changes. In our unit, the authors offer strip craniectomy and microbarrel staving (SMB) performed at 16 to 22 weeks. This study aims to ascertain the 7-year outcome of scaphocephaly correction by SMB. The authors investigate whether the improvement in cranial index (CI) is sustained over time, and report speech and language and neurodevelopmental outcomes. All nonsyndromic patients with sagittal synostosis who underwent SMB between 2009 and 2012 were identified from a prospectively created database that recorded anthropometric measurements, quality metrics, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A total of 27 patients were analyzed. The mean CI preoperatively was 67.5% (±3.5), and at 7 years 78% (±4.8). Regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes at 7 years, SDQ responses did not highlight any concerns for social, emotional, or behavioral outcomes. The vast majority of those who completed a WASI-II assessment performed within the average ranges in terms of cognitive ability. In terms of speech and language 70% of subjects demonstrated receptive language within normal level (WNL). Seventy-seven percent of subjects demonstrated expressive language WNL. In conclusion, after 7 years of follow-up, early open extended SMB is a safe and effective method for correction of isolated nonsyndromic isolated sagittal synostosis. Across the neurodevelopmental measures and assessments, the children in the current study appeared to perform within expected ranges. Speech and language problems are more prevalent than in the general population.

The Syntactic Adaptation of English Borrowings in Contemporary French

This article explores the syntactic adaptation of English borrowings in contemporary French, focusing on how these borrowings are integrated into French grammar. Language borrowing is a natural consequence of globalization, cultural exchange, and technological advancement, with English serving as a dominant source of lexical enrichment for French. Through detailed analysis of borrowed nouns, verbs, adjectives, and idiomatic expressions, this study examines the grammatical modifications necessary for integrating English borrowings into French, including gender assignment, verb conjugation, and sentence structure. The article also highlights the challenges posed by phonetic and orthographic differences, as well as the tension between linguistic purism and natural language evolution. Drawing comparisons with other languages, such as Polish and Spanish, this comprehensive analysis provides insights into the future of English borrowings in French and the broader implications of linguistic adaptation in a globalized world.

NEUROCOGNITIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH DIGEORGE SYNDROME

BackgroundDiGeorge syndrome (DGS), the most common microdeletion syndrome, affects multiple organs, including the heart, the nervous system, and the immune system. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical, laboratory, brain MRI, and neurocognitive findings of our patients with DGS. MethodsClinical and laboratory data of fifty-two patients with DGS between June 2000- March 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. Brain MRI and neuropsychological tests were performed to assess the neurocognitive status of the patients. ResultsFifty-two patients (28 males and 24 females) were included in our study. Fifteen of them died during the follow-up. All 37 patients who are alive had partial DGS. The median age of patients was ten years and seven months, and the median age at diagnosis was five years and four months. Bilateral conduction deceleration in the anterior visual pathways in 6 (20%) of 30 patients was determined by the VEP (Visual Evoked Potentials). The auditory brainstem evoked potential test (BAEP) showed sensorineural hearing loss in 11 out of 30 (36.6%) patients. Brain MRI disclosed brain parenchymal abnormalities in 18 out of 25 (72%) patients. Impairments in executive functions, expressive language, and verbal memory were noted in 18 patients who were neuropsychologically assessed. ConclusionIt is important to keep in mind that patients with DiGeorge syndrome may be accompanied by neurocognitive findings. Awareness of the potential for underlying psychiatric and neurodevelopment disorders is key to anticipatory guidance, optimization of therapies, and maximizing life quality.

Mixed-scale cross-modal fusion network for referring image segmentation

Referring image segmentation aims to segment the target by a given language expression. Recently, the bottom-up fusion network utilizes language features to highlight the most relevant regions during the visual encoder stage. However, it is not comprehensive that establish only the relationship between pixels and words. To alleviate this problem, we propose a mixed-scale cross-modal fusion method that widens the interaction between vision and language. Specially, at each stage, pyramid pooling is used to augment visual perception and improve the interaction between visual and linguistic features, thereby highlighting relevant regions in the visual data. Additionally, we employ a simple multi-scale feature fusion module to effectively combine multi-scale aligned features. Experiments conducted on Standard RIS benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed method achieves favorable performance against state-of-the- art approaches. Moreover, we conducted experiments on different visual backbones respectively, and the proposed method yielded better and significantly improved performance results.

