Elements Of Language Research Articles

Comparison of Judgment Document Information Between China and Russia Based on Corpus

The study of legal comparisons has become particularly important as the number of foreign-related legal disputes has increased dramatically with the growing number of cross-border trade. This study discovers the differences and similarities between Chinese and Russian judgment documents and provides a linguistic basis for the academic theoretical researches and the call for linguists to enter the courtrooms by establishing a corpus of Chinese and Russian judgement documents, quantifying and analysing the Chinese and Russian judgement documents based on the Legal Discourse Information Theory. It can be found that the macro-structure of civil ruling documents is clearer but does not provide more micro-information. By adding language elements, it can be seen that there are more information points and information components in Russian criminal judgment documents. The information points in Chinese civil judgment documents are more concentrated than in Russian civil judgment documents, while they are more similar in terms of the proportion and type of information components.

Discourse-related expletives: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Recent research has highlighted the existence of expletive(-like) elements in various languages that are related to discourse, serving as fillers for designated topic/focus positions and/or contributing specific discourse–pragmatic effects. Such elements pose a number of challenges and opportunities, both for our overall conception of expletives and for our understanding of the syntax–discourse interface, although work in this area to date has mainly focused on the phenomenon in individual varieties. In this study, we critically survey the current state-of-the art on this topic and discuss four main areas where we see particular challenges and opportunities for research: (i) categories and definitions, (ii) typological correlations, (iii) theoretical modelling and (iv) language change. Overall, this article brings together a broad array of empirical findings and theoretical approaches on the phenomenon of discourse-related expletives and highlights the many avenues for future work in this area.

Code-switching in South Asian English CMC

Abstract This paper analyses the use of indigenous language elements including code-switching in two contrasting genres, i.e. group chats and Twitter memes along with tweets, in the English communication of South Asian (Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan) internet users. The results from group chats show that one of the most common lexical indigenous elements are tags, for example, address forms like yaar, machan, and da which all can be translated to English as ‘dude’ or ‘buddy’. The analysis of Twitter memes along with tweets shows that despite the tweet text being in English, the South Asian users tend to employ memes with indigenous text more often as compared to English memes for political satire. Overall, the study finds that code-switching and indigenous resources are used to create a sense of localness in English communication, whether it is group chats or Twitter memes and tweets.

Вклад Н.И. Воробьева в районирование этнографических групп чувашей (по данным этнографии)

N.I. Vorobyev made a great contribution to the comparative study of the history of settlement and traditional culture of the ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, their interethnic interaction with the contacted ethnoses. He identified three ethnographic complexes based on the features, both those that had archaic signs and newly formed ones. Regarding the history of the formation of ethnographic groups, the researcher argued that the population of the north-east of the Chuvash Volga region perceived more southern Turkic influences in their everyday life, began to differ in language and way of life from the north-western population, although they retained commonality with it in the main elements of language, culture and lifestyle. His conclusion that the main ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, as he considered the upper Viryal and lower Anatri, were finally formed during the 15th century in the northern regions of Chuvashia as a result of the rapprochement of the indigenous population of these areas with newcomers from the south, cannot be considered justified. The work of ethnographic expeditions in the Chuvash regions in the late 1940s and early 1950s, she showed that the archaic complex was most characteristic of the costume of the middle-aged Chuvash Anat enchi, although N.I. Vorobyev considered them an average or mixed ethnographic group. In general, he represented that group as part of the Anatri, who changed their way of life under the influence of borrowing from the Tatars. The author’s team, under the guidance of the scholar, developed in detail the classification of the Chuvash into groups and subgroups based on folk costume. N.I. Vorobyev for the first time identified three subgroups as part of anatri. The border zone between Anatri and anat yenchi, which was not clearly defined by its predecessors, in particular G.I. Komissarov, N.I. Vorobyev, was also not resolved. The riding costume was formed as a result of interaction with the mountain Mari people, although many features that unite it primarily with the anat Enchi costume were not replaced in it. The authors emphasise that the striking external differences that were recorded in the riding Chuvash northwestern subgroups and grassroots chuvashki hirti. They did not violate the common cultural community of the Chuvash people. It should be noted that the task of a more detailed substantiation of cultural and linguistic areas at the level of subgroups within the ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, divided into four subgroups in the upper zone and three in the middle and lower ones, unresolved by the expeditions of the late 1940s – early 1950s, remains relevant.