Linearized second law for higher curvature gravity and nonminimally coupled vector fields

Expanding the work of Wall [], we show that black holes obey a second law for linear perturbations to bifurcate Killing horizons, in any covariant higher curvature gravity coupled to scalar and vector fields. The vector fields do not need to be gauged, and (like the scalars) can have arbitrary nonminimal couplings to the metric. The increasing entropy has a natural expression in covariant phase space language, which makes it manifestly invariant under Jacobson-Kang-Myers ambiguities. An explicit entropy formula is given for f(Riemann) gravity coupled to vectors, where at most one derivative acts on each vector. Besides the previously known curvature terms, there are three extra terms involving differentiating the Lagrangian by the symmetric vector derivative (which therefore vanish for gauge fields). Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Augmenting Clinical Insights with Computing: How TalkBank has Impacted Assessment and Treatment of Speech and Language Disorders

Our purpose is to highlight the contributions of TalkBank initiatives to improved understanding of clinical impairments in adult and child speakers and examine remaining challenges and proposed solutions.We review the origins and development of TalkBank initiatives that have targeted a wide array of typical and atypical child and adult populations. In particular, we discuss how such sets of data have given rise to evaluation and validation of traditional measures used to appraise spoken language performance. The durable contributions of AphasiaBank and CHILDES archives are already evident in a body of published research that has re-evaluated, refined and reconceptualized how we evaluate and set therapeutic goals for speakers with expressive speech and language impairments. More recent archival initiatives, such as PhonBank and FluencyBank, are also making impacts. Beyond improvements in basic and applied science in communication development and disorders, archival data are also being used to test and improve accessibility for communicatively impaired speakers. TalkBank has transformed how research in communication disorders is conducted. It no longer relies on small, unshared research ventures that enable limited clinical impact or follow-up research inquiries. Rather, it has enabled large-scale, more generalizable research more likely to spur further research and enable more rapid translation to clinical practice.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment in Craniofacial Microsomia

BackgroundWhile ear anomalies and hearing impairment are common in patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM), their prevalence, characteristics, and relationship to speech-language development remain unclear. PurposeThis study analyzed the prevalence and risk factors for hearing impairment in patients with CFM. Study Design, Setting, SampleThis retrospective cohort study included patients with unilateral or bilateral CFM from a single center between January 1980 and July 2023 who had evidence of a hearing assessment at <18 years. Exclusion criteria were inconclusive CFM diagnosis by clinical examination and/or radiographs or incomplete medical records. Predictor VariablesThe predictor variables included presence or absence of cleft lip and/or palate, laterality of CFM, and external ear and mandibular anomaly scores measured using the Orbit, Mandible, Ear, Nerve, and Soft Tissue (OMENS) and Pruzansky-Kaban classifications. Main Outcome VariablesPrimary outcome variable was hearing impairment, measured through air and bone conduction audiometry and categorized by type, severity, and side. Secondary outcome variable was speech-language delay, evaluated through assessments of expressive and receptive language skills, vocabulary, speech intelligibility, general articulation, and phonological speech. CovariatesThe covariates included sex and age at first hearing assessment. AnalysesLogistic regression models were used to analyze the effect of predictors on outcomes. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe sample included 213 patients (61.5% male). Hearing assessments were performed at a mean age of 4.6 ± 4.8 years. Hearing impairment was found in 183 (85.9%) and was predominantly conductive (n=130, 91.5%). Of subjects with hearing impairment, 158 (86.3%) had external ear anomalies (P<0.001). In patients with unilateral CFM, 38 (21.8%) had bilateral hearing loss and 9 (5.2%) had contralateral-only hearing loss. Both M3 and E3 scores were associated with the presence and severity of hearing loss (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). There was no significant association between hearing impairment and speech-language development (P>0.05). Conclusion and RelevanceAlthough the severity of mandibular and external ear anomalies was significantly associated with the prevalence and severity of hearing loss, clinicians should remain alert for concomitant or isolated contralateral hearing loss, given the high prevalence of hearing loss in ears without ipsilateral facial involvement or external abnormalities.

Inherited PURA Pathogenic Variant Associated With a Mild Neurodevelopmental Disorder.

Purine-rich element-binding protein alpha (PURA) regulates gene expression and is ubiquitously expressed with an enrichment in neural tissues. Pathogenic variants in PURA cause the neurodevelopmental disorder PURA syndrome that has a variable phenotype but typically comprises moderate-to-severe global developmental delay, intellectual disability, early-onset hypotonia and hypothermia, epilepsy, feeding difficulties, movement disorders, and subtle facial dysmorphism. Speech is reportedly absent in most, but the specific linguistic phenotype is not well described. We used genome sequencing to identify a pathogenic gene variant as part of a study of children ascertained for severe primary speech disorder in the absence of moderate or severe ID. The novel PURA c.296G>T (p.Arg99Leu) pathogenic missense variant segregated in the female proband and her affected mother. The proband had dysarthria; phonological disorder; and severe receptive and expressive language impairment, borderline intellect, attention difficulties, oropharyngeal dysmotility, and dysmorphic facial features. Her mother had dysarthria, moderate receptive language impairment, and borderline intellect. Both the proband and her mother completed mainstream schooling with classroom support. This is the first inherited PURA pathogenic germline variant in over 600 unrelated families documented on ClinVar or reported in the literature. PURA testing should be considered in families with primary speech disorder and borderline intellectual disability, given the specific genetic counseling implications.

Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant (Gestational Age of 29 Weeks) With Kabuki Syndrome Type I: Case Report and Literature Review.

This paper aimed to investigate the clinical phenotype of Kabuki syndrome (KS) in premature infants. This paper presents a case of an extremely low birth weight infant (gestational age 29 weeks) with KS1 caused by a variant in the KMT2D gene. The clinical, pathological, and differential diagnostic findings were comprehensively analyzed. A thorough literature review was also performed to enhance the understanding of KS, revealing its unique features and prognostic significance. The infant was a male with a gestational age of 29 weeks and a birth weight of 850 g. He had intrauterine growth retardation, characterized by cleft palate, sacrococcygeal skin depressions, and recurrent metabolic acidosis. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the c.4267C > T (p.Arg1423Cys) variant in the KMT2D gene, which was absent in his parents. The patient was discharged after 67 days of treatment, and he was followed up to 19 months of corrected gestational age, with growth retardation and expression language delay. Ten previous studies on preterm infants were retrieved, with 10 preterm infants. They all had characteristic facial features, such as long blepharophimosis, sparse and lateral 1/3 eyebrows, and large and prominent/cupped ears. Other manifestations were extrauterine growth delay (7/10), abnormal development of the cardiovascular system (7/10), abnormal development of the nervous system (5/10), and cleft palate (2/10). Kabuki syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder involving multiple organs and systems. Genetic assessment for preterm infants with congenital abnormalities is recommended.

DNA methylation signatures of prenatal socioeconomic position associated with 36-month language outcomes

BackgroundSocioeconomic position (SEP), which reflects one’s position in society and access to resources, is strongly tied to neurodevelopment and is associated with epigenetic changes. AIM: This study examined whether DNA methylation signatures of prenatal SEP, measured in birth samples, are associated with child neurodevelopmental outcomes at 36 months of age. METHODS: Prenatal SEP DNA methylation scores were derived using 97 placenta and 127 cord blood biospecimens in the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation cohort. Participants completed the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) at 36 months of age. Generalized regression analyses, adjusting for maternal age and race, were performed to test the association between SEP methylation score, for each birth biospecimen type, and MSEL and VABS scores. RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between placenta SEP methylation score and MSEL Expressive Language outcomes (beta = −2.7, p = 0.046, 95 % CI [- 5.43, −0.05]) and Receptive Language outcomes (beta = −2.5, p = 0.037, 95 % CI [-4.82, −0.16]). In cord blood, methylation-SEP scores were significantly associated with Receptive Language outcomes (beta = −2.0, p = 0.037, 95 % CI [-3.85, −0.12]). No significant associations were observed with VABS scores. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm associations between prenatal SEP and early childhood language development using a novel empiric DNA methylation measure of exposure