Lexical field theory: Key concepts and contemporary approaches

ABSTRACT The article aims to discuss the ideas and principles of Trier’s theory of lexical field and to demonstrate how the concept of field can be fruitfully employed outside of the domain of lexicology. The first part of the article deals with Trier’s main idea that no lexical-semantic element can be considered outside of its systemic relations: a given element (word) can be ascribed a certain significance only depending on the place it occupies in some system called a lexical field (Wortfeld). The second part of the article demonstrates how the field principle can be applied to the analysis of grammatical categories using the ‘functional-semantic field’ approach and the analysis of communicative behaviour using the ‘communicative-pragmatic field’ approach. The former helps to reveal and systematize sets of language elements of a specific language with respect to the coding of a certain categorial function. The latter makes it possible to summarize different possibilities for the realization of speech behaviour patterns and to rank them according to the degree of their usage frequency. These two cases prove that the field concept can be used to solve issues that are deemed unsolvable if one applies the framework of the traditional level-oriented linguistic analysis.

Re-visiting copyright: is there a way to tackle selective enforcement and non-contextual algorithmic takedowns? A discussion through the lens of internet meme culture

ABSTRACT Internet memes, a bourgeoning form of communication, resemble accessory elements of language. However, internet memes are conceptually complex. Their collective re-creative process relies heavily on copying underlying works, usually without asking for prior-permission from their rightsholders. Internet memes challenge core copyright assumptions on reasons of re-creation and modes of exploitation. Without a fundamental rethink of this mismatch, internet meme culture may be threatened. Going forward, copyright reforms should be holistic and distinguish between traditional and newer forms of re-creative processes. This article proposes that existing copyright can be flexibly interpreted to limit private property rights of underlying works and meme variations when they are used as internet memes, so as to facilitate their adaptation and support socio-cultural discourse. This article proposes a two-step holistic interpretation: copyright can conceptualise and confer limited rights for underlying works and meme variations when they are copied and re-used as internet memes. Copyright can also conceptualise a narrower scope of property rights by flexibly interpreting a combination of fundamental notions, including joint authorship, fair dealing, idea-expression, or user rights. This holistic approach sits comfortably with user-creators and their blurry cultural production-consumption patterns, alongside their nuanced (non)economic use of internet memes.

The Use Of Language That Creates Intent In Riddles Consequential From Social Variation In Tanzania

This article has examined how the aspect of language use creates intent in the riddles arising from social change in Tanzania. The primary data used in the analysis, discussion and presented in this article were found in the library by the method of careful reading. The target selection technique was used to find selected riddles by referring to the specific objective of the article aimed at investigating how the use of language creates intent in riddles resulting from social change. A review of the documents used to verify the primary data was obtained through electronic and library methods. The results of the study are presented in a descriptive manner. The analysis and discussion of the data presented was guided by the theory of New Historism. The results of the study show that there is a specific relationship between the elements of language in building the objectives that are linked to the changes that occur in society. The use of language elements has focused on the issue of context, time and the needs of society in designing a language that depicts the real situation in society. Also, the selected genre has given us a Figurative language that it is a solid link in building the foundations for understanding cultural change and the development of science and technology as an important tool in designing the mission and language of riddles that review those changes. This article recommends that more research be done to examine the role of riddles arising from social change in building sustainable foundations to maintain and strengthen traditional ideologies and philosophies in this country.

Языковое планирование в Японии с середины XIX до начала XXI века

The article examines language planning in Japan from the second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century. It analyzes changes in the linguistic situation, identifies the key actors of language planning, as well as legislative acts of the Japanese government that turned various elements of language planning into an organized system of state policy. Special attention is focused on the Meiji era and language reforms after World War II, when changes to the Japanese language were stimulated by powerful popular movements. At other times, as well as at present, language planning has been under strict control of the Japanese government and has been primarily limited to its language policy. Additionally, the article provides a brief overview of language planning and policy issues in Japan on occupied territories during World War II. It also highlights the key features of the contemporary linguistic situation and the current tasks of language policy and planning in Japan in the XXI century.