CONTEXTUAL DISTANCE TEACHING TO IMPROVE TOURIST DRIVERS' ENGLISH LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Contextual Distance Teaching (CDT) in improving driver’s English language expression and enhancing motivation, while also evaluating its significant influence on their English proficiency. Utilizing an action research approach conducted via the WhatsApp online platform, this study engaged 10 tourist drivers associated with the Bali Transport group, aged between 22 and 50. The study comprised two cycles, each consisting of three sessions. Data collection involved administering tests and questionnaires, including pretest, post-test 1, and post-test 2. Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. The initial findings indicate that CDT effectively enhances the language expression of drivers in service-related contexts. The average pretest score, initially categorized as "poor" at 39, improved to 65 in post-test 1 and further increased to 75.8 in post-test 2, now categorized as "fair.", The main score of the questionnaire was 4.4 of 0-5 Likert scale implying the drivers had positive motivation and perception on the strategy apllied. The second statistic finding indicated a significant difference in the mean between the pre-test (Sig. and the post-test 1 (0.000 &lt; 0.05) and post-test 2 (0.000 &lt; 0.05). This study suggests that the implementation of CBT has a positive influence on reducing the number of language expression errors made by drivers as adult learners, leading to better English proficiency.

A Contrastive Analysis between English Idioms and Their Indonesian Equivalents in the Book Tintin in America by Herge (1932)

This study focuses on employing a descriptive and qualitative research approach. The objective of this research is to discern similarities, differences, predictions of translating problems based on similarities and differences between English Idioms and their Indonesian equivalents. The analysis focuses on the book Tintin in America by Herge (1932). The results indicated the presence of 55 English idioms which consisted of 22 verbal idioms, 12 informal idioms, 5 idioms containing special keywords, 4 idioms related to specific themes, and 12 idiomatic pairs. Regarding the similarities and differences, within the Verbal Idiom category, researchers observed that there was 0 similarity between the 55 English Idioms and their Indonesian counterparts, and there were 55 differences between the 55 English Idioms and their Indonesian counterparts. Based on the differences, Indonesian learners may face problems when translating informal idioms, idioms containing special keywords, idioms related to specific themes, and idiomatic pairs. Within informal idioms, the Indonesian learners may make a mistake by translating, for example, It looks pretty phoney to me into *Bagi saya itu terlihat sangat palsu, instead of the better one Mencurigakan sekali. This is because the English expression is idiomatic, while its Indonesian equivalent is non-idiomatic. A word-by-word or literal translation is probably made due to the difference. The case may also happen when the Indonesian learners are translating idioms containing special keywords, idioms related to specific themes, and idiomatic pairs, for example: the English expression Good gracious! into the Indonesian equivalent *Baik hati, instead of the better one Astaga!; the English expression Glad to be back on my feet again into the Indonesian equivalent *Senang bisa kembali dengan kaki saya lagi, instead or the better one Senang sudah bisa jalan lagi; and the English expression The whole bunch of cut-throats into the Indonesian equivalent *Sejumlah pemotong tenggorokan, instead of the better one Semua bandit yang ada disini

Genotype-phenotype correlations in 294 pediatric patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by bone fragility with extraskeletal manifestations mostly due to COL1A1 and COL1A2 variants. Currently, 23 genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OI; however, literature on genotype-phenotype correlation and incidence of non-skeletal clinical features are limited. This study aims to identify genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with OI, allowing clinicians to better inform families of prognosis, optimize patient care, and facilitate evidence-based clinical decision-making. We retrospectively reviewed 294 patients with OI to collect demographic data, clinical characteristics, and genotypic information. Patients were stratified by COL1A1/1A2 vs non-COL1A1/1A2 variants to evaluate differences in phenotype. The majority of OI was due to variants in COL1A1/1A2 (91%), with the remaining 9% due to non-COL1A1/1A2 variants. Most patients in the COL1A1/2 group were White compared to the non-COL1A1/2 group (78% vs 50%; p = 0.004). COL1A/1A2 patients had higher incidence of blue sclerae (83% vs 58%, p = 0.002), dentinogenesis imperfecta (49% vs 15%, p < 0.001), and family history of OI (34% vs 12%, p = 0.03). Those in the non-COL1A1/1A2 group have higher rates of scoliosis compared to those in the COL1A1/1A2 group (62% vs 40%, p = 0.04), as well as higher rates of expressive language disorder/delay (15% vs 0.4% in non-COL1A1/1A2 and COL1A1/1A2 patients, respectively; p < 0.001). Identifying the underlying molecular etiology early is imperative for optimal clinical care, allowing for appropriate risk counseling, identification of affected relatives, and improved anticipatory care and management. These data support that rare subtypes of OI occur more frequently in non-White individuals and demonstrated genetic associations with incidence of blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta, scoliosis, and expressive language disorders.