From nominal source to demonstrative: a case of grammaticalization in Standard Arabic

Abstract There is a debate concerning the history of demonstratives. Are they primitive or grammaticalized elements in languages? Moreover, notwithstanding the relevance of demonstratives to NP, nominals are not regarded as a potential source of grammaticalized demonstratives. The present study, based on synchronic observations, argues that the proximal demonstratives ða ‘this’ and ʔulaaʔ ‘these’, which constitute the nucleus of the demonstrative system of Standard Arabic, are grammaticalized elements. It also offers a new grammaticalization pathway and a new source of demonstratives. Arabic proximal demonstratives evolve from possessive adjectives, which are themselves grammaticalized from nominals that mean ‘oneself’ and ‘companion’. The motive underpinning this pathway is that the lexical sources and the grammaticalized elements share the property of being egocentric. Concerning medial and distal demonstratives, two further stages of grammaticalization occur: (1) the phonological derivation of two medial demonstratives from their corresponding proximal demonstratives and (2) the phonological derivation of two distal demonstratives from their corresponding medial demonstratives. The extended grammaticalization pathway is as follows: nominals that mean ‘self’ and ‘companion’ > possessive adjectives > proximal demonstratives > medial > distal. This pathway implies that the source of demonstratives may comprise more than one lexical word; however, they are meaningfully related, and their grammaticalization pathway towards forming the demonstrative system of Standard Arabic applies uniformly.

Intertwining worlds: The dynamics of linguistic religion and religious language

Linguists and scholars in Iran have overlooked the interaction between language and religion. The correlation between language and religion is substantial among individuals. This study aims to determine whether language serves religion or if there is a distinct category known as religious language. The purpose of this study is to explore further and analyze various perspectives on the relationship between language and religion. We devised a fundamental structure of conversation guidelines based on the works "Religious Language" by Peter Donovan and "Religion and the Making of Society" by Charles Davis. This study examines the argumentation topic through three primary points. The first portion of the text provides a concise overview of the essential information regarding the epistemological and ontological elements of language and religion. A comprehensive analysis of many papers and books has been conducted to extract diverse viewpoints on the interplay between language and religion. The disparities in this region were elucidated by describing both the real and fictitious aspects, as well as the meaningful and meaningless distinctions. The subsequent part explores several tactics employed in theological texts and religious languages and their influence on the dissemination of religious ideology. The primary contention in this part revolves around the capacity of religious language to incite and evoke emotions in individuals. The final section of the paper examines the objectives and intentions of religious declarations and texts by analyzing their discourses using Van Dijk's framework of ideological discourse analysis.

METADISCOURSE MARKERS IN INTRODUCTION SECTION OF MASTER THESES IN ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF BENGKULU

Metadiscourse refers to the language elements that writers or speakers use to organize, guide, and comment on their text, helping readers understand the structure and connect ideas. This study investigates the critical role of metadiscourse markers in the introduction sections of master's theses, focusing on how these markers enhance clarity and organization, making the text more accessible and engaging. The research aimed to analyze the types and frequencies of both interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in the introductions of theses by students in the English Education Study Program at Bengkulu University. A mixed-methods approach was employed to analyze 30 introduction sections. The findings show that writers predominantly use interactive markers, especially transitions (70.7%), evidentials (11.7%), and frame markers (8.3%), more than interactional markers like hedges (52.2%) and engagement markers (24.8%). The frequent use of transition markers suggests a focus on guiding readers through the text rather than direct engagement. These results underscore the importance of metadiscourse markers in creating a well-structured and persuasive introduction. Mastering these markers can significantly enhance the quality of academic writing. Future research could extend this analysis to other thesis sections or different academic contexts.