Electroencephalographic changes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in children who experience delayed language development. This work aimed to study electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in children with ADHD and establish a strategy for prompt identification and suitable management in the future.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 children aged between 5 and 12 years old, both sexes, diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-V Criteria, diagnosed as ADHD children with the Arabic version of Conner’s Parent Rating Scale. Psychometric evaluation by intelligence quotient (IQ) using Stanford Binet Intelligence test. The Receptive Expressive Arabic Language Scale was used to assess language profile.ResultsThere was a significant negative correlation between the severity of ADHD and IQ scores. There was an insignificant negative correlation between ADHD and scaled receptive language score and scaled expressive language score. There was an insignificant positive correlation between ADHD and scaled expressive language score. There was a significant difference between EEG changes and combined subtype of ADHD and scaled score of receptive language (P < 0.05). There was an insignificant difference between (EEG changes and language development), the scaled score of expressive, total language, and the scaled score of language.ConclusionsEEG has clinical utility in the diagnosis of ADHD. The results of EEG analysis in children with ADHD have been quite important, and this novel methodology could offer supplementary factors to strengthen its diagnostic impact.

녹차 가공 과자류의 제품명 연구

This study was to analyze the product name of the green tea processed confectionery and identify the characteristics reflected in those names, thereby providing insights necessary for developing such product names. For this purpose, this study collected data on 427 confectionery items with product names containing ‘green tea’ by searching the processed food database on the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety website from June 1 to June 16, 2024. The main research findings from the collected data analysis are as follows. First, the structural characteristics of confectionery product names included the prevalence of combinations of Sino-Korean words and loanwords, the use of neologisms or native words, and the need for improvement in foreign language expressions. Second, the semantic characteristics of the product names revealed the rise of foreign-style baked goods, the application of diversified confectionery ingredients, and the emergence of high-protein and vegan confectionery. In conclusion, green tea processed confectionery products should be named carefully compared to other products, as their names play a crucial role in conveying a healthy image and influencing consumer choice.

LINGUISTIC EXPLORATION OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN RATATOUILLE

This study examines the idiomatic expressions present in the movie Ratatouille. Idioms are fascinating aspects of language that add depth and color to our communication. They are expressions or phrases with a figurative meaning that differ from their literal interpretation. The purpose of using idioms in communication is to enhance the interest of the listener or reader. The author applies semantics theory to analyze idiomatic expressions in the movie Ratatouille in this study. The methodology systematically identifies and categorises idiomatic expressions into (McCarthy &amp; O’Dell, 2010) seven categories: similes, binomials, trinomials, proverbs, clichés, euphemisms, and fixed statements. The selection of the movie Ratatouille was based on its suitability for all audiences, particularly children, and its numerous idiomatic expressions. The study aims to analyze these expressions to avoid confusion. This study employs a descriptive-qualitative methodology to conduct qualitative research. The subject of this research is a movie entitled Ratatouille. This analysis provides insight into Ratatouille as a fascinating linguistic expression element that enriches and complicates human communication. The data consisted of various scenes from the movie Ratatouille, which included idiomatic expressions spoken by the characters. In order to draw meaningful conclusions from the data analysis, it was necessary to classify and categorize the data systematically. Furthermore, the fixed statement is the most used type of idiomatic expression. On the other hand, the cliché idiom is the least-used type of idiomatic expression found in the Ratatouille movie. In addition, the study revealed that incorporating idiomatic expressions in Ratatouille enhanced the narrative with depth and richness and offered the audience a distinctive cultural context. The fixed statements, like "anyone can cook," profoundly conveyed the movie's themes of ambition and defying societal expectations. Moreover, the fixed statement "anyone can cook" became a notable catchphrase from the movie, representing the idea that cooking is not limited to a certain group of individuals but rather a skill that anyone with passion and determination can acquire. In contrast, the cliché idioms, while less frequently used, still added a touch of familiarity and relatability to the characters, making their dialogue more believable and realistic. The presence of idiomatic expressions showcased the attention to detail in the film's writing, engaging with audiences and making Ratatouille a memorable experience.