Investigating Teachers' and Students’ Evaluation of the Textbook English for Iraq for First and Second Grades of High School Based on Litz's Checklist

The present study investigates Iraqi teachers’ and students’ evaluation of the textbook English for Iraq for first and second grades of high school based on Litz's checklist using a descriptive qualitative method. The sample of this study was 2textbook books entitled “English for Iraq for 1st Intermediate” and “English for Iraq for 2nd Intermediate”. The research data was collected from the Evaluation checklist of experts consisting of 5 Points in evaluation textbooks. The results of the evaluation of the two books have mostly met the standards of a decent book based on the criteria of Litz in terms of objectives, layout&design, methodology, skills, elements of language. This study also intended to examine EFL teachers’ and students’ points of view on these two textbooks. The participants were 70 first and second-grade intermediate school students and 30 EFL teachers who chose from various intermediate schools in Wasit province. The researcher designed two questionnaires to evaluate these textbooks. The examinations uncovered that EFL teachers were to some extent happy with the “English for Iraq textbook series”; Not with standing, EFL students were fairly impartial. The evaluation also indicated that the English for Iraq textbook meets the CLT educational plan's points and targets in introducing the exercises and activities through legitimate texts (fiction and nonfiction) that are connected with genuine circumstances. The findings of this work may hold any importance with Iraqi EFL teachers, materials designers, and the partners engaged with the materials readiness Departments of the Iraqi Ministry of General Education.

Exploring the Cultural Dimensions of Translation: A Critical Analysis of Snell-Hornby's Approach

This paper analyzes Mary Snell-Hornby's seminal theoretical framework for understanding translation as an inherently cultural process. Snell-Hornby was pioneering in establishing that translation requires navigating differences in worldviews and cultural competence. Key concepts explored are culture-bound language elements, the role of expertise, and translation studies' interdisciplinarity. Practical linguistic and textual challenges posed by cultural variation are examined, along with proposed strategies for references and idioms. Case studies reveal cultural influences on translation processes and outcomes. A critical evaluation identifies strengths like emphasizing culture's centrality, and limitations addressed in later frameworks. Potential areas for further research building on Snell-Hornby's foundations are identifying, such as localized case studies, evolving digital implications, and refinement of guidance. Overall, Snell-Hornby established culture as integral to conceptualizing translation's complexities, with implications for both theory development and stewardship of cross-cultural exchange.

The language and motivations of expertise in political discourse

The study aims to explore how language elements of specialised and political communication are represented in parliamentary discourse. Within the ParlaMint corpus, we examine Hungarian parliamentary speeches between 2020 and 2022 on the ‘KATA’ (specific tax of small taxpayer businesses). The specialised terms, terms used in standard language, sentiment and attitude values are analysed. Results show that there is a significant difference in term use and the sentence sentiments between the different discourse participants (policy actors, opposition, governing party). There are only a few emotionless speeches, and no large differences in the proportion of terms and emotions are observed. The results can be relevant for studies on populist communication, the relationship between technocracy and democracy, and the methodological aspects of computer-assisted discourse analysis. The paper also outlines future orientations for research, including extended thematic analysis and investigation of contextual shifts in the actual meaning of terms within political discourse.

ЛИНГВОПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ МЕДИАТЕКСТА

The study delves into the linguopragmatic aspects of media texts, emphasizing their significance in shaping public opinion and cultural norms. Media texts are dynamic communication forms that convey messages within specific media formats and genres, necessitating precise semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic accuracy. This article explores key approaches to the linguopragmatic analysis of media texts, identifying their unique characteristics and practical applications. The methods employed include linguistic analysis, discourse analysis, cognitive analysis, and psycholinguistic analysis, aimed at uncovering the interaction between language elements and social contexts. The findings highlight the importance of headlines, rhetorical devices, and interactive elements in engaging audiences and enhancing the pragmatic effect of media texts. The study also underscores the emotional and cognitive impact of media texts on audiences, influencing their perceptions and behaviors. Future research may focus on detailed analysis of specific media text types and their interaction with diverse social and cultural contexts.

Exploring Codes Mixing of Arabic Language at Islamic Boarding School: A Study on Students’ Daily Communication

This study examines code-mixing phenomena in the oral Arabic communication of students at An-Nur Tangkit Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. Given the relatively recent introduction of Arabic as a foreign language, students often incorporate Indonesian elements into their speech. Through qualitative field research involving observation and interviews, this study investigates the specific forms of code-mixing employed by students and teachers. The analysis reveals three primary language elements in code-mixing: individual words, phrases, and clauses. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the linguistic practices and challenges faced by learners of Arabic in Indonesian educational settings.

Romances by Alexei Stârcea on the lyrics of Anatol Gujel: imaginary structure, musical language, interpretative tasks

Romances of Alexei Stârcea written on the lyrics of Anatol Gujel, are analyzed from the point of view of poetic content, the interaction of the music with the literary text, musical language, and vocal performance. The theme of the romances Noaptea pe lac, Iluzii and Te aștept is associated with love lyrics, which in the poetry of A. Gujel is closely related to images of nature. The romance Struguri de Moldova glorifies the beauty of the native land. All the four romances were written by A. Stârcea in the second period of his activity (1957–1968) and reflect some features specific to this decade, such as the interest in the work of Moldovan poets, the in-depth development of national themes, the reflection of folklore elements in the musical language, the emergence of a genre symbiosis of romances and songs, the further researches in the field of vocal expressiveness, the dialogic interaction between the vocal and piano parts.

Homonym in Chinese Advertising Slogan from A Semantic Perspective

The opposition and unity of sound, meaning, and form constitute the three elements of language, that is, each language symbol contains three aspects: sound, meaning, and form. Due to the arbitrariness of language and certain contradiction caused by "less sound, fewer forms, and more meaning", the relationship between these elements in the language system is not one-to-one, leading to the phenomenon of polysemy and homonym in languages. Ambiguity is a common linguistic phenomenon that exists in both ancient and modern languages, both locally and across languages. It is a special relationship between language structure and meaning. Linguists believe that the phenomenon of ambiguity in the meaning of a word or sentence, or the existence of two or more interpretations for one expression, is called linguistic ambiguity. In this theoretical context, homonym is a type of lexical ambiguity widely used in modern advertising. The present study attempts to analyze the linguistic significance of homophones in advertisements through specific examples, so that people can better understand the wit, humor, and richness of languages, while paying attention to its impact on language development and adolescents. Through these measures, it can be expected that more benefits and less harm will be achieved in the long run.

언어 접촉(Language Contact)의 관점에서 본 중국 조선어의 변이 양상

This paper aims to empirically demonstrate the variation patterns observed in Chinese Korean and rationally explain them from the perspective of language contact. Over a long period and for various reasons, the ethnic Koreans who migrated from the Korean Peninsula to China have been influenced by the Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China, in numerous aspects, including economy, society, culture, and language, due to the policies of the Chinese government. In the multi-ethnic and multilingual society of China, language contact is a common phenomenon. Consequently, Chinese Korean inevitably exhibits elements of the Chinese language in addition to its original Korean linguistic features. Previous research has primarily focused on the diachronic perspective, addressing the characteristics of Korean vocabulary altered under the influence of Chinese. This paper, however, aims to directly observe the variation patterns resulting from language contact with Chinese from a synchronic perspective. For this purpose, Korean compositions written by adolescents in Korean ethnic communities were collected and comprehensively examined. The analysis revealed a significant presence of hybrid words combining Korean derivational suffixes or endings with Chinese morphemes, despite the typological and genealogical differences between Korean and Chinese. Additionally, certain sentence structures showed the influence of Chinese. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the intensity of contact between Korean and Chinese corresponds to level three according to Thomason (2001).

Comparison Between English and Mandarin Vowel Systems and the Challenges for Chinese Learners of English

In contemporary China, learning English has been considered as a must for almost all students, with the pronunciation acquisition usually being the initial focus. Among the phonetic elements, the mastery of vowel pronunciation is particularly crucial in that vowels are an essential element of language. Due to its great importance, numerous studies have comparatively analyzed the English and Mandarin vowel systems and experimentally listed the challenges Chinese English learners may face. Based on these analysis, feasible measures to handle the problems posed for Chinese learners are proposed. This paper collects and concludes logically the main discoveries and theories that have been raised by former scholars, with the aim of clearly presenting the disparities between the vowel systems of the two languages, illustrating the difficulties those differences may bring about, and sharing some approaches in which teachers can help their students to get out of the way. Despite the similarities and differences between the two vowel systems, which can lead to pronunciation errors, strategies such as meticulous comparison and immediate correction can aid students in getting rid of these obstacles. Therefore, this paper is of significant value in elucidating the difficulties encountered by Chinese students in learning English pronunciation and in outlining effective pedagogical strategies for teaching pronunciation.