Measurement of emerging neurocognitive and language skills in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study

The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. The study plans enrolling over 7000 families across 27 sites. This manuscript presents the measures from the Neurocognition and Language Workgroup. Constructs were selected for their importance in normative development, evidence for altered trajectories associated with environmental influences, and predictive validity for child outcomes. Evaluation of measures considered psychometric properties, brevity, and developmental and cultural appropriateness. Both performance measures and caregiver report were used wherever possible. A balance of norm-referenced global measures of development (e.g., Bayley Scales of Infant Development-4) and more specific laboratory measures (e.g., deferred imitation) are included in the HBCD study battery. Domains of assessment include sensory processing, visual-spatial reasoning, expressive and receptive language, executive function, memory, numeracy, adaptive behavior, and neuromotor. Strategies for staff training and quality control procedures, as well as anticipated measures to be added as the cohort ages, are reviewed. The HBCD study presents a unique opportunity to examine early brain and neurodevelopment in young children through a lens that accounts for prenatal exposures, health and socio-economic disparities.

Study of the Effect of ChatGpt on the Development of Research Capacity of Higher Education Students

As a relatively mature generative AI technology, ChatGPT's application in education and scientific research has attracted wide attention. This paper investigates the current situation of ChatGPT use among college students and the impact of ChatGPT on their scientific research capabilities and analyzes that the current application effect of ChatGPT in learning is relatively positive, but there are still problems such as inaccurate and insufficient quality of the generated text. At the same time, ChatGPT is of great help to college students in terms of perception ability, language comprehension ability, language expression ability, data collection ability, and knowledge construction ability, but it is not significantly helpful for the improvement of students' teamwork ability, problem discovery ability, innovative thinking ability, and innovative practice ability. Given the current problems in the use of ChatGPT and the challenges it brings to the development of students' scientific research ability, this article provides corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from multiple perspectives.

CPMKG: a condition-based knowledge graph for precision medicine.

Personalized medicine tailors treatments and dosages based on a patient's unique characteristics, particularly its genetic profile. Over the decades, stratified research and clinical trials have uncovered crucial drug-related information-such as dosage, effectiveness, and side effects-affecting specific individuals with particular genetic backgrounds. This genetic-specific knowledge, characterized by complex multirelationships and conditions, cannot be adequately represented or stored in conventional knowledge systems. To address these challenges, we developed CPMKG, a condition-based platform that enables comprehensive knowledge representation. Through information extraction and meticulous curation, we compiled 307 614 knowledge entries, encompassing thousands of drugs, diseases, phenotypes (complications/side effects), genes, and genomic variations across four key categories: drug side effects, drug sensitivity, drug mechanisms, and drug indications. CPMKG facilitates drug-centric exploration and enables condition-based multiknowledge inference, accelerating knowledge discovery through three pivotal applications. To enhance user experience, we seamlessly integrated a sophisticated large language model that provides textual interpretations for each subgraph, bridging the gap between structured graphs and language expressions. With its comprehensive knowledge graph and user-centric applications, CPMKG serves as a valuable resource for clinical research, offering drug information tailored to personalized genetic profiles, syndromes, and phenotypes. Database URL: https://www.biosino.org/cpmkg/.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on infants' development: analyzing the results of developmental assessments at ages 10-11 and 18-24 months.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant development. The study investigated the development of infants at 10-11 months of age between 2020 and 2023 by using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development-2020 (KSPD2020), an individualized developmental scale, and the Kinder Infant Developmental Scale (KIDS), a developmental questionnaire. We compared the results of the KSPD2020 with those of a pre-pandemic developmental research and compared the developmental age (DA) of KIDS with children's chronological age (CA). Moreover, the same developmental research was conducted again on the same children at 18-24 months of age. DA for receptive language and expressive language was lower in the KIDS compared to CA in the investigation at 10-11 months. However, in the investigation at 18-24 months, there were no areas where KIDS' DA was lower than CA, and DA in the areas of manipulation, receptive language, social relationship with adults, discipline, and eating was higher than CA. On the other hand, using the KSPD2020, there were no differences when compared to pre-pandemic data in the investigation at 10-11 months. Furthermore, the investigation at 18-24 months showed that developmental quotient (DQ) was lower in the Language-Social (L-S) areas than in the investigation at 10-11 months. The lower DQ of L-S in this study was also evident in comparison to the 18-24 months pre-pandemic data. These results suggested that to investigate the medium- and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's development, it is necessary to use not only parent-filled questionnaires but also individualized developmental scales. In addition, the finding that results may differ depending on the method of developmental assessment is considered important not only for developmental researchers but also for professionals involved in supporting children's development